Following the First World War, colonial policy in West Africa underwent a transition as British administrators began to adopt indirect rule reforms to help usher in peasant-driven agricultural development in Northern Ghana. This thesis addresses the impact of these important policy changes on women and children through a study of local colonial and indigenous responses to four bodily practices: female circumcision, human trafficking (female pawning and illicit adoption), nudity and prostitution. Although much has been written about colonial and post-independence legislation of the female body, especially the female circumcision controversy in Kenya and prostitution in the mines and cities of east and southern Africa, few historical studies have fully considered the role of West African development doctrine, or the importance of ‘tradition’ and ‘community’, in colonial policies affecting women and children in Northern Ghana. Through a Parliamentary inquiry in 1930, West African departments came to reluctantly engage with questions of women and children’s status. Collectively, they decided that a gradualist path which sought to preserve community or ‘tribal’ cohesion was preferable to legislation promoting individual rights and civil society. This thesis situates this reluctance to introduce potentially destabilizing legislation in the context of development doctrine in northern Ghana. This thesis focusses on the north-eastern borderland corridor of northern Ghana where in the 1930s anthropologists and district officials investigated questions of female circumcision and as a solution to Parliamentary inquiry, sought to encourage a milder form practiced in infancy, rather than adolescence. The refusal to legislate reflected West African officials’ privileging of ‘community’ over the ‘individual’ and was repeated in their responses to ‘undesirable practices’, including nudity, pawning, and in post-independence times, illicit adoption and prostitution. In exploring state officials’ handling of these practices in a gradualist manner, this thesis illuminates the connections between development doctrine and the role of the male colonial gaze in managing undesirable practices in north-eastern Ghana, West Africa. / Thesis (Ph.D, History) -- Queen's University, 2014-04-03 14:33:00.037

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 149-160). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Licenciada en nutricion y dietica) Universidad Technica del Norte. Escuela de Nutricion y Dietetica. / Abstract in Spanish and English.

Thesis (Licenciada en nutricion y dietica) Universidad Technica del Norte. Escuela de Nutricion y Dietetica. / Abstract in Spanish and English.

Mexico City experienced a dramatic increase in the publication of religious devotionals that promoted individual prayer in the late eighteenth and into the nineteenth century. These publications reveal a focus on the individual's internal spirituality, a characteristic of enlightened thinking, and the emphasis on a new form of piety being disseminated by the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Simultaneously, they were directed at a new readership among ordinary men and women, more of whom were literate, a product of recent reforms in primary education. This increase in the distribution and availability of these libritos and the growth of a new readership were indicative of a boom in print production and culture (coinciding with an ease in book censorship) and the influx of Enlightenment thinking (and subsequent reforms) on both an official and unofficial level. This dissertation examines the trends in religious devotion, print culture, education and literacy that were established during the second half of the eighteenth century through the struggle for Independence (1750-1821). It has been claimed that studying such practices, especially as they were experienced in the nineteenth century, is practically impossible due to their hidden nature, a claim rooted in the idea that characteristics of religiosity are inherently individual and familial, and so evaded documentation. I argue against this notion and demonstrate that sources on religious devotions and practices for this period, have not yet been closely examined. At the same time, I explore the shift in the prominence of religious practice from a baroque Tridentine form of Catholicism to a new form of piety (new piety) and how this new piety was extended to women and children as Bourbons confronted their place in society.

The aim of the thesis is to conduct an analysis of international law in relation to trafficking in women and children, from the perspective of various sources of law as well as various approaches used to deal with the issue. The question of the existence of a rule on the level of international customary law consisting in the prohibition of trafficking in women and children is especially significant. The problem of trafficking in women and children is a multi- dimensional issue encompassing more subsystems of international law, which gives rise to a question of the relation of the respective subsystems. The human rights law and criminal law approach complement each other in international legal instruments which deal with trafficking in women and children when their deficiencies are compensated for by the strengths of the other subsystem. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part presents the introduction into the problem of trafficking in women and children. This part explains the relation between the analysed problem and related phenomenon, clarifies key words used in the thesis, defines actors engaged in the process of trafficking in women and children and finally deals with factors which exercise influence on the enormous rise of trafficking in women and children in the present-day...

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The U.S Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) conducted a study and determined that approximately one-third to two-thirds of child neglect cases had some form of substance abuse related to the case. Further, it is reported that women who use alcohol or drugs are two times more likely to lose custody of their children than non- using mothers. The purpose of this study is to examine which treatment modalities substance use counselors find most effective when treating women with children. This study utilized a qualitative design asking eight open ended questions to fourteen substance use counselors employed at Prototypes in Pomona, CA. The substance use counselors were asked questions regarding what treatments they offered at their facility, what they believed the most effective treatment modalities are when treating women with children, and what barriers they faced when treating women with children. Findings from this study found the holistic and client centered approaches to be the most effective treatment modalities when treating women with children. The holistic approach considers every aspect of the client’s life and the client centered approach allows the counselors to develop care plans that are specific to their client’s unique needs. Social workers should strive to keep women with their children while they are in treatment. Further research is needed to gain a better understanding of this population and to provide appropriate treatment, services, and resources to women and their children.

This research attempted to evaluate the pay-gap between women with children and women without children. Previous literature consistently concludes women with children will have lower incomes than women without children. The income determination model is composed of individual, structural, and gender segments and is used to examine the pay-gap between these two groups. The 2004 American Time Use Survey dataset is used to analyze the hypothesis that women with children will have a lower income than women without children. Results in this research contradict previous research. OLS Regression revealed women with children have a higher income than women without children. However, further analysis showed women without children have higher economic return for their age and occupational prestige than do women with children. The structural segment in the income determination model explained the disparity more than the other two segments. Policy implications are discussed. / Thesis (M.A.)--Wichita State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Sociology.

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2005. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.