O desemprego é um dos principais problemas enfrentados pelas economias capitalistas. Analisando a sua incidência sobre a força de trabalho, há evidências que alguns grupos de trabalhadores - como as mulheres, os jovens, os negros - sofrem sistematicamente com taxas de desemprego mais elevadas. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a relação entre o desemprego e a heterogeneidade dos trabalhadores e como ela se apresentou no Brasil no período entre 1990 a 2013. A principal hipótese deste trabalho é de que as diferenças existentes entre os trabalhadores - como gênero, raça, idade, entre outras - também podem ser responsáveis, em interação com outros determinantes macroeconômicos, por níveis e dinâmicas diferenciadas de desemprego. A metodologia dessa pesquisa consiste em uma revisão bibliográfica de quatro abordagens macroeconômicas do desemprego e o modo como elas tratam a heterogeneidade da força de trabalho, além do uso de métodos quantitativos com base em dados sobre a economia brasileira. Com base na revisão bibliográfica e nos dados da economia brasileira, é utilizado um modelo econométrico de vetores de correção de erros (VECM) para verificar algumas hipóteses do desemprego e a sua relação com a heterogeneidade. Os resultados do trabalho indicam que, apesar das dificuldades nas teorias do desemprego em inserir a heterogeneidade dos trabalhadores em seus arcabouços teóricos, as visões marxista e pós-keynesiana oferecem importantes instrumentos teóricos e metodológicos para esse tipo de problema. Além disso, os resultados econométricos confirmam, parcialmente, que a demanda efetiva, seguindo a hipótese pós-keynesiana, e o conflito distributivo entre lucros e salários, argumento marxista, são fatores importantes para compreender o desemprego no Brasil. No que diz respeito à relação entre a heterogeneidade e o desemprego, os resultados apontam que um choque na taxa de desemprego incide de forma diferenciada entre os grupos que compõem a força de trabalho. Contudo, nem sempre o desemprego atinge de forma mais intensa os grupos que apresentam historicamente as maiores taxas de desocupação. / Unemployment is one of the main problems faced by capitalist economies. By analyzing its impact on the workforce, the research shows that there are evidences that some groups of workers – such as women, young people, blacks - systematically suffer from higher unemployment rates. In this context, the objective of this work is to analyze the relationship between unemployment and the heterogeneity of workers and how this relationship appears in Brazil from 1990 to 2013. The main hypothesis of this work is that the differences between the workers - such as gender, race, age, among others - may also be responsible, in interaction with other macroeconomic determinants, for the level and the dynamic of the different unemployment rates. The methodology of this research consists of a literature review of four macroeconomic approaches of the unemployment and how they treat the heterogeneity of the workforce, and also the use of quantitative methods using data for the Brazilian economy. Based on the bibliographic review and on the data of the Brazilian economy, an econometric model is used for vector error correction (VEC) to test some hypotheses regarding unemployment and its relationship with the heterogeneity. The results indicate that, despite the difficulties with the theories of unemployment regarding the heterogeneity of workers in their frameworks, the marxist and post keynesian theories provide important theoretical and methodological tools for this type of problem. In addition, the econometric results confirm, in part, that the effective demand, following the post keynesian hypothesis, and the distributive conflict between profits and wages, in terms of the marxist argument, are important factors to understand the unemployment in Brazil. Concerning the relationship between heterogeneity and unemployment, the results indicate that a shock in the unemployment rate has different impacts on the groups that make up the workforce. However, unemployment is not always more intense on the groups that historically have the highest rates of unemployment.

