I Ur och Skur preschools base their teaching on outdoor activities and all educators are called leaders, disregarding their educational background. The purpose of this study is to find out how the leaders of six I Ur och Skur preschools are working, specifically with the written language, in the outdoors environment. The study discusses the concept of literacy, methods leaders use and the advantages and disadvantages they experience with outdoors education and the thoughts they have about outdoor activities. The basis for this study is the objective pursued in the curriculum: "preschools should strive to ensure that children develop an interest in written language and an understanding of symbols and their communicative functions". Respondents have also been asked what outdoors education means to them on a personal level. To achieve my research results five qualitative interviews, with room for follow-up questions, were conducted. One of the respondents felt that she lacked time but still wanted to participate and doing so by answering questions by email. A total of six interviews were conducted, transcribed and analyzed. All respondents in this study are active leaders in I Ur och Skur preschools in a major city in Sweden. The results of the six interviews from the leaders show how they work with written language activities for children outdoors. The methods used seem quite similar between the various preschools. The leaders exploit the opportunities that are given, e.g. they write in the snow with watercolors or draw in the sand with sticks. They also read books outdoors for the children. The advantage, according to respondents, is that the material never ends, it is possible to write with almost anything. Possible disadvantages are bad weather conditions or too much background noise that may distract the children at times when they need to concentrate.

There is no abstract available for this dissertation. / Department of English

Bakgrund:Patienter med kronisk njursvikt i slutstadiet behöver dialysbehandling för att överleva. De behöver välja en behandling som passar deras livssituation. Hemhemodialys har ökat som behandlingsform. Sjuksköterskan som arbetar på en dialysavdelning, möter patienter som är i behov av stöd och information. Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan kan ge en trovärdig information om de olika dialysformerna. Eftersom hemhemodialys är en relativt ny behandlingsform, behövs mer kunskap om vad behandlingen innebär ur ett patientperspektiv.Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva patientens erfarenhet av att ha hemodialys i hemmet.Metod: För att få tillgång till patienternas erfarenheter, ombads de att skriva ner berättelser. Berättelser om en bra och en dålig situation som behandlingen ger dem. Berättelserna analyserades med en kvalitativ metod.Resultat: Från resultatet framgick fem teman: Frihet att vara hemma och själv styra sin behandling, Känsla av att vara ensam med ansvaret, Hemmiljön förändras, Behov av stöd och trygghet och Mår bättre med HHD.Konklusion: Hemhemodialys betyder en frihet. Men friheten är begränsad eftersom behandlingen i sig är tvingande. För att omvårdnaden av hemhemodialyspatienter ska bli bättre, behöver de mer stöd och utbildning. / Introduction:Patients with chronic end stage renal disease needs treatment of dialysis to survive. They need to choose a treatment that suits their lifesituation. Homehaemodialysis has increased as treatment form. The nurse who works in a dialysis ward, meets patients who are in need of support and information. It is of importance that nurses can give trustworthy information about the different regims of dialysis. Since homehaemodialysis is a relatively new treatment form, more knowledge is needed about what the treatment means from a patient perspective.Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the patients experiences of having homehaemodialysis.Method: To gain access to the patients experiences, they were asked to write stories down. Stories about good and bad situations that the treatment gives them. The stories were analysed with a qualitative method.Result: From the analysis five themes emerged: Freedom to be at home and control their own treatment, Feeling of being alone with the responsibility, The home environment changes, Need for support and security and Feeling better with homehaemodialysis.Conclusion: Homehaemodialysis means freedom. But freedom is limited as the treatment itself is compelling. To make the care of homehaemodialysis patients better, they are in need of more support and education.

Die Qualität von Lehre an Hochschulen ist durch die hohe Wirkungskraft von Prüfungen eng mit der Qualität von Prüfungen verbunden. Schriftliche Prüfungen können sehr verschieden ausgestaltet sein und Lehrende können sie über ganz unterschiedliche Wege erstellen. Eine Applikation, die zum Erreichen von pädagogisch-didaktischen sowie formalen Qualitätszielen bei schriftlichen Prüfungen beitragen will, muss diese unterschiedlichen Formen und Vorgehensweisen berücksichtigen. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand von ausgewählten Benutzersichten und Arbeitsschritten aufgezeigt, wie dies durch eine in der Entwicklung befindliche Applikation für das Erstellen von schriftlichen Prüfungen erreicht werden soll.

Study project (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--University of Tulsa, 1973. / Bibliography: leaves 146-159.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University of Pennsylvania. / Includes bibliographical references.

Univ., Diss.--Aarhus, 2007. / Enth. 3 Beitr. - Literaturangaben. - Zsfassung in dän. Sprache.

Univ., Diss.--Aarhus, 2007. / Enth. 3 Beitr. - Literaturangaben. - Zsfassung in dän. Sprache.

Univ., Diss.--Helsinki, 2008. / Enth. 4 Beitr.