This study describes the different experiences of time (duration) and repetition in a cross cultural context and how these influence the evaluation of Music Therapy clients in cross-cultural contexts. Field notes from an overnight Traditional Healing ceremony and video footage and session notes from a group Music Therapy session with female psychiatric patients provided primary data for this qualitative study. All data was transcribed and coded in order to analyse the nature of both time and repetition in these contexts. The results of the data analysis were compared to Western perceptions of time and repetition and Modern Music Therapy practice in an attempt to identify common ground. Experiences play a role when evaluating clients cross-culturally. The aim was to generate a deeper understanding and awareness of issues that may have to be taken into consideration when evaluating clients. My interest in this topic arose from my observation and participation in an overnight traditional ceremony and clinical work with a group of female patients from different backgrounds in a psychiatric setting. In both instances, culture appeared to play a significant role that I could neither fully understand nor be party to. I realised that attempts to evaluate clients in this context could provide inappropriate results. I used field notes from the overnight traditional ceremony and a video excerpt and session notes from a group session with female psychiatric patients as primary data sources for this qualitative study. All data was transcribed and coded in order to analyse the nature of both time and repetition in these contexts. The results of the data analysis were compared to Western perceptions of time and repetition and Modern Music Therapy practice in an attempt to identify common ground. This study is limited by the inaccessibility of first-hand experience of both Traditional Music Therapy and Modern Music Therapy by clients from traditional cultures. Such observations cannot be made by individuals from outside this context. I found that the aims, processes and practice of Traditional Music Therapy and Modern Music Therapy were far removed from each other and little, if any, commonality in perceptions of time and repetition existed. This however does not invalidate the practice of Modern Music Therapy with clients from traditional societies. What is required, however, is the development of a deeper understanding of the nature, implications and manifestations of traditional cultures in the context of Modern Music Therapy. We can learn from the vitality and inclusivity of African music and the healing role it plays in African societies. The development of a mutual understanding of each others cultures can provide a rewarding experience both for therapist and client. / Dissertation (MMus (Music Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Music / unrestricted

HIV/Aids is one of the largest risks facing Africa today. The disease has spread at a rapid rate throughout the continent and South Africa in particular. To date it remains an epidemic without any cure. It is systematically destroying the economic progress made over centuries. HIV/Aids is most prevalent in the economically active groups in South African society and could ultimately change the demographic, social and economic landscape in South Africa. Business is taking up the challenge and response strategies are being developed and implemented to contain and mitigate the risks posed by the disease. Stakeholders have a direct interest in being kept informed on both the risks and the responses to the disease. As such, information pertaining to HIV/Aids should be disclosed in the annual report of a company, and such information should be useful, relevant, reliable and comparable. HIV/Aids disclosure is currently voluntary and adheres to the characteristics of social accounting. Social accounting aims to inform beyond the traditional financial aspects and is increasing as stakeholders demand more information from reporting entities for decision-making purposes. In South Africa, a number of developments have increased the prominence of voluntary HIV/Aids disclosure in annual reports. These include the Second King Report on Corporate Governance, the Global Reporting Initiative’s proposals for HIV/Aids disclosure in South Africa and a joint disclosure project between the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants and the JSE Securities Exchange. This study investigates current practices related to HIV/Aids disclosure in an attempt to develop a framework for future disclosure practices through thematic content analysis. The study covered a six-year period from 1998 to 2003. The annual reports of all listed South African companies on the JSE Securities Exchange were investigated for that period. The study found that there was an increase in disclosure related to HIV/Aids over the period under review, but that by the end of 2003, still fewer than half of all JSE-listed companies disclosed HIV/Aids information. An upward trend in disclosure was identified, and it is expected that the number of reporting entities will continue to increase. The information disclosed varied considerably between the disclosing entities. This dilutes the usefulness and comparability of HIV/Aids information for stakeholders. Valuable information was obtained as to preferential themes and data related to HIV/Aids that are disclosed voluntarily in annual reports. The study concludes with a recommended framework based on the literature review and the results of the empirical study. The framework proposes minimum disclosure content focusing on two main risks, namely the risk to employees and the South African community and the associated responses by the company. The framework also proposes the disclosure of current and future costs and losses related to HIV/Aids, where such information exists. The proposed framework aims to find a balance between the normative and the descriptive in HIV/Aids disclosure, and proposes that fewer issues be disclosed, thereby focusing on specific issues that will enable consistency and comparability in HIV/Aids disclosure practices. / Dissertation (MCom (Accounting Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Accounting / unrestricted

