published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Youth tobacco use is a major public health problem worldwide. Studies show that there is an association between exposure to anti-smoking advertising and youth smoking prevalence. Anti-smoking advertising can be used as an important tobacco control measure to prevent youth smoking. The objectives of this review mainly focus on evaluating the effectiveness of anti-smoking advertising on youth smoking, analyzing the influential factors that may affect the effectiveness. 4 main databases, PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus and Google Scholar were included for literature searching, as well as the reference lists, and 483 related articles were found initially. After restricted by the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 articles were included for analysis ultimately. According to this review, the influential factors included the exposure rate, sponsor, promotion approaches and the theme of anti-smoking advertising. Those factors have significant effects on youth’s smoking behavior and smoking prevalence. Non-tobacco industry sponsored, high exposure rate, the theme of negative life circumstance and using humor as a vehicle to deliver anti-smoking messages can be effective in reducing the smoking rate among youth. However, the methods used in the included articles were uneven, and the mechanism of the anti-smoking advertising on youth smoking is still unclear, further research should be conducted. The results of this review can still have some instructions to policy-makers on formulating tobacco control measures in the future, especially the anti-smoking program. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Youth represent a substantial portion of smokeless tobacco (ST) users in Canada compared to the general population. Highest prevalence of use is typically seen in males, in current smokers, and in the Western provinces. ST use has also been associated with youth who participate in sports teams. Furthermore, ST has been marketed to youth through the use of flavours and sweeteners to make ST more attractive and appealing. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of ST use among Canadian youth and examine factors associated with its use. The study used self-report data from 29,007 grade 9-12 youth who participated in the 2010-2011 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (YSS). Logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with ST ever and current use among Canadian youth as well as among the sub-population of youth smokers. A mediation analysis was also used to understand if (a) sports team participation or (b) physical activity mediate an association between attempting to quit smoking and ST use among youth smokers. In 2010-2011, 5.3% of Canadian youth had ever used ST and 1.9% were current ST users. Odds of ST use were highest among males, grade 12 students, youth with more than $100 of weekly spending money and current smoking youth. This study was the first to identify associations between both physical activity and sports team participation and ST use among grade 9-12 Canadian youth. Continued monitoring of ST use among youth is recommended. Additionally, further research is needed to explore beyond individual-level factors and understand broader influences of ST use among youth.

Youth represent a substantial portion of smokeless tobacco (ST) users in Canada compared to the general population. Highest prevalence of use is typically seen in males, in current smokers, and in the Western provinces. ST use has also been associated with youth who participate in sports teams. Furthermore, ST has been marketed to youth through the use of flavours and sweeteners to make ST more attractive and appealing. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of ST use among Canadian youth and examine factors associated with its use. The study used self-report data from 29,007 grade 9-12 youth who participated in the 2010-2011 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (YSS). Logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with ST ever and current use among Canadian youth as well as among the sub-population of youth smokers. A mediation analysis was also used to understand if (a) sports team participation or (b) physical activity mediate an association between attempting to quit smoking and ST use among youth smokers. In 2010-2011, 5.3% of Canadian youth had ever used ST and 1.9% were current ST users. Odds of ST use were highest among males, grade 12 students, youth with more than $100 of weekly spending money and current smoking youth. This study was the first to identify associations between both physical activity and sports team participation and ST use among grade 9-12 Canadian youth. Continued monitoring of ST use among youth is recommended. Additionally, further research is needed to explore beyond individual-level factors and understand broader influences of ST use among youth.

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Thesis (D.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 62). Also issued in print.

Thesis (D.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 62).

<strong>Objective:</strong> This study was designed to inform the development of a web tool to simplify access to and analysis of available evidence for youth tobacco control. This tool will support planning, evaluation and research related to youth tobacco control. Primary objectives were to examine useful functions and characteristics of potential end-users. <br /> <strong>Methods:</strong> A pilot-tested, web-based questionnaire was administered to potential end-users (N=43). A purposeful sample of participants was selected to represent individuals working in youth tobacco control from research, health, and education sectors in Western, Central, and Eastern Regions of Canada. Data were analyzed using frequency calculations and cross-tabulations by sector. Results guided the creation of a prototype. Interviews were conducted with a subset of participants (N=6) to validate the prototype and identify further functions. Data were analyzed using content analysis. <br /> <strong>Results:</strong> Useful functions of the prototype identified varied slightly across sectors. Research participants felt that access to raw data was a useful function. Health sector practitioners were interested in accessing data and creating summary reports of data. Educators were mostly interested in obtaining summary information from data, through reports. Further, health and research participants felt the information resources function was redundant. This research has provided important insights that will guide the development of a functional web tool. <br /> <strong>Implications:</strong> This tool can enable users to identify effective interventions, track the progress of school or health regions relative to benchmarks, and identify high risk schools or communities to target intervention efforts. This tool is an innovative way to maximize the use of available resources to link research, policy, and practice.

This study explores how young people conceptualise addiction to smoking and, also the relationship between young people's addiction beliefs and intentions to smoke cigarettes. Addiction to smoking is a major health problem, not just for adults, but also for young smokers, up to 60% of whom are dependent on nicotine. However, anti-smoking prevention efforts targeted at young people generally emphasise ill-health effects and little attention is paid to addiction education which is generally considered relevant only to adult smoking and cessation efforts. Perhaps as a consequence, young people appear to have many misconceptions and unrealistic ideas about addiction, and these may possibly have influenced initial decisions to take up smoking. For example, between 50% and 60% of young smokers believe that it would be easy or very easy to stop smoking altogether if and when they choose to and the majority of daily smokers mistakenly believe that they will not be smoking for more than five years. For these young smokers, becoming addicted is often an unforeseen consequence and most are surprised to find that they cannot give up smoking as easily as they thought. The majority of addicted smokers regret ever taking up smoking but nevertheless continue to smoke cigarettes for perhaps 30 to 40 years because they find it very difficult to stop. This backdrop provides the impetus for the present study.

Background: Tobacco use either in the form of smoking or smokeless tobacco is typically initiated or established behaviorally for adult smokers before 18 years of age. Given that data from monitoring and surveillance systems drives every policy and program, accurate surveillance of tobacco consumption by adolescents is a major part of curbing tobacco addiction. Methodology: The consistency and reliability of youth smoking prevalence data was assessed by investigating discrepancies within versions of the Global Youth Tobacco (GYTS) as well as between GYTS and the Global School-based Health Survey (GSHS). Sources of errors and biases were examined in order to determine the cause for discrepancies in results. Results: Significant discrepancies were found within GYTS versions as well as between the survey results produced by GYTS and GSHS. Discrepancies within GYTS versions were determined to be due to quality control errors. Analyzed by gender, negligible variation was found between boys and girls. When comparing the total smoking prevalence estimates between GYTS and GSHS, four of the six WHO administrative regions (Africa, Americas, Eastern-Mediterranean, South-Eastern and Western- Pacific) were found to have significantly different estimates. The European region did not consist of any significantly different estimates. When comparing variance in total smoking prevalence estimates, GSHS results were found to be lower than GYTS estimates with the exception of the EMRO region. The EMRO region was further analyzed to explore gender variation within the region and boys were found to have 44.5% more significantly different estimates in comparison to girls. Conclusion: Up-to-date, reliable and consistent surveillance and monitoring efforts are part and parcel to solving this tobacco epidemic and fighting wealthy and powerful tobacco companies.