O desemprego é um dos principais problemas enfrentados pelas economias capitalistas. Analisando a sua incidência sobre a força de trabalho, há evidências que alguns grupos de trabalhadores - como as mulheres, os jovens, os negros - sofrem sistematicamente com taxas de desemprego mais elevadas. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a relação entre o desemprego e a heterogeneidade dos trabalhadores e como ela se apresentou no Brasil no período entre 1990 a 2013. A principal hipótese deste trabalho é de que as diferenças existentes entre os trabalhadores - como gênero, raça, idade, entre outras - também podem ser responsáveis, em interação com outros determinantes macroeconômicos, por níveis e dinâmicas diferenciadas de desemprego. A metodologia dessa pesquisa consiste em uma revisão bibliográfica de quatro abordagens macroeconômicas do desemprego e o modo como elas tratam a heterogeneidade da força de trabalho, além do uso de métodos quantitativos com base em dados sobre a economia brasileira. Com base na revisão bibliográfica e nos dados da economia brasileira, é utilizado um modelo econométrico de vetores de correção de erros (VECM) para verificar algumas hipóteses do desemprego e a sua relação com a heterogeneidade. Os resultados do trabalho indicam que, apesar das dificuldades nas teorias do desemprego em inserir a heterogeneidade dos trabalhadores em seus arcabouços teóricos, as visões marxista e pós-keynesiana oferecem importantes instrumentos teóricos e metodológicos para esse tipo de problema. Além disso, os resultados econométricos confirmam, parcialmente, que a demanda efetiva, seguindo a hipótese pós-keynesiana, e o conflito distributivo entre lucros e salários, argumento marxista, são fatores importantes para compreender o desemprego no Brasil. No que diz respeito à relação entre a heterogeneidade e o desemprego, os resultados apontam que um choque na taxa de desemprego incide de forma diferenciada entre os grupos que compõem a força de trabalho. Contudo, nem sempre o desemprego atinge de forma mais intensa os grupos que apresentam historicamente as maiores taxas de desocupação. / Unemployment is one of the main problems faced by capitalist economies. By analyzing its impact on the workforce, the research shows that there are evidences that some groups of workers – such as women, young people, blacks - systematically suffer from higher unemployment rates. In this context, the objective of this work is to analyze the relationship between unemployment and the heterogeneity of workers and how this relationship appears in Brazil from 1990 to 2013. The main hypothesis of this work is that the differences between the workers - such as gender, race, age, among others - may also be responsible, in interaction with other macroeconomic determinants, for the level and the dynamic of the different unemployment rates. The methodology of this research consists of a literature review of four macroeconomic approaches of the unemployment and how they treat the heterogeneity of the workforce, and also the use of quantitative methods using data for the Brazilian economy. Based on the bibliographic review and on the data of the Brazilian economy, an econometric model is used for vector error correction (VEC) to test some hypotheses regarding unemployment and its relationship with the heterogeneity. The results indicate that, despite the difficulties with the theories of unemployment regarding the heterogeneity of workers in their frameworks, the marxist and post keynesian theories provide important theoretical and methodological tools for this type of problem. In addition, the econometric results confirm, in part, that the effective demand, following the post keynesian hypothesis, and the distributive conflict between profits and wages, in terms of the marxist argument, are important factors to understand the unemployment in Brazil. Concerning the relationship between heterogeneity and unemployment, the results indicate that a shock in the unemployment rate has different impacts on the groups that make up the workforce. However, unemployment is not always more intense on the groups that historically have the highest rates of unemployment.

