This thesis deals with alteration: diminutives and augmentatives in contemporary Italian, and their pragmatic functions. The aim of this thesis is to create a list of diminutives and augmentatives used in Italian fiction. The analysis of expressions is based on the texts contained in InterCorp. The starting point is a theoretical introduction to the word formation with special attention to alterative suffixes in Italian and Czech language, with a partial comparison to Spanish. The thesis also concentrates on hypocorisms, phonological and suffixal restrictions, and lexicalization of alteratives. An integral part is the chapter dedicated to pragmatics, speech acts theory and pragmatic use of alterative suffixes. The results of this thesis represent concrete illustrations for various communication situations documented from corpus.

This thesis deals with the names of streets, squares, embankments, parks and bridges in Tabor. Based on archival sources, cartographic tracks changes names Tabor streets in five historical periods during the 20th century. In each period, the newly - granted titles arranged in passwords, which explain their semantic motivation. Emphasis is placed on exploring the development honorifikačního motive in naming streets, thus awarding the title by important personalities, events, places and values that do not usually have a designated place of a direct link. The final section analyzes the formal formation of the current and defunct street names and submit their structural classification. The thesis aims to analyze the terminology street in the center of Tabor and their development, and contribute to the local place names, which have so far not been addressed.

Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-05-17T12:18:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese_Antonia dos Santos v2.pdf: 654873 bytes, checksum: b153dc0654d46438bc4ec3503b5170a0 (MD5) Tese_Antonia dos Santos v1.pdf: 1239837 bytes, checksum: a8be6cda82c020dc396eefb258d81f57 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva(sivalda@ufba.br) on 2013-05-23T18:54:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese_Antonia dos Santos v2.pdf: 654873 bytes, checksum: b153dc0654d46438bc4ec3503b5170a0 (MD5) Tese_Antonia dos Santos v1.pdf: 1239837 bytes, checksum: a8be6cda82c020dc396eefb258d81f57 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-23T18:54:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese_Antonia dos Santos v2.pdf: 654873 bytes, checksum: b153dc0654d46438bc4ec3503b5170a0 (MD5) Tese_Antonia dos Santos v1.pdf: 1239837 bytes, checksum: a8be6cda82c020dc396eefb258d81f57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Este estudo sobre os compostos sintagmáticos nominais com as estruturas VN (Verbo-Nome), NN (Nome-Nome), NA (Nome-Adjetivo), AN (Adjetivo-Nome) e NprepN (Nomepreposição- Nome) na língua portuguesa arcaica, fundamentado em um corpus representativo do ponto de vista da tipologia textual e das sincronias abrangidas (sécs. XIII-XVI), busca contribuir para uma descrição mais abrangente da composição de palavras nesse período da língua, ampliando, dessa forma, o leque de estudos históricos sobre os processos de formação de palavras. Aborda-se, ainda, de forma complementar, alguns lexemas aglutinados registrados nos textos, por tratar-se de antigas justaposições que já constituíam uma unidade semântica e pela importância do papel que essas formas representam no processo de mudança lingüística. No que tange ao tratamento teórico do tema, essas estruturas, em especial NA, AN e NprepN, costumam ser excluídas do âmbito da composição. Nesta tese, contudo, defende-se o seu estatuto legítimo de compostos com base em alguns trabalhos recentes sobre a composição, como o de Ribeiro (2006), e em algumas idéias extraídas do campo da fraseologia. Nesse sentido, adota-se uma perspectiva abrangente do fenômeno compositivo e relaciona-se a aparente realidade heterogênea dos produtos composicionais com a atuação de fatores de fixação e opacificação – sintática e semântica –, o que promove a intersecção entre compostos e outras unidades plurilexicais com caráter nominal, como colocações e expressões idiomáticas, motivando a discussão, neste trabalho, dos conceitos relacionados com esses termos. Antes da descrição e análise dos compostos do português arcaico, busca-se saber que tipo de estrutura – VN, NN, NA, AN e NprepN – está presente na língua latina. Afinal, além dos compostos morfológicos, a língua latina conhecia também os justapostos, estruturas que identificamos com os compostos sintagmáticos do português. A descrição e análise dos compostos observa a caracterização morfológica dos elementos que constituem o composto, a identificação do tipo de relação sintático-semântica que se desenvolve no interior do composto, a leitura sintático-semântica do composto enquanto produto e o seu grau de aproximação ou distanciamento em relação à área léxico-semântica dos constituintes, buscando-se, assim, sistematizar de modo mais coerente a composição sintagmática na língua portuguesa arcaica. / Salvador

