Since women in the Women's Rights Movement (Feminists) tend to be educated, career- or goal-oriented, and typically middle-class it was anticipated that these aspects would be reflected in an elevation on the ego strength (Es) scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). This anticipated elevation was felt to be functionally related not only to career- or goal-oriented behavior and intelligence, but to active participation on an autonomous basis in the Women's Rights Movement as well. Because of the different activities of various Feminist organization, i.e., women's studies programs, consciousness raising, investigations of inequities to women, confrontations with establishment hierarchies, and participation in career and other self-fulfilling activities, it was hypothesized that women who are active Feminists would score significantly higher on the Es scale than a similar group of active women who are not Feminists.

One hundred and fifty-five Texas juries were examined to determine the sex of the person elected foreman. Because the role of the foreman is traditionally a male role and a leadership role, it was hypothesized that few women would strive for the position of foreman and that few would be elected to it. It is believed that the proportion of women foremen is a reflection of lack of achievement orientation (or learned helplessness) on the part of women in this situation, and of the degree to which members of the group have internalized the concept that women are less competent than men for a traditionally male leadership role. Of the 155 foremen only 14 were women, a finding which is significant at the .00001 level.

D. Ed. / Trauma can be described as the emotional shock response to a physical or emotional injury that is overwhelming and has a lasting effect on a person. Based on this definition, trauma can be considered an integral part of life in South Africa. The consequences and effects of trauma are severe, both on individual and society levels. Nobody escapes the effects of trauma, but women and children are particularly vulnerable. Unfortunately the vast majority of South Africans have little or no access to mental health services. Some people, however, seem to be resilient in response to trauma and hardship. Although various definitions of resilience can be found in the literature, resilience is defined in this thesis as the ability and characteristics that enable a person to endure, recover from, and be strengthened to grow personally, regardless of exposure to traumatic life events. Women are generally the primary educators of children in the South African society, whether it be their own children, grandchildren or others. If South African women were equipped with skills that could enable them to deal more effectively with trauma, they would – as primary educators – naturally transfer their skills and knowledge to the children in their care. There exists a need for preventative interventions that may equip women to cope effectively with trauma. Certain educational interventions may provide avenues through which this may be achieved. Educational drama is one such avenue through which women of diverse educational, socio-economical, and cultural backgrounds may be reached in a comprehensible, accessible and non-discriminatory way. In this study a number of issues pertaining to the prevalence of resilience in South African women have been explored and described. The purpose of this study was to create an interactive educational play aimed at facilitating mental health in women exposed to traumatic life events.

The six short stories in this collection explore the lives and desires of disparate women. In "Sentinel," a woman visits an ex-boyfriend, injured in the army, and his family, with whom she has a fraught relationship, in their vacation home. A diagnosis of cancer spurs a woman to change her life in "Cell Division"; when a new possibility for treatment arises, she reconsiders the choice she made to take her life apart. In the story, "A Wake," a funeral and an unexpected pregnancy set the stage for the breakdown of a couple's relationship. In "A Cyclic Process," a woman conflates her ambivalence toward the anti-depressants she takes with her feelings about her relationship; in the end, she cannot let go of either. A woman, traveling with a new acquaintance, takes a trip to Venice in "The Edge of the World," and falls into an unsettling relationship with a man she meets there. The process of protein denaturation serves as a metaphor in "Marina," for the unraveling of a friendship between two teenage girls.

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Since the industrial revolution, work and family have been viewed as separate spheres, with women relegated to the family sphere. With the advent of women into the paid labor force, few studies have considered the potentially complex context of women's work and family experiences. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships on women workers' perceptions of stress. The sample for this study included 379 women dental assistants and hygienists who responded to mailed questionnaires sent to the dental offices where they worked. The dependent variables used in this analysis were mental stress, physical stress, and four social stress items. Analysis of variance was performed for the family structure groups on physical, mental, and social stress items. Single parents and parents in general were especially stressed in terms of financial stress and marital stress. The second series of analyses included t-tests on stress by occupation. Dental assistants had more financial stress than hygienists. Hygienists had more mental stress than assistants. Workplace relationships were assessed in the full regression models. Frequency of talking with fellow workers was strongly and positively associated with financial problems. The full regression models supported the findings in earlier analyses that tensions from children and financial problems were associated with the presence of children in the home. The findings in this study suggest that for women workers, work and family do not occupy separate spheres. Women workers think about family matters at the workplace and discuss them with their other women workers. Further research needs to focus on women workers, especially those in traditionally female occupations, and the work and family connections for these workers. / Graduation date: 1992

