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This thesis discusses the development of Hymnody in Zambian churches since Christian missions came to Zambia late in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It begins with a brief description of Zambia's geographical and political position, the establishment of major missions, and the history of some of the main Zambian hymn books: PEMS, LMS & CMML, UMCA, AMEC, BIC, RCZ, MMS and CCAP. Twenty hymnals from Europe and America from which translations of English hymns were developed, have been selected. These are compared with the Union Bemba hymnal published in 1932 for the LMS and the CMML in Zambia. This hymnal also shares many hymns in common with the four Zambian hymnals: (RCZ), (AMEC),(CCAP) and (UMCA), as illustrated in Appendix A. The thesis reviews the problems of translated hymnody in Zambia, as caused by problems of melody, intonation and metre, and the way in which language and cultural differences have resulted in loss or distortion of useful meanings of the original hymns. Despite early efforts made by some missionaries to contextualize worship in the country, missionary policy in general ignored the many valuable musical resources available among the Zambians. Nevertheless, there is a tradition of indigenous Zambian hymnody, exemplified in the Tumbuka hymns of Northern Zambia and Malaroi, the hymns composed by the school girls at Mbeleshi, the Ngwewa hymns and other indigenous hymns of the Methodist Church, the AME Church indigenous hymns and the Lumpa Church hymns. The thesis examines the process of revision of translated hymns, stating those hymns that, through revision work, have been transformed into Zambian hymnody, and those that have been omitted. It discusses the church choir movement in Zambia and the choir action songs with their prominent features, circulating in Zambian churches but which remain oral supplements to the translated hymns. The thesis explores the traditional resources on which Zambia's indigenous hymnody can draw, in form, content, and instru1nentation, such as Zambian traditional singers: such as royal singers, ceremonial singers and society oriented songsters; Occasion songs: such as entertainment and social songs, songs by preservationist traditional singers, funeral dirges and dedication songs; and modern folk singers, as well as Zambian instruments. The thesis ends with suggestions for a Composite Hymnal as a logical, economical and unifying tool for hymnody in Zambian churches, which Zambians themselves have a duty to create.

Student Number : 0413402D - MA research report - Faculty of Humanities / This research report focuses on how Kekelwa Nyaywa, a Zambian novelist has represented Zambian women within a span ranging from the colonial up to the independence period. Within the first chapter, a brief history of the Zambian nation is highlighted and a theoretical framework established. Chapter two engages with Nyaywa’s use of romance to make a commentary on the idea of nationalism. By so doing she redefines the concept of romance which has invariably been associated with ‘frivolity’. The third chapter revolves around Chipembi boarding school which the author uses to feminize key issues in the Zambian society. The pivot of the chapter is that this space is a metaphor for women’s liberation in Zambia. HIV/AIDS fueled by a ‘macho syndrome’ emerges in the fourth chapter as the single biggest threat to Zambian women’s lives. Finally, the conclusion investigates the trends of feminism that the author foregrounds in the book.

Breed characterization is a primary step in designing appropriate management and conservation programs of livestock in developing countries. Since cattle represent a major food animal species in Zambia, its conservation is a major goal for both the government and non-governmental organizations. To support the conservation effort, the objective of this thesis research was to assess the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of indigenous Zambian cattle breeds including Angoni, Barotse, Tonga, and Baila based on body measurements and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, respectively. A total of 100 animals, 25 from each of