1 Background and investigation Using the Problem statement as a basis, namely the Need for and/or lack of holistic projects for the evangelisation of the poor in congregations, it was decided to investigate the matter, utilising both literature studies and an empirical study, and to suggest regulatory steps in accordance with the conclusions arrived at. Bosch (1979:227) summarises the essence of the findings of the literature study by stating that verbal witnessing (verbal attestation) and witnessing by actions (active attestation) should not be set opposite one another, because the Word of God is a deed full of sound, and God’s action is a visible and concrete word. One of the most informative findings of the empirical study is that very few members of the congregation are actively involved in evangelisation and acts of compassion (holistic evangelisation). Although congregations train their members in evangelisation and in aspects of compassion, most of them do not remain involved for longer than one year. 2 Regulatory Steps It was decided to follow the suggestions for the regulatory (strategic) phase using the principles of the congregation-building process, and a systemic approach was followed. This means that the ministering of evangelisation is considered a sub-system of all other ministries of the church, and that most of the principles of congregation-building that apply to the macro level of the congregation, will also apply to the holistic evangelisation sub system. Before one can start with the physical motivation, defrosting, and mission formulation (Phase 1), however, it is essential that something first be said about the church, poor people, and poverty. Each congregation should decide for itself, according to circumstances, how the specific theme should be elucidated, and who should be the target group(s). During the Analysis of the Congregation (Phase 2), it will be essential that questions be asked in order to obtain information on the profile of the congregation regarding holistic evangelisation. This should cover aspects such as whether members of the congregation have been trained in these aspects, and what their specific gifts / fields of interest, etc., are. According to Nel (1994:164, 165), it furthermore is also important that specific factors be covered, for example sociological, demographical, and economical factors which may exert an influence on the specific congregation. The information gathered during the drawing-up of a profile of the congregation (particulars of internal factors) and during the diagnosis of the situation and environment (particulars of external factors) now need to be related to one another, and a dialogue should be started between the two sets of factors. Regarding Strategy Planning and Implementation (Phases 3 and 4), aspects such as the congregation’s weak and strong points, definition of identified needs and problems, specification of the mission, formulation of aims, actions taken to reach aims, and strategic programmes with time schedules, methods, sources, and persons responsible, need to be addressed. It is important that aims be planned and carried out by motivated members of the congregation in an organised way. Lastly, it is important that, in Phase 5 (Evaluation, stabilisation, and repetition of the process), the congregation in its congregation-building process, constantly evaluate whether it is still on track with regards to holistic evangelisation. This evaluation should take place at regular intervals, but should occur formally at least once per year. / Dissertation (MA (Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Over the years, a number of studies have identified the failure of expatriate ƒ{ the early termination of an international assignment ƒ{ as a major problem for multinational enterprises (MNE). MNEs in, for example the USA, have reported expatriate failure rates of as high as 40 percent for assignments to developed countries and 70 percent when assignments are in developing countries. These failures can cost the MNE three times the expatriates¡¦ annual salary plus the cost of the relocation. Even if an expatriate stays the full duration of an international assignment it has been determined that many, as much as 50 percent, operate at less than optimal levels of productivity. International studies have, however, shown that if expatriates are properly prepared, supported and trained, the success of their assignment can be ensured. A South African study has, however, shown that South African MNEs are not providing the structured training programmes required by expatriates for an international assignment. In order to determine the preparation, support and training needs of South African expatriates this formal study was undertaken, consisting of a literature study as well as an empirical study. At first a literature study was conducted in order to determine what was happening internationally with respect to expatriation and expatriate preparation, support and training as well as to determine what the best practices are for expatriate preparation, support and training. The literature study was then followed by the empirical study, a link to a web site hosting the structured questionnaire was sent to expatriates working for South African MNEs currently on an international