The current study investigated e-Learning acceptance, adoption and implementation in the Egyptian higher education. The study also explored the attitudes and perceptions towards the acceptance and readiness for e-Learning from a variety of perspectives. The degree of meeting local needs and the main factors of improvement that e-Learning could provide to the Egyptian higher education sector are also investigated. The study achieved its aim through answering the following research questions: 1. What are the various stakeholder perspectives regarding e-Learning adoption in Egypt? 2. What are the opportunities for improving Higher Education in Egypt through the adoption of e-Learning programmes? A pragmatic research approach using mixed methods with a range of stakeholders was employed. The investigations included higher education students, employers, academics and government representatives from both public and private sectors. Investigations were conducted in two cities; Cairo and Alexandria. A total of 398 higher education students were surveyed through structured questionnaires. Two separate questionnaire forms were designed to investigate on-campus higher education students, as well as e-Learning higher education students. Quantitative data was analysed through a range of statistical techniques: patterns of frequencies were used to allow the comparison between students groups, median calculations to determine the range of opinions towards e-Learning adoption criteria, besides correlation and regression analysis to determine the strength and shape of relations between the main variables the study intended to investigate. Twenty four semi-structured interviews were conducted with a range of stakeholders that include academics, employers and higher education government representatives. Interviews were interpretively analysed through the deriving of common themes from each group of stakeholders highlighting the differences and similarities found between investigated groups. The contribution to knowledge presented in this research work emerged from the development of a conceptual framework that bridges the gap between societal acceptance and the adoption of e-Learning in Egyptian universities. Although the investigation has one country in focus, but still the analytical methodological framework could be generalised. The research identified the following: - main factors that affect e-Learning adoption; - potential obstacles faced by online degree holders in Egypt; - the role of organisational culture in e-Learning adoption, as determined by the perspective of academics, employers, government authorities and students at public, private and e-Learning universities.

Human Resource Management (HRM) is a contested academic discipline and professional space, in which mid‐career entry is not uncommon, and where study and professional membership are often key to career advancement. Subsequently, engagement with study while working full‐time occurs frequently, commonly at postgraduate level. However, understanding of the student‐practitioner experience is limited due to recognised gaps around research of part‐time, taught postgraduate and mature student experience. This is an odd omission given that it represents a potential growth area following recent funding changes. This study explores these experiences in the context of constellations and landscapes of practice, focussing on issues of social identity theory and academic literacies within them. Utilising Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to explore reflective accounts of the lived experiences of five practitioner‐students in one Higher Education (H.E.) Institution, the study used an innovative focus group approach, combined with semi‐structured interviews. Analysis was conducted through the development of case vignettes alongside thematic analysis supported through NVivo. For all participants studying occurred during career transition, with studying for additional qualifications intended to validate this transfer. However, in the wider personal context of career and family, study had significant impacts, with complex negotiations involved around obligations to family and employers. Participants legitimised their membership of HRM communities though their wider practice experience. Practice experience was also used to delineate between other members of both their academic and practice communities, with individuals who demonstrated experience given preference. Participants’ experience of education was characterised by comparisons between academic and practice communities, and negotiation of the boundaries between them was constant. Strength of practitioner identity affected alignment and approaches to studying. Engagement with discourse was also heavily influenced by dominant practitioner discourse patterns. This study offers insight into particular experiences of H.E. which may align to other niche student cohorts, and contributes to closing the gap around knowledge of part‐time, postgraduate and mature student experiences. It further adds to knowledge of communities of practice, constellations and landscapes and maps an example. It provides insight into how such students negotiate academic discourse engagement, and the impact balancing study with employment has on approaches to learning. Lastly, it applies this understanding to the support of practitioner‐students learning across academic‐practice boundaries, making recommendations to those facilitating these experiences.