Black women in the United States belong to several demographic groups that are marginalized and devalued by society (Fleming, 1983; Helms, 1979; Hargrove, 1999). Membership in marginalized groups (i.e., race, gender, or class) and feelings about belonging to such groups may have a significant impact on the identity development of Black women and their body image satisfaction (Turner, 1982; Helms & Richardson, 1997). For groups experiencing multiple sources of oppression, multiple factors should be examined while exploring body image satisfaction (Thomas, Witherspoon, & Speight, 2004). This study examines body image and racial body attitudes of Black women through the constructs of racial identity, feminist attitudes, and socio-economic status (SES). Using several sampling methods, the researcher recruited 164 participants from the student population at the University of Texas at Austin and from predominately-Black local churches. Four hierarchical regression procedures assessed the impact of the predictor variables (racial identity, feminist attitudes, and SES) on the outcome variables (body image and racial body image) as they were added to the equation. Results indicated that racial identity was not predicative of body image attitudes; however, racial identity was predictive of racial body image attitudes. Feminist attitudes did not predict body image, but did predict racial body image. SES was divided into two variables--income, and racial diversity composition of high schools attended by participants. Income levels were predictive of neither body image nor racial body image among this sample of Black women. However, the racial diversity composition of high schools attended by these participants did significantly affect racial body image. Additionally, racial diversity of high schools significantly moderated the relationship between racial identity and racial body image. This study suggests that racial identity and racial diversity of environment is predictive of racial body image. Furthermore, racial features are more salient to Black women and may not be captured on the frequently used body image attitudes measures. / text

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South Africa has an estimated population of approximately 47. 9 million of which almost (51%) are female; according to the 2007 mid-year report of Statistics South Africa (Stats-SA, 2007). The availability of Antiretroviral (ARVs) that delay HIV progression and improve quality of life of HIV infected individuals and the roll-out of prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) have brought renewed hope among many couples and individuals in South Africa. The four pillars of the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) programme include prevention of HIV infection among young women, prevention of un-intended pregnancies among HIV infected women, prevention of HIV infection to the child and provision of care and support services. HIV-positive young women live by socially and medically constructed values that expect them to avoid becoming pregnant, but at the same time they are expected to marry and bear children. A more in-depth understanding of the reproductive decision making experiences of women below the age of 35 is needed because they are at reproductive age and most at risk of HIV infection in South Africa. The impact of a positive HIV diagnosis may be best understood when viewed within a social constructivist framework. A few studies in South Africa (Cooper et al, 2005; Harries et al, 2007; Myer, Morroni, and Rebe, 2007; Orner et al, 2007; Stevens, 2008) have been conducted on fertility desires of HIV positive individuals and couples although not specifically exploring young women who are mostly vulnerable to HIV infection. Recognizing the gap in the desired public health care objectives, such as preventing mother to child transmission of HIV and the lived experiences of young women living with HIV, this qualitative exploratory research was conducted in two South African Townships. The purpose was to explore the reproductive aspirations and intentions of the women below the age of 35, in the light of the higher HIV prevalence in this population, compared to other groups. The research explored two theories of human behaviour; the theory of planned behaviour and Erick Erikson’s human developmental theory. Eleven semi-structured in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions were conducted through support groups at clinics in Soweto and Attridgeville. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of KwaZulu-Natal and all participants signed consent to participate in the research. Findings showed that women younger than 30 who did not have a child, desired and intended to have biological children. Health concerns such as CD4 count, concerns about HIV progression, early death and orphan-hood, previous loss of a child due to HIV and financial concerns were often cited. Tied to this were health workers’ attitudes towards pregnancy among women who knew their HIV status. Women said that a child brought joy, strength and courage to the mother and was seen as an image, when the mother dies, due to HIV. Almost all the women were in support groups that openly discouraged pregnancy among HIV positive women, especially those who already have a child or children. This research indicates that in practice, counselling and information around reproductive health and choices, is often offered in a quest to dissuade HIV-infected women from considering pregnancy. Health services, families and partners, as well as past experiences of motherhood, all play a role in decision making (Cooper et al, 2005). Sometimes policy guidelines alone are not enough to ensure that reproductive rights of women living with HIV are respected at the different levels. This research points out the population of women who have specific needs and who should not be treated as a homogenous group with all women. This recognition should go beyond policy recommendations into implementation and monitoring. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

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