assignment. The study has revealed that South African MNEs are not providing expatriates with the preparation, support and training they require for an international assignment, and has identified what preparation, support and training is required by South African expatriates. The study has also identified that the age of the expatriate; the duration of an international assignment; the location of the assignment and the management level of the expatriate do not influence the preparation, support and training needs of these expatriates. Recommendations are made on how to prepare, support and train South African expatriates for an international assignment, which will not only be useful to South African MNEs but to South African universities presenting courses in international management and international human resource management as well. / Thesis (DComm (Business Management))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Business Management / unrestricted

This work primarily provides some detail of results on domain properties of closed (unbounded) derivations on C*-algebras. The focus is on Section 4: Domain Properties where a combination of topological and algebraic conditions for certain results are illustrated. Various earlier results are incorporated into the proofs of Section 4. Section 1: Basics lists some basic functional analysis results, operator algebra theory (of particular importance is the continuous functional calculus and certain results on the state and pure state space) and a special section on operator closedness. Some Hahn-Banach results are also listed. The results of this section were obtained from various sources (Zhu, K. [24], Kadison, R.V. and Ringrose, J.R. [8], Goldberg, S. [6], Rudin, W. [20], Sakai, S. [22], Labuschagne, L.E. [10] and others). The development of the representation theory presented in Section 1.1.7 was compiled from Bratteli, O. and Robinson, D.W. [3], Section 2.3. Section 2: Derivations provides some background to the roots of derivations in quantum mechanics. The results of Section 2.2 (Commutators) are due to various authors, mainly obtained from Sakai, S. [22]. A detailed proof of Theorem 45 is given. Section 2.3 (Differentiability) contains some Singer-Wermer results mainly obtained from Mathieu, M. and Murphy, G.J. [13] and Theorem 50 is proved in detail. Section 2.4 deals with conditions for bounded derivations (Sakai, S. [22] and (Johnson-Sinclair, cf. (Sakai, S. [22])), and Theorem 51 is proved in detail. Section 2.5 deals with the well published derivation theorem (Sakai, S.[22], Section 2.5 and Bratteli, O. and Robinson, D.W. [3], Corollary 3.2.47) and a slightly weaker version of the W *-algebra derivation theorem as published in Bratteli, O. and Robinson, D.W. [3], Corollary 3.2.47, is proved here. Section 3: Derivations as generators first introduces some basic semi-group theory (obtained from Pazy, A. [16], Section 1.1 and 1.2) after which the well-behavedness property is introduced in Section 3.2. Some general results mainly obtained from Sakai, S. [22], Section 3.2, is detailed. The ;proofs of Theorems 61 and 62 makes use of various previous results and were conducted in detail. Section 3.3 (Well-behavedness and generators) draws a link between the well-behavedness property and conditions for a derivation to be a semi-group generator. The results are obtained from Pazy, A. [16], Section 1.4, and Bratteli, O. and Robinson, D.W. [3], Section 3.2.4 Special care was taken in the outlined proof of Theorem 68. A proof of a domain characterization theorem (due to Bratteli, O. and Robinson, D.W. [3], Proposition 3.2.55) is provided (Theorem 69) and used in the construction of the counter example of Section 4.6. Section 4: Domain properties is occupied with un-bounded derivations on C*-algebras and their domain properties. Some initial complex function theory is developed after which four important domain preserving theorems are proved in full detail: the inverse function (Section 4.2), the exponential function (Section 4.3), Fourier analysis on the domain (Section 4.4) and C2-functions on the domain (Section 4.5). The non domain preserving C1 function counter example is presented in Section 4.6. The results of Section 4 appear in Bratteli, O. and Robinson, D.W. [3], Section 3.2.2, and Sakai, S. [22], Section 3.3, and the counter example is due to McIntosh, A. [11]. All the results in Section 4 are presented in full detail not available in this format from any of the sources used. Some Topelitz operator theory is used with reference to Brown, A. and Halmos, P.R. [4], 94, and the Fourier coefficients of a required function is calculated. Some results on direct sum spaces and the core of a linear operator were used from Kadison, R.V. and Ringrose, J.R. [8], Section 2.6 and page 160, as well as Zhu, K. [24], Section 14.2. / Dissertation (MSc (Mathematics and Applied Mathematics))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Mathematics and Applied Mathematics / unrestricted