The purpose of this research is to add to the teacher effectiveness research paradigm by furthering understanding about how teachers promote student learning and achievement in mathematics. Across the teacher effectiveness paradigm, there has been a great deal of research that quantitatively measures the value added by teachers to student achievement on standardised tests. However, there is a current under-representation of the voices of teachers about how and why certain factors promote student achievement in mathematics. Therefore, in order to address the complexity of the teaching and learning process, this mixed methods study draws upon secondary TIMSS 2011 data, as well as qualitative interview data from fourth class teachers in Ireland and Northern Ireland. Results from this study highlight qualitative teacher insights as an essential tool for understanding the complex process through which teacher-related factors influence student learning and achievement in mathematics. Several factors which were perceived to promote student achievement on fourth class standardised mathematics tests were revealed. These factors include promoting constant revision of mathematics concepts, engaging in a collaborative staff strategic plan for assessing and addressing student underachievement on standardised tests, communicating a strong positive attitude towards mathematics to students, and holding consecutive years of experience at the same grade level. In addition, teacher insights were instrumental for understanding TIMSS score differences between Ireland and Northern Ireland. These findings suggest that researchers within the teacher effectiveness paradigm, as well as educational policymakers, should recognise teachers as experts regarding the teaching and learning process and include their insights in future studies through use of qualitative methodology. Furthermore, quantitative teacher effectiveness studies should consider including qualitative teacher insights in order to gain a deeper understanding of quantitative findings.

This thesis investigated influences on primary school deputy-principals’ motivations to apply for principalship in the early twenty-first century in the Irish Republic. This required the exploration of both principals’ and deputy-principals’ roles in management and leadership to discover how better to prepare deputies to continue to the principalship. The research approach sat firmly within the qualitative paradigm, using semi-structured interviews with twelve primary deputy-principals exploring their construction of deputyship and principalship from their professional socialisation experiences. Findings revealed the complex relationship which exists between both roles and the extent to which the pervading school culture determines how much meaningful leadership opportunity is distributed beyond the principal. A major outcome of the study is a constructed knowledge of the nature and culture of Irish primary deputyship. Three new typologies of deputy-principalship provide a new perspective on the deputyship role, concluding that the gap in experiences and knowledge between deputyship and principalship is so great that energy should flow into the formation of formal, planned and structured preparation for a deputyship transition into principalship.

Transitioning from GCSE to ‘A’ level, students struggle emotionally and academically to meet the requirements of ‘A’ level study, drop out and fail (Hall, 2003; DfES, 2011a). The OECD (2003) found that post-16 learners rarely know how to learn on their own whereas effective learners have a positive academic self-concept related to higher attainment (Marsh, 2007). This study followed transitioning students working either collaboratively or alone asking what happens when a transitional intervention is used, such as a collaborative learning strategy, with students studying psychology and ethics for the first time and is there any impact on their academic self-concept and attainment? Rooted in a social constructivist paradigm, a mixed method, 9-month study followed 73 learners in their first 12 weeks of an ‘A’ level programme. Students chose one of three groups; a group guided by a more knowledgeable peer, dyadic pairs or alone. A concurrent triangulation strategy was employed to quantitatively and qualitatively assess students’ transitional experiences. Qualitative data revealed students valued a collaborative strategy. They felt a significant emotional attachment to their peers, which aided academic confidence and understanding. Dovetailed with quantitative data all three contexts showed increased academic self-concept correlated positively with increase in ALIS expected grades (r= +0.299). Emerging themes were the importance of choice of study group, the need for fun, that collaboration stabilised students’ emotional wellbeing, students developed a positive regard for others, an increased positive social identity and improved academic self-concept. Findings illustrate schools can facilitate students’ transition, protect them from isolation, boost their emotional wellbeing, and support their academic confidence, not only increasing their academic attainment but preparing them for life-long learning. This research is not only of value to students but also to teachers, headteachers and governors as well as academics and leaders of further education who lobby for more resilient, competent and buoyant learners.