O desemprego é um dos principais problemas enfrentados pelas economias capitalistas. Analisando a sua incidência sobre a força de trabalho, há evidências que alguns grupos de trabalhadores - como as mulheres, os jovens, os negros - sofrem sistematicamente com taxas de desemprego mais elevadas. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a relação entre o desemprego e a heterogeneidade dos trabalhadores e como ela se apresentou no Brasil no período entre 1990 a 2013. A principal hipótese deste trabalho é de que as diferenças existentes entre os trabalhadores - como gênero, raça, idade, entre outras - também podem ser responsáveis, em interação com outros determinantes macroeconômicos, por níveis e dinâmicas diferenciadas de desemprego. A metodologia dessa pesquisa consiste em uma revisão bibliográfica de quatro abordagens macroeconômicas do desemprego e o modo como elas tratam a heterogeneidade da força de trabalho, além do uso de métodos quantitativos com base em dados sobre a economia brasileira. Com base na revisão bibliográfica e nos dados da economia brasileira, é utilizado um modelo econométrico de vetores de correção de erros (VECM) para verificar algumas hipóteses do desemprego e a sua relação com a heterogeneidade. Os resultados do trabalho indicam que, apesar das dificuldades nas teorias do desemprego em inserir a heterogeneidade dos trabalhadores em seus arcabouços teóricos, as visões marxista e pós-keynesiana oferecem importantes instrumentos teóricos e metodológicos para esse tipo de problema. Além disso, os resultados econométricos confirmam, parcialmente, que a demanda efetiva, seguindo a hipótese pós-keynesiana, e o conflito distributivo entre lucros e salários, argumento marxista, são fatores importantes para compreender o desemprego no Brasil. No que diz respeito à relação entre a heterogeneidade e o desemprego, os resultados apontam que um choque na taxa de desemprego incide de forma diferenciada entre os grupos que compõem a força de trabalho. Contudo, nem sempre o desemprego atinge de forma mais intensa os grupos que apresentam historicamente as maiores taxas de desocupação. / Unemployment is one of the main problems faced by capitalist economies. By analyzing its impact on the workforce, the research shows that there are evidences that some groups of workers – such as women, young people, blacks - systematically suffer from higher unemployment rates. In this context, the objective of this work is to analyze the relationship between unemployment and the heterogeneity of workers and how this relationship appears in Brazil from 1990 to 2013. The main hypothesis of this work is that the differences between the workers - such as gender, race, age, among others - may also be responsible, in interaction with other macroeconomic determinants, for the level and the dynamic of the different unemployment rates. The methodology of this research consists of a literature review of four macroeconomic approaches of the unemployment and how they treat the heterogeneity of the workforce, and also the use of quantitative methods using data for the Brazilian economy. Based on the bibliographic review and on the data of the Brazilian economy, an econometric model is used for vector error correction (VEC) to test some hypotheses regarding unemployment and its relationship with the heterogeneity. The results indicate that, despite the difficulties with the theories of unemployment regarding the heterogeneity of workers in their frameworks, the marxist and post keynesian theories provide important theoretical and methodological tools for this type of problem. In addition, the econometric results confirm, in part, that the effective demand, following the post keynesian hypothesis, and the distributive conflict between profits and wages, in terms of the marxist argument, are important factors to understand the unemployment in Brazil. Concerning the relationship between heterogeneity and unemployment, the results indicate that a shock in the unemployment rate has different impacts on the groups that make up the workforce. However, unemployment is not always more intense on the groups that historically have the highest rates of unemployment.

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Leaders of nonprofit organizations in the United States must build workforce capabilities to meet increasing demands for services. This single-case study explored strategies nonprofit leaders used to build workforce capability to address increasing service demands. The conceptual lens for this study was the full-range leadership theory. Data were collected through semistructured interviews from a purposeful sample of 3 senior executives of a single nonprofit organization located in the midwestern region of the United States. Information from internal and external documents and publicly available documents also provided data. Information and data sources included internal organizational and workforce performance data, strategy plans and analysis, internal and external financial documents, organizational website, and nonprofit data and information websites. Data and information from internal and external documents, interviews, and publicly available information were manually coded. Findings were validated through data triangulation and member checking. Using thematic analysis, 4 themes emerged related to building workforce capability: an emphasis on employee development, the expansion of technology systems, a concentration on developing a culture of autonomy and trust, and the introduction of processes and measurements. The findings from this study might contribute to positive social change by providing nonprofit leaders with strategies and data to support a deeper understanding of how to effectively build workforce capability to address increasing service demands.