A limited number of scientific publications dealing with aspects of BVDV infection have emanated from southern Africa. This study describes the isolation of BVD viruses, gene sequence analysis of the 5' non-translated region (5' NTR) of the genome, the generation of phylogenetic data of local strains and the recording of clinical signs associated with each isolate. Specimens (n=352) collected during 1998-1999, from live and dead animals from different farming systems, were obtained from private practitioners, feedlot consultants and abattoirs throughout the country. Specimens from buffaloes (cerus caffer the Kruger National Park were included as specimens from dead animals. Three cell lines and 200 tubes of pooled foetal bovine sera were also processed. Standard cell culture techniques to isolate virus were followed. Techniques designed to detect BVDV antigen or nucleic acid such as antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction, were used on blood, organs and cell lines. The indirect fluorescent antibody test was used for antibody detection. Twenty-five isolates from cattle were confirmed as BVDV with PCR and after analysis of the 5'NTR, the most conserved part of the genome, a phylogenetic tree was constructed. All strains were noncytopathic and were identified as BVDV I, either BVDV Ia (NADL-like) or BVDV Ic or BVDV I* subgroups. BVDV was not detected in 37 lymph nodes obtained from 37 buffaloes in the Kruger National Park. Of the clinical signs in cattle from which virus was isolated, pyrexia and respiratory distress was the most frequent (46,7%), followed by pyrexia and diarrhoea (20%), respiratory disease without pyrexia (20%) and diarrhoea without pyrexia (13,3%). Abortion, congenital malformations, haemorrhagic syndrome and poor growth were also included as criteria for selection of animals for specimen collection. / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2001. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

More than 50% of hot metal production worldwide takes place in blast furnaces. Coke is the most expensive raw material in the blast furnace. It acts as the burden support as well as heat source and reductant in the blast furnace. As technology advances, supplementary fuels can supply heat and reduce the iron oxides, but coke would always be needed as burden support. Blast furnaces have been using coke for the past century and will continue to use coke for the next few decades. The price of coke is determined by its quality. Strict environmental laws and regulations in the USA pushed coke-making technology since the early 1990s towards the beehive type of oven. Gas collected during the coke cycle is used to supply heat to the process. The aim of this study is to investigate the spatial variation and coke quality in the non-recovery ovens and provide an explanation for it. The original coal was tested and samples of the coke were obtained from the top, bottom and sides of a coke oven. The samples were prepared and submitted for image analysis to determine the porosity, cell wall thickness and pore diameter. The samples were also submitted for a microscopical point counting to determine the micro textures of the coke. The coke was further submitted for the coke strength after reaction testing (CSR). The results show clear variation in the coke and a model of the behavior of the gas inside the coke oven during the carbonization process was developed based on the results of the tests. The model shows the flow of gas from the bottom of the oven up along the sidewalls to escape from the coke charge through the top. The flow of gas enriched the coke on the side of the oven by deposition of pyrolitic carbon to create an ultra-high grade of coke that could physically be separated from the rest of the coke and be sold separately at a higher price. / Dissertation (MSc (Geology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Geology / unrestricted

Parasitic helminths, mainly nematodes, are the most important causes of diseases of sheep and goats in the relatively warmer climatic areas of Ethiopia. This thesis comprises five related studies on the gastro-intestinal parasites namely, (1) the intensity of gastro-intestinal nematodes and coccidia in a semi-arid area, (2) the fluctuation of parasitic diseases in arid and semi-arid environments, (3) a questionnaire survey to study the perception of farmers and animal health workers on the control of worms by using anthelmintics and implications to the development of resistance, (4) a survey on the occurrence of anthelmintic resistance in selected areas and (5) the evaluation of the effectiveness of selective anthelmintic treatment using the FAMACHA / Thesis (PhD (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

The economy of West African countries is dependent mainly on agriculture. Livestock production is a vital source of providing dietary protein for the rapidly growing human population and it is therefore important to define strategies for controlling infectious diseases that are undermining the livestock industry. Although the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus causes one of the most devastating economical diseases, it has been mainly ignored in West Africa due to low mortality rates in the face of other diseases that cause significant mortalities. This may explain the lack of interest for studying FMD infections in the region. However, the eradication of other diseases such as Rinderpest together with an increase in the number of outbreaks of FMD in recent years has caused a renewed interest in understanding the epidemiology of the disease. Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The causative agent, FMD virus, has a high rate of genetic variation in its single-stranded RNA genome. The genetic characterization of the surface capsid protein gene, VP1, is the most informative technique for studying the molecular epidemiology of FMD. The genetic profile of different serotypes of FMDV isolated across West Africa was investigated in this study using manual and automated nucleotide sequencing. A total number of 21 type O isolates from Ghana, Burkina Faso and South Africa (1992-2000), 23 SAT-1 viruses from Niger and Nigeria (1975-1981) and 30 SAT-2 viruses from Mali, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Liberia, Senegal and Gambia (1974-1991) were investigated. The sequence data was used to establish the phylogenetic relationships between the west African strains and those previously characterized from East, central and southern Africa as well as other regions of the world in the case