Nowadays, marketing activities of HE institutions are increasingly important as they operate within their competitive and regulated environment. HE institutions have borrowed service industrial concepts to focus on the services they provide to students. They need to identify and implement tools to further understanding of the issues that impact on students' experiences. Apart from, focussing specifically on the learning experience in the sense of formal learning (where most of the past research has concentrated on), studies have also shown that support services are just as important in influencing students' learning experience. Hence, one of the support services, programme administration (PA) has become increasingly important due to the diversity of programmes offered and it contributes to the learning experience of students as well as indirectly impacting upon institutions' competitiveness. In order to enhance the learning experience of students and to manage the service encounter between students and programme leaders (PLs), it is argued that there must be an understanding of the service encounter behaviour (SEB) of the interacting parties and more importantly from a dyadic perspective since a service encounter is a two-way interpretive process. Thus, this research is set in the HE context, focussing particularly in PA, exploring the SEB (the situational definition and situational roles) of student-PL from a dyadic perspective (from student's and employee's perspective) to improve the management of service encounters as well as to enhance the learning experience of students. The conceptual framework is based on Czepiel et al. (1985) concept of a service encounter emphasising that it is purposeful where tasks need to be completed within a set of rules constrained by the nature of service and the behaviour bounded by roles assumed by the interacting parties. To manage a service encounter, the SEB of the interacting parties needs to be understood and from a dyadic perspective paying attention to roles represented by each participant. This research has borrowed literature from the social psychology discipline i.e. Mead (1934) SI perspective of role and McHugh's (1968) situational definition to further understanding of the dynamism of interactions to gain further understanding of the SEB (role expectations and role response of the interacting parties). Taking the social constructionist epistemology, this research seeks to understand the meanings student- PL construct when interacting and how these meaning have led to specific SEB. By adopting the interpretivists' paradigm embedded in symbolic interactionism, the researcher tries to interpret the underlying meaning of students'-PLs' SEB from a dyadic perspective. Qualitative case study methodology is employed using the critical incident technique (CIT) as a method to elicit student-PL experiences in service encounters, helping them to focus on specific situations when recounting their SEB. To make sense of these data, narrative analysis is used to interpret the constructions of students¬PLs in their interactions. The study has included 42 participants (26 students and 16 PLs) from 4 private colleges in Malaysia. It has yielded 63 service encounters categorised into 11 types of service encounter, covering most of the situations where a student would approach their PLs in a typical semester. The findings have indicated that defining a service encounter is significant and is functional in shaping the situational roles to be represented, thereby influencing the outcome of the situation. It has shown that even though service encounters can be similar, different situational roles can lead to different outcomes. These key findings are evidenced in a SEB guide, giving a bundle of possible situational roles in identified service encounters. These outcomes have implications for students, PLs and the management as well as future research.

This study seeks to explore the rationale for Masters level study as part of teacher training in England, the reality as experienced by those students and their perceptions of the value of Masters level to their personal and professional development as early career teachers. Teacher education has ‘consistently been a significant site of social and political struggle’ (Menter, 2010) including the aspiration to become a postgraduate teaching profession, of Masters level in initial teacher education and top-up programmes for qualified teachers. Yet, development of postgraduate provision has been haphazard and reactionary, leaving the University provider in the sector with the burden of promoting its importance and defending its relevance. In a sector where training of teachers has moved from higher education to schools led, there has become a palpable separation between theory and practice (Hargreaves and Fullen, 2012). This research pursues the value of the Masters level elements in teacher education and also to the development of a teacher’s own personal and professional attributes. This qualitative study uses a constructivist grounded theory (CGT) methodology from a practitioner researcher perspective, in order to explore the student teachers perception and experience to develop a substantive theory outlining the value and use they make of their Masters level study. An early literature review, conducted to sensitise and inform the interview schedule was used within semi-structured interviews, undertaken with fifteen participants. Participants were purposively and then theoretically sampled to support the emerging theory until saturation of categories was achieved. Data was analysed using the CGT process outlined by Charmaz (2014). Core categories emerged describing qualities and characteristics that students earned, achieved and received while studying at Masters level that included professional capital (combined human, social and decisional capital) and personal capital. In addition, participants described the optimal educational environment for the promotion of these capitals; that of constructivist forms of teaching, learning and assessment (TLA). Furthermore, participants stated that the value and qualities of a challenging learning journey were enhanced when provided by an overall structure of transformative programme design. In the final theoretical rendering of the data, a conceptual model of programme design was formed, demonstrating the importance of transformative programme design, delivered through constructivist modes of TLA. Approaches found to provide a robust start to a teacher’s career, offer longevity in the field, promote effective and reflective teaching and critical but co-operative teachers.

Study abroad generates positive learning outcomes for students. However, experiences of learning, and processes, strategies and influences on learning during unaccompanied nursing study abroad are unclear. This hermeneutic phenomenological study therefore investigated student nurse experiences of learning during a study abroad journey in order to explore the phenomenon of learning and the processes, strategies and influences on learning throughout this journey. Twenty student nurses, from the UK and Europe, participated; two semi-structured interviews were conducted per participant (post-return and follow-up). Phenomenological hermeneutical data analysis revealed the phenomenon of learning comprised four themes: ‘experiencing a different reality’; ‘active sense-making’; ‘being with others’ and ‘being changed and transformed’. Findings identify that study abroad was experienced as the liminal space in which learning occurred. Students experienced liminality in this space and the process of learning was triggered by disjuncture. Students took responsibility for learning and undertook active sense-making activities to gain insight. Students struggled to make sense of troublesome experiences, and remained in a stuck place until resolution of troublesome-ness enabled students to cross a threshold into understanding. Threshold concepts in nursing were revealed as particularly troublesome. Learning was influenced by others; this included communitas, communities and communities of practice. Otherness also influenced student learning and position in these communities. Students experienced change and transformation as a result of the learning that had occurred. A postliminal state was attained when troublesome-ness was resolved and students had re-integrated back into their usual reality. These findings offer new practical and theoretical insight into student nurse learning during unaccompanied study abroad journeys and further development of educational policy, practice and research is recommended.

This thesis explores the role of disruptive contexts and their effect upon incivility within the nursing student-lecturer relationship in higher education. Incivility has been growing exponentially, with evidence of a blame culture, polarising and disempowering both groups. Shifting the focus from attribution to contextual understanding was perceived as an empowering strategy which enabled the exploration of incivility, without apportioning blame. This was achieved through the facilitation of meaningful dialogical relationships. Utilising principles emanating from the critical theory paradigm, the Habermasian Ideal Speech Situation was applied. A triangulated approach of collaborative action research (CAR) and interpretive phenomenology provided the methodological underpinnings and method. This was delivered through a programme of six interactive workshops and individual semi-structured interviews, equally involving students and lecturers, facilitated within emancipatory reflective spaces (ERS), a term unique to the study. The promotion and facilitation of internal and external dialogues allowed for both self and group reflection. This collaborative approach enabled the development of power sharing which had to be built upon authentic relationships and not compromised by "illusion" and tokenism. Findings focused upon "looking beyond the obvious" contextual behaviour, which led to a deeper understanding of the fluid role of context in relation to incivility. This provided the conceptual underpinning for a contextual intervention framework, identifying individual, classroom and organisational approaches for minimising and coping with its devaluing effect. This research is important, as through the establishment of ERS students and lecturers developed collaborative and meaningful relationships, based upon mutual respect, authenticity and genuineness. These empowering spaces enabled them to freely explore the notion of disruptive contexts which in turn led to a deeper and conceptual understanding of the cause, effect and management of incivility. This conceptualisation and the associated interventions are both applicable to academic settings and are potentially transferable into the professional practice context.

Research literature highlights a gap in the provision of degree programmes being offered to students in relation to the skill set that is needed by employers. To bridge this gap universities need to seek an alternative approach to teaching and learning that is educationally credible, yet addresses the needs of the employability agenda. The aim of this research is to develop a capability model for HE teaching and learning, in the first instance, for Information Systems undergraduate students that embeds CBT tools and techniques into a modified constructivist curriculum studied by those students. The model successfully embeds PDP and employability as an integral part of the degree experience for those students at Northumbria University. The teaching approach is influenced by Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) as part of this innovative teaching model, developed from existing and emerging educational psychology. The study explores the relationships, the dialogue and perceptions, between staff and students and investigates the student experience relating to their self-efficacy and self-actualisation during that period, with a particular emphasis on employability skills and attributes. The research employs Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) with data collected from six purposively selected participants. The data is qualitative and adheres to IPA methodology protocols resulting in a holistic understanding of the students’ perceptions and behavioural practices. The results demonstrate the importance for academia to consider the individual differences and learning styles of their students in relation to the programme design and delivery methods. Analysis of the data reinforces the shift required in the curriculum framework in order to influence the employability skills and ‘graduate attributes’ of the students. The findings provide institutions with a research rich approach to deliver high quality degree programmes that will ensure the future proofing and validity of the provision. Specific attention is focussed on a new approach to teaching – PEDaLL (Personal, Employability, Development and Lifelong Learning) - that Higher Education Institutions can use to influence policy and reshape organisational culture. Furthermore, this research contributes to meaningful staff development for educators, the embedding of employability within programmes and addressing the requirements of the student Higher Education Achievement Report (HEAR).