Cotton production came to a halt in Southern Illinois in 1974 after the last crop was harvested. Many factors went into the death of cotton in Southern Illinois. My dissertation addresses the factors that halted cotton production in 1974, and new technologies that will enable farmers to grow cotton again in 2019. Temperature and rainfall are two important factors that affect the growth of cotton. Once cotton is re-introduced into Southern Illinois, an infrastructure with a well-trained workforce will need to be in place to sustain this new industry. This study was motivated by three research goals and questions: (1) Have Southern Illinois temperatures increased or decreased over the last 50 years? Specifically has Growing Degree Days or Heat Units increased over the last 50 years creating a more suitable environment for cotton production in Southern Illinois? (2) Was rainfall a limiting factor in the death of cotton in 1974 and the revival in 2018? How has rainfall changed in Southern Illinois over the last 50 years? (3) What impact would the cotton industry have on the Southern Illinois workforce? Specifically, what would education and training for a new cotton industry entail?

Market-responsive college leaders are challenged to navigate external relationships with business and industry, government officials, and community leaders, as well as the resulting pressures of multiple missions of the comprehensive community college. The leaders are faced with three predominant issues involving the market-responsive college and its relationship to the overall comprehensive college. These issues include: (a) its relationship to the transfer role, (b) difficulty of defining and measuring its success, and (c) its placement within the organization. Bolman and Deal’s (2013) leadership frames provide a model to understand how framing by market-responsive college leaders influences their organizations. A qualitative case study research method was used to explore how organizational frames used by market-responsive college leaders affect the market-responsive organization. The participants were five market-responsive college leaders from comprehensive community colleges in Mississippi. The findings suggest that market-responsive leaders, guided by their framework, affected their market-responsive college through reorganization, setting the tone of the relationship with academic transfer division, and establishing division priorities through the selection and recognition of measures for success. They used the structural frame to change the college structure to fit the task and environment, the political frame to set the agenda and create a power base, and the symbolic frame to create faith in the market-responsive college. This study provides aspiring and existing leaders of market-responsive colleges with possible lenses to view commonly experienced issues and to gain insight into the benefits of reframing and multiraming.

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Yes / The publication of the Delivery plan for tackling the COVID-10 backlog of elective care (NHSE/I, 2022:5) contained a number of ambitions, including that, by March 2024, 75% of patients who have been urgently referred by their GP for suspected cancer are diagnosed or have had cancer ruled out within 28 days. By March 2025, waits of longer than a year for elective care should be eliminated and 95% of patients needing a diagnostic test should receive it within six weeks. The report acknowledged the need to grow the workforce to achieve these ambitions and ensure a timely cancer diagnosis, while also proposing the use of digital technology and data systems to free up capacity. To assist West Yorkshire National Health Service (NHS) organisations to meet these ambitions, this report presents the findings of a ‘deep dive’ that focuses on the role of radiology in meeting the ambitions of providing timely cancer diagnosis. Aims 1. To understand current and projected demand for radiology expertise in cancer diagnosis in West Yorkshire. 2. To understand the current and projected radiology workforce in West Yorkshire and determine the gap between the projected radiology workforce and the required radiology workforce. 3. To identify possible solutions to assist in providing the radiology workforce required for West Yorkshire and explore their acceptability and potential impact. Methods A range of sources of data and methods were utilised. We examined publicly available quantitative data concerning cancer waiting times and diagnostic waiting times and activity and used this to forecast future cancer waiting times and diagnostic waiting times and activity. We examined data from Health Education England (HEE) regarding radiologists’ and radiographers’ workforce profile data for West Yorkshire, the number of radiologists completing training, and the number of radiographers graduating, and data submitted by West Yorkshire Trusts to HEE regarding their plans for growing their radiology and radiographer workforce. Interviews (N=15) conducted with radiology service managers, university academics and key strategic and operational stakeholders delivering radiology services were used to understand the current and future issues around strategic workforce planning, workforce changes and transformation, workforce roles and skills, training and education and service changes. A rapid review of the literature examining the impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) on the workload of radiology services was also undertaken. To put this work in context, we also reviewed relevant policy documents and reports. Alongside this, we consulted with the Yorkshire Imaging Collaborative (YIC) and the West Yorkshire Cancer Alliance (WYCA) and attended a series of workshops run by the Yorkshire Imaging Collaborative. Results Overall, the findings show that demand for radiology services is increasing and that both cancer waiting times and the waiting times for diagnostic tests increased, with a concurrent downward trend in activity that, if all else stays the same, is forecast to continue up to 2025. The cancer waiting times data indicate that patients were waiting longer and that their needs were not being met. Moreover, 3 the proportion of people treated within accepted cancer waiting times decreased both nationally and within the West Yorkshire region from 2013. This was exacerbated by COVID-19 which caused a further decrease nationally and for the West Yorkshire region. National data for waiting times for all diagnostic tests show a significant decline between 2006 and 2008, with a decrease in median waiting times from just under 6.0 weeks to approximately 2.0 weeks. Overall, waiting times remained stable until late 2020 when they started to rise with the longest median waiting times at just over 8.0 weeks in mid-2020. The total number of people waiting for radiology tests nationally is decreasing and is predicted to continue to do so, while in West Yorkshire the number of people waiting for radiology tests decreased until 2020 but has since been on an upward trend which is predicted to continue. Nationally, the total number of radiology tests is on an upward trend that is predicted to continue, while in West Yorkshire activity has been decreasing since well before COVID-19 and is predicted to continue to do so. Data examining the current and future workforce showed that the national figures for the total radiology and radiography workforce are small relative to other health professional groups. In West Yorkshire, 265 radiologists and 926 radiographers were employed, and staff turnover was generally low. Trusts’ forecasts for the number of radiologists and radiographers they believe they need suggest a 16% increase in the number of radiologists in post between March 2022 and March 2027 and a 25% increase in the number of radiographers in post. The numbers of radiographers and radiologists being trained in West Yorkshire suggest that this is feasible. Interview data identified a number of main themes and associated issues: delivering diagnostic cancer targets, strategic workforce planning, workforce roles and skills, service transformation, recruitment and retention, universities, artificial intelligence, collaboration, and international recruitment. Across all themes, some reoccurring issues were identified: a lack of staff, increased demands, a lack of capacity in terms of space and staff, a lack of strategic workforce planning with a focus on operational or financial plans. Respondents proposed potential solutions to some of the issues raised that included: new ways of working, upskilling, developing current and emerging roles, Community Diagnostic Centres (CDCs), greater collaboration between NHS Trusts, universities, CDCs, imaging academies and networks and the private sector, and the international recruitment of radiologists and radiographers to address workforce gaps. The rapid review findings helped to identify a number of potential benefits of use of AI in radiology, including contributing to improved workflow efficacy and efficiency of radiology services. However, this is dependent on the nature of the work and the AI function. As a result of faster AI reading, radiologists may be able to focus more on high-risk, complex reading tasks. AI can support automation of image segmentation and classification and aid the diagnostic confidence of less experienced radiologists. Respondents’ views on AI were mixed. There was acknowledgement that AI was already used to support radiology service delivery and both the benefits and problems associated were identified. The implications of AI for radiologists’ and radiographers’ roles were discussed in terms of changing work, AI being used to support or in some cases substitute radiologists and radiographers, and the need for the radiology workforce to adapt to the technological change whilst maintaining a caring service

Companies are constantly involved in automating processes to make them more efficient. Project details concentrate on corporate details. Little, if any, information is released about employees and how they are affected. This study is designed to determine if employees affected by the automation of a manufacturing or business process have a better life and consider themselves to be successful from their own perspective 5 years after the automation was completed. The study also established the things that helped and barriers that hindered their success. A survey was developed and sent to 63 individuals who have participated in a project to automate a manufacturing or business process. Their direct involvement could be through design, development, or general workforce operations. Plant operators and operations personnel were affected by automation in a much harsher manner than design and development personnel resulting in a greater need for future training.