The thesis presents a comparison of the neologisms found in selected works of two fantasy series, namely those from the books Last Continent and Jingo (both by Terry Pratchett, they belong to the Discworld series) and A Game of Thrones (by George R. R. Martin, an installment of the A Song of Ice and Fire series). The neologisms gathered from the three books are firstly dealt with separately and subcategorized according to the word-formation processes that were employed in their creation. Subsequently, the data from respective categories in each series are compared with attention paid equally to possible disparities on one hand as well as to significant similarities on the other hand. An attempt at interpreting thus obtained results has been made, mostly with respect to the subgenres of the books and the roles they might have played in the creation of the acquired neologisms. The comparison reveals both differences and similarities, some of them quite striking. The word-formation processes that demonstrate the most intriguing results are compounding and miscellaneous processes, which are utilized to vastly different degrees in each of the series. The other processes display mostly similarity of use or just slight differences. Key words: word-formation process, neologism, comparison

The subject of the diploma thesis is a characteristic of the French N+N+N compounds of the type "relations parents-enfants" with the use of existing typology for other languages, mainly for Italian. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part defines the concepts of composition and composite, their distribution based on different criteria. They described graphic, morphological, syntactic, and semantic properties of compounds. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the practical research in the corpus and subsequent analysis of the acquired data. The last part contains a draft classification of French relational compounds.

A mudança de classe gramatical consiste na criação de uma unidade lexical em uma classe gramatical diferente da classe da base. Para efetuar essa criação, os falantes dispõem de diversos mecanismos, como a derivação sufixal (com diversos sufixos), a derivação parassintética, a derivação regressiva e a conversão. Nosso objetivo, no presente trabalho, é o de descrever tais mecanismos, procurando compreender por que motivo(s) os falantes criam novas unidades lexicais em classes gramaticais diferentes. Buscando a fundamentação teórica da Linguística Cognitiva, procuramos dividir nossa análise em duas perspectivas: a perspectiva onomasiológica, em que analisamos os mecanismos de criação lexical, e a perspectiva semasiológica, em que analisamos os mecanismos de interpretação de uma nova unidade lexical. Seguindo as ideias da Linguística Cognitiva, entendemos que as classes gramaticais devem ser consideradas categorias semânticas, e a mudança de classe, um processo de natureza basicamente semântica. Considerando apenas as classes gramaticais de natureza lexical, os seis tipos de mudança de classe possíveis em português são: adjetivo para substantivo, verbo para substantivo, substantivo para adjetivo, verbo para adjetivo, substantivo para verbo e adjetivo para verbo. Dessa forma, separamos 1.209 neologismos resultantes de mudança de classe gramatical integrantes da Base de neologismos do português brasileiro contemporâneo (que faz parte do Projeto TermNeo Observatório de Neologismos do Português Brasileiro Contemporâneo) e os classificamos em cada um dos seis tipos de mudança de classe. Para cada um dos tipos, analisamos onomasiologicamente os mecanismos de criação e, semasiologicamente, os mecanismos de interpretação desses neologismos. A derivação sufixal é o mecanismo mais empregado, com inúmeros sufixos produtivos no português contemporâneo, muitos deles polissêmicos; no entanto, a derivação parassintética na formação de verbos e a derivação regressiva na formação de substantivos abstratos também são mecanismos produtivos. Há alguns casos importantes de concorrência entre sufixos, como -ice e -(i)dade na mudança de adjetivo para substantivo e -ção e -mento na mudança de verbo para substantivo. Na análise da interpretação dos neologismos, a metonímia revelou-se um processo importante em quase todos os tipos de mudança de classe. Por fim, as análises parecem indicar que os falantes operam a mudança de classe gramatical com a finalidade de exprimir novos conceitos, não apenas por razões meramente morfossintáticas. / Word class change consists on the creation of a lexical unit in a word class different from the bases class. In order to do this, speakers have at their disposal many mechanisms, like suffixal derivation (with many different suffixes), parasynthetic derivation, regressive derivation and conversion. Our goal, in this study, is to describe such mechanisms, trying to figure out why speakers create new lexical units in different word classes. With the theoretical foundations of Cognitive Linguistics, we divide our analysis in two perspectives: the onomasiological perspective, in which we analyse the mechanisms of lexical creation, and the semasiological perspective, in which we analyse the mechanisms of interpretation of a new lexical unit. According to Cognitive Linguistics, we understand that word classes must be considered semantic categories, and word class change, a basically semantic process. Considering only the lexical word classes, the six possible types of word class change in Portuguese are: adjective to noun, verb to noun, noun to adjective, verb to adjective, noun to verb and adjective to verb. Therefore, we collected 1,209 neologisms resulting from a word class change process from the Base de neologismos do português brasileiro contemporâneo (Contemporary Brazilian Portuguese neologism database - part of Project TermNeo Contemporary Brazilian Portuguese Neologism Observer) and classified them into the six types of word class change. For each one of these types, we analysed onomasiologically the creation mechanisms and, semasiologically, the interpretation mechanisms of these neologisms. Suffixal derivation is the most employed mechanism, with many suffixes which are productive in contemporary Portuguese, many of them polysemic; however, parasynthetic derivation in verb creation and regressive derivation in the formation of abstract nouns are also productive mechanisms. There are some important cases of suffix competition, like -ice and -(i)dade in the change from adjective to noun and -ção and -mento in the change from verb to noun. In analyzing neologism interpretation, metonymy revealed itself an important process in almost all types of word class change. Finally, the analyses seem to show that speakers change word class in order to express new concepts, and not only for merely morphosyntactic reasons.