of serotype O. Viruses from West Africa formed a single genotype while the isolates from South Africa clustered with the Pan-Asian topotype (Bangladesh 1997&Japan 2000). Sequence identity of 99 % and 95 % were found between Ghana-Burkina Faso and South Africa-Bangladesh type O viruses, respectively. Within SAT-2, the viruses characterized were isolated over 27 years from seven countries in West Africa and two indigenous topotypes (> 97 % sequence identity in the cluster) were identified. Of interest was the clustering of viruses Nigeria from 1982 and Eritrea in 1998, which has provided the first evidence of virus transmission between West and East Africa. For SAT-1, two distinct lineages (I-II) were identified. Lineage I consisted of viruses isolated between 1975-1976 from neighboring countries Niger and Nigeria, while lineage II was composed of viruses recovered from outbreaks between 1979-1981 in Nigeria. Furthermore, viruses from the latter lineage shared > 98 % sequence identity across the VP1 gene providing a clear indication of a long circulation of virus in the field in West Africa. For the serotypes investigated in this study viz. serotypes O, SAT-2 and SAT-1, it was shown that the year of isolation is more important in the epidemiology of FMD in West Africa than country of origin. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that viruses from each serotype grouped according to year of isolation rather than their geographical origin. This is in contrast of what was reported previously for FMDV strains in southern Africa. Results further revealed that FMD viruses from West Africa are evolving independently from viruses elsewhere on the continent and clustered in discrete genotypes. The genetic distinctiveness of west African FMD isolates is likely to be reflected antigenically and has implications in the selection of regionally appropriate field strains for use in vaccines to assist in the control of the disease. / Thesis (PhD (Veterinary Tropical Diseases))--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

Anthrax is endemic in Luangwa National Park and the adjoining Game Management areas. The first official case of the disease was reported in 1922 in Luambe National Park. In 1987 a large-scale anthrax epidemic ravaged almost the entire Luangwa Valley. Since then at least three epidemics of the disease have been reported. Localised sporadic cases of the disease occur almost annually. Despite the frequent epidemics little is known of anthrax in terms of its epidemiology and impact on conservation. Mortalities were not investigated as wildlife officials attributed the mortalities to natural factors, animal population densities were not estimated and a no systematic disease surveillance programme exists. The number of animals that have died of the disease is not known. Anthrax mortalities are estimated in thousands. For example it is estimated that 4200 hippos and 1000 other animals, including five wild dogs, succumbed to the disease in 1987. No wild dog has been reported in the area since the 1987 epidemic. The objectives of this study were: # to describe the epidemiology and the socio-economic impact of anthrax in the Luangwa Valley ; # to examine the control measures adopted when epidemics occur; # to suggest alternative methods of dealing with disease outbreaks in the light of a quantitative risk and cost benefit analyses. Data was collected from reports was undertaken at the veterinary department, the wildlife offices and the national archives. Informal discussions were held with the local community on anthrax epidemics using the rapid rural appraisal technique. Data on animal demographics and rainfall were collected from National Parks and Wildlife Service and the National Meteorological Department. Soil, faeces, and bone samples were collected where large numbers of carcasses had been found during epidemics in the Luangwa National Park. These samples were examined for viable anthrax spores by the Department of Scientific Services in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Information gleaned from official and verbal reports were collated and are presented in tabular from. The information found is inadequate to enable comprehensive quantitative risk and cost/benefit analyses. The economic cost of the disease arises mainly from the trade embargo resulting from veterinary quarantine regulations and the value of animal carcasses. Different scenarios were developed and are examined to present a risk analysis for proposed alternative control measures that could be adopted by the veterinary department when anthrax occurs in the Luangwa Valley. The probability of spreading anthrax by allowing trade in game trophies after treatment with formalin is estimated to be 0.0003-0.5. Although the impact of the disease on the economic utilisation of wild herbivores and community based natural resource management in the area has never been investigated the potential cost of anthrax epidemics is significant. The estimated cost of anthrax epidemics, depending on the size, as a result of the current disease control strategy are 124,3 – 2079,5 million Zambian Kwacha. The proposed alternative disease control measures could decrease the cost to 43,5 – 852, 6 million Zambian Kwacha. It is suggested that various measures be adopted to enable a better understanding of the dynamics of anthrax in the Luangwa Valley. These include : # the establishment of a veterinary unit with in the park # improved surveillance and reporting of diseases # regular censuses and estimates of population densities within the Park # improved communication between the veterinary Department and the Wildlife Authority. / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Tropical Diseases))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted