A novel application of the Pauson-Khand reaction was applied to the synthesis of a series of bridged azatricyclic piperazines. This method represents the first application of the Pauson-Khand reaction to synthesize azabridged scaffolds. The ubiquity of bridged azabicyclic ring systems in biologically active natural product skeletons has provided the synthetic chemist with a wealth of opportunity for development over the last century. To this day, the development of new methodologies to tackle these structurally challenging systems remains at the forefront of synthetic chemistry. During our efforts to achieve a total synthesis of the stemofoline alkaloids, we have thus far developed a novel and scalable synthetic strategy to access the fully functionalized caged azatricyclic core of these challenging alkaloids. The overall synthetic strategy we have implemented began with the commercially available and affordable 2-deoxy-D-ribose as a chiral starting material. Furthermore, we have developed a novel 1,3-dipole cascade cycloaddition, which was successfully employed as the key step in the construction of the bridged azatricyclic core of the stemofoline alkaloids. / text

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Les bis-ylures peuvent être considérés comme des complexes de carbone(0). L'objectif de cette thèse consiste au développement de nouveaux modèles permettant de diversifier la réactivité de ce type d'espèces. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse dresse un état de l'art des complexes de carbone(0), basé sur l'étude de leur structure électronique, leur chimie de coordination, les applications en catalyse ainsi que leur potentiel en tant que source de carbone atomique. Le second chapitre est centré sur nos efforts pour préparer un nouveau modèle de bis-ylure de phosphonium-sulfonium cyclique. Nos principales approches y sont développées. Ces dernières ont permis l'obtention fortuite d'une nouvelle famille de précurseurs de bis-ylures P-chlorés, qui ont été entièrement caractérisés. Le troisième chapitre est consacré à une nouvelle famille de bis-ylures P,S stabilisés par des groupements sulfoxonium et phosphonium. Ces espèces ont été entièrement caractérisées par spectroscopie RMN et cristallographie. L'étude de leur réactivité met en exergue un potentiel important en tant que ligand pour les métaux de transition, de nombreux complexes organométalliques ont pu être préparés. La dernière partie de ce manuscrit présente l'étude des bis-ylures anioniques, connus également sous le nom d'yldiide. La synthèse d'un nouveau modèle est décrite ainsi que sa caractérisation, et sa réactivité vis-à-vis de composés carbonylés. Pour finir, une réactivité originale sous irradiation a été mise en évidence, permettant l'accès à de nouveaux complexes de C(0). / Bis-ylides can be viewed as carbon (0) complexes, also known as " Carbone ". The goal of this thesis is to develop new models of bis-ylides featuring original reactivities. The first chapter presents the state of the art of carbon(0) complexes. A study of their electronic and structural properties is described, as well as, their applications as ligands in organometallic chemistry and their uses as potential carbon atom sources. The second chapter records the different attempts to synthesize a new cyclic P,S bis-ylide. These efforts lead to the unexpected synthesis of new P-chlorinated mixed bis-ylide precursors. Some preliminary results allow us to class them in the family C(0) complexes. The third chapter consists in the synthesis of a new family of bis-ylides, stabilized by sulfoxonium group. These species were fully characterized theoretically, spectroscopically and by X-Ray diffraction. The reactivity studies demonstrate a high potential as ligand for transition metal, several organometallic complexes were prepared and characterized. The last chapter presents the study of anionic bis-ylides, also known as yldiide. The synthesis of a new model is described, as well as its reactivity towards carbonyls. Finally, original irradiation reactions of this yldiide allowed us to access new C(0) complexes.

The [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement is a pericyclic reaction of great synthetic utility to organic chemists. Within the scope of this reaction exist some cases in which the product corresponding to a [1,2] rearrangement is formed, despite the fact this is a forbidden process. Generally this is explained by a radical dissociation-recombination pathway; however, studies into the failure of transition state theory and the necessity to incorporate dynamic effects into mechanistic theory lead us to believe such products may arise from these phenomena. In particular, the possibility that many of these products result from an “unsymmetrical bifurcating surface” in the potential energy landscape is intriguing. To investigate this possibility, the Sommelet-Hauser rearrangement of N-allyl-N,N-dimethylglycine methyl ester was explored. The combined use of experimental and theoretically predicted kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) has been previously shown to deliver great mechanistic insight into reactions. The combination of these techniques, however, has found little employ in studying [2,3] rearrangements. This combination was used to study this reaction, using the Singleton method for determining small heavy-atom isotope effects. Resulting experimental KIEs suggest the reaction proceeds by an asynchronous, concerted, early transition state, and is relatively exothermic. This agrees with previous studies and Hammond’s postulate. Predicted theoretical KIEs are in good agreement with experimental KIEs, and the associated transition structure confirms the results suggested by experiment. Interestingly, as calculations proceed from gas phase to solvent models, the activation barrier of the reaction increases, while its exothermicity decreases. The energy difference determined between the lowest and second lowest energy transition structures decreases to 0.81 kcal/mol in the PCM model, so we cannot exclude the contribution of this transition structure to the reaction. However, qualitative results from the associated KIEs and energetics are consistent with the lowest energy transition structure. This reaction does not seem to afford the [1,2] product, and most likely dynamic effects are insignificant in determining product distribution. However, the study has validated, with respect to this body of reactions, both the use of the Singleton method for KIE determination and the combination of these experimental and theoretical techniques.

Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse sont centrés sur la synthèse et la réactivité de ligands phosphorés à caractère faiblement s-donneur et fortement p-accepteur. Il s'agit de ligands phosphines présentant une charge cationique en position a de l'atome de phosphore. Cette charge positive est amenée alternativement par un fragment amidinium ou bien cyclopropénium, conduisant respectivement aux amidinio- et cyclopropéniophosphines. Ces travaux sont présentés en trois chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, après un partie bibliographique, nous avons décrit la synthèse de di-imidazolo- et di-imidazoliophosphines diversement P-substituées par des groupements aryle, alkyle et di(alkyl)amino. L'étude de la réactivité de ces ligands vis-à-vis d'acides de Lewis métalliques ou non a permis de démontrer que la nature du substituant porté par l'atome de phosphore influençait de façon critique les propriétés de coordination. Divers complexes métalliques et oxydes de phosphines ont été ainsi obtenus et entièrement caractérisés. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous nous sommes intéressés à la préparation de phosphines a-cationiques chirales. Deux cas distincts ont été ainsi considérés : des phosphines cationiques à chiralité électrostatique dans lesquelles l'effet électrostatique prime sur l'effet stérique et des phosphines cationiques à chiralité stérique dans lesquelles l'effet stérique est cette fois-ci prédominant. Il a été démontré qu'en dépit des effets électroniques et stériques présents, ces phosphines étaient capables de se coordiner à un centre métallique. Divers complexes de métaux de transition de ces phosphines P-chirogènes ont été ainsi préparés et entièrement caractérisés. Dans le cas des phosphines à chiralité électrostatique, une version énantiopure a été isolée grâce à l'utilisation d'un complexe de palladium(II) orthométallé optiquement actif comme agent de dédoublement. Le troisième chapitre est axé sur le développement de ligands carbonés anioniques fortement donneurs de type imidazolyle et de leurs complexes. Afin de contre-balancer l'extrémité carbonée donneuse, une partie phosphorée acceptrice de type imidazolophosphine a été introduite. En série rhodium(I), deux complexes de ces ligands chélatants hybrides phospho-carbonés ont été ainsi isolés et caractérisés. / The project developed during this PhD thesis aims at the synthesis and reactivity of phosphorus ligands with weak s-donor and strong p-acceptor properties. They correspond to phosphine ligands featuring a cationic charge in a position of the phosphorus atom. The cationic charge can be introduced alternatively through an amidinium or a cyclopropenium moiety affording amidinio- and cyclopropeniophosphines, respectively. In the first chapter, after a bibliographical section, the synthesis of di-imidazolo- and di-imidazoliophosphines with aryl, alkyl and dialkylamino P-substituents is described. The study of the reactivity of these phosphine ligands towards metallic (or not) Lewis acids demonstrates that the nature of the P-substituent influences dramatically the corresponding coordination properties. Various cationic metal complexes and phosphine oxides are obtained and fully characterized. The second chapter of the thesis is focused on the development of chiral a-cationic phosphines. Two different cases are considered: cationic phosphines with electrostatic chirality where steric effects may be neglected and cationic phosphines with predominant steric chirality. In both cases, despite electron-poor character, these phosphines were shown to coordinate various transition metal centers. In the case of phosphines featuring electrostatic chirality, a representative was isolated in an optically pure form through the use of chiral orthometallated palladium(II) complexes as resolving agents. Finally, the third chapter concerns the development of imidazolyl carbon ligands and the corresponding complexes. In order to balance the electron-richness of the anionic imidazolyl donor extremity, an electron-poor phosphorus coordinating end, namely an imidazolophosphine is introduced. In the rhodium(I) series, two chelating complexes of these hybrid 'rich-poor' carbon-phosphorus ligands have been isolated and characterized.

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The thesis describes the realization of an asymmetric [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of achiral allylic amines. It is divided into two parts; the first part deals with the development of a Lewis acid-mediated [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement and the second the asymmetric version thereof. Quaternization of an -amino amide with various Lewis acids established BBr3 and BF3 to be the most appropriate ones. Various allylic amines were subsequently rearranged into the corresponding homoallylic amines in good to excellent syn-diastereoselectivities, revealing the endo-transition state to be the preferred pathway. The structures of the intermediate Lewis acid-amine complexes were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy studies and DFT calculations. Based on this investigation a chiral diazaborolidine was chosen as Lewis acid and was shown to efficiently promote the asymmetric [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement furnishing homoallylic amines in good yields and excellent enantiomeric excesses. In contrast to the achiral rearrangement mediated by BBr3 and BF3, the asymmetric version gave the opposite major diastereomer, revealing a preference for the exo-transition state in the asymmetric rearrangement. To account for the observed selectivities, a kinetic and thermodynamic pathway was presented. On the basis of a deuterium exchange experiment on a rearranged Lewis acid-amine complex and an NMR spectroscopic investigation, the kinetic pathway was shown to be favored. / QC 20100927

<p>This thesis is divided into three separate parts with amino alcohols as the common feature. The first part describes the development of a novel three-component approach to the synthesis of α-hydroxy-β-amino esters. Utilizing a highly diastereoselective Rh(II)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of carbonyl ylides to various aldimines, syn-α-hydroxy-β-amino esters formed in high yields and excellent diastereoselectivities. This methodology was also applied in a short enantioselective synthesis of the C-13 side-chain of Taxol.</p><p>The second part of the thesis describes a total synthesis of D-erythro- Sphingosine based on a cross-metathesis approach to assemble the polar head group and the aliphatic chain.</p><p>The last part deals with the application of amino alcohols as scaffolds in a diversity-oriented protocol for the development of libraries of small polycyclic molecules. The design of the libraries is based on the iterative use of two powerful ring-forming reactions; a ring-closing metathesis and an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction, to simultaneously introduce structural complexity and diversity.</p>

Various compounds were studied with solid-state 119Sn and 31P NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. Connections were made between the shielding tensors and the geometric and electronic structures of the molecules. First, the 119Sn chemical shielding anisotropy of various para substituted tetraaryl tin compounds was shown to be dependent on the tilt angle of the phenyl rings. Tetrakis(o-tolyl) tin did not have the shielding anisotropy predicted by the tilt angle of the rings. It was suggested that ortho substitution distorts the structures of the phenyl rings causing the discrepancy. Analysis of the solid-state 31P NMR spectra of triphenylphosphorane ylides, Ph3P=CHC(O)R, determined that increasing the electron-donating effects of the R group decreased the δ33 component. Theoretical calculations showed that the component lay along the ylidic bond and was dependent on the difference in phosphorus-carbon bond lengths between the phenyl and ylidic bonds. Another study concerned the solid-state 31P NMR of the series of triphenylphosphine derivatives, PPh3-x(o-tolyl)x where x = 0 to 3. The addition of ortho methyl groups changed the position of the δ11 component which could be the result of the change in energy gap between the lone pair (HOMO) and σ* anti-bonding (LUMO). The solid-state 31P NMR spectra of deuterated piperazinium phosphonate and phosphonic acid were influenced by the shielding, dipolar and spin-spin interactions, as well as, second order quadrupolar effects. The spectrum of deuterated piperazinium phosphonate had a chemical shielding anisotropy of 130 ppm, an effective dipolar coupling of 2500 kHz and a one-bond phosphorus-deuterium J coupling of 90 Hz. The phosphorus-deuterium bond length was predicted to be 1.44(2) Å. A deuterium quadrupolar coupling constant of 104 kHz was obtained from the CP/MAS 2H spectrum. The non-axial symmetry of phosphonic acid complicated the analysis of the 31P spectrum. Phosphorus-deuterium bond lengths of 1.44(5) Å and 1.40(4) Å were obtained for the two inequivalent sites in the unit cell.

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