This master thesis investigates underlying principles and usage-based aspects of lexical blending. In a corpus study examining the lexical items, or matrix words, republican, liberal, and vegetarian it was found that there were three cognitive constraints influencing their potential to form blends. Mapping of a prefixation schema onto the lexical item republican was shown to fuel blend formation. Neighborhood effects and morphological lexicalization, on the other hand, were observed to have a negative influence on the possibility to form blends from the terms liberal and vegetarian. Also, an examination of word class distribution in the matrix words and their blend and compound derivatives showed that the patterns of the blends were less consistent than the compounds. These findings point to an important duality in the derivative blends. While they operate in an interplay with regular morphological processes they are at the same time creatively elaborated in use. Therefore blends exhibit a fundamental aspect of language, which is phrased as the dynamic interrelatedness between socio-pragmatic motivation and schematization, or pattern-finding. This positions blending not in the margin, but at the centre of studies on language development.

The diploma thesis "Composition in contemporary Spanish " focuses on compounding as one of the most important processes in word formation. The purpose of our thesis on level of theoretical linguistics is to provide clear typology of Spanish compound words. On level of linguistics research our objective is to analyze current development of Spanish compound words. In theoretical part of our work we defined compounding together with derivation and parasynthesis as main word-formation processes that contribute to the growth of Spanish lexicon. Apart from these processes we also defined other important terms connected to this topic and essential for good understanding of it as lexical base, morpheme, word formation rules and their restrictions, pruductivity or blocking. We decided to classify Spanish compound words according to their orthographic character into two main groups - ortographic and syntagmatic compounds. In addition we subdivided these two groups; ortographic compounds were classified according to word class of the final compound, syntagmatic compounds were classified according to their internal structure. In practical part we focused on two main topics - orthographic form of studied compounds and the way of their plural formation. All compound words that we studied were analized in three...

Presented thesis deals with the word-formation processes involved in creating new verbs in presen-day Italian. These processes are mainly derivational, namely prefixation, suffixation, conversion, including parasynthesis and back-formation, these two create mostly verbs. Compound verbs are rare in Italian and the number of verbal loanwords is low as well. The first part of the thesis describes these processes from theoretical point of view. The second part presents the descriptive analysis of 330 verbs created between 1976-2001. These verbs were extracted from the eletronic version of Dizionario Italiano Sabatini-Coletti and they were categorized by the process involved in their creation. The productivity of each process and then affixes was also studied.

[pt] O trabalho investiga a relação entre as formações adverbiais no português do Brasil, buscando identificar em que medida as características morfológicas e sintáticas dos adjetivos adverbializados influem no fato de estes apresentarem, em um mesmo contexto sintático, construções X-mente correspondentes. Examinam-se inicialmente as controvérsias relativas à conceituação/classificação do advérbio, a relação entre classe e função, os processos pelos quais são formados os advérbios em português e o tratamento dado as formas X-mente e aos adjetivos adverbializados na abordagem tradicional. Em seguida, observam-se estudos de orientação funcionalista e de base gerativista, nos quais se constatam divergências significativas no que concerne ao modo como é analisado o fenômeno da adverbialização de adjetivos. Opta-se por considerá-lo como resultante do processo de conversão morfológica, pois entende-se que apesar de adjetivos e advérbios pertencerem a categorias lexicais distintas, existe entre elas uma relação. Analisam-se ocorrências de adjetivos adverbializados extraídas de um corpus organizado para o estudo, visando a verificar se estes admitem a contraparte em - mente. Constata-se que dentre os fatores que influem na possibilidade de um adjetivo adverbial poder apresentar (ou não) um advérbio em - mente correspondente, encontram-se as características morfológicas da base e o grau de informalidade do ato de fala. Por fim, conclui-se que a maior parte dos adjetivos adverbializados apresentam uma forma X-mente equivalente, sem que haja alteração semântica. / [en] This work investigates the relation between different abverbial constructions in Brazilian Portuguese, in order to establish the extent to which syntactic and morphological characteristics of adverbialized adjectives are connected to the potential interchangeability between these constructions and X-mente adverbs in the same syntactic context. We examine first the controversies regarding the conceptualization and classification of adverbs. Then we discuss the relation between class and function, after which we approach the processes of adverb formation in Brazilian Portuguese and the way X-mente forms and adverbial adjectives are described in the traditional literature on the subject. Some functional and generative oriented studies are then presented, in which significant discrepancies are found in the way adverbial adjectives are analyzed. In this study, we consider adverbial adjectives to result from a morphological conversion process because, even though adjectives and adverbs are different lexical categories, they are related to each other. The adverbial adjectives used in the analysis were extracted from a corpus specially formed for this study. The results show that the morphological characteristics of the base word and the degree of informality in the speech act are connected to the potential for having both constructions in Portuguese. Our results also lead to the conclusion that adverbial adjectives normally have an X-mente counterpart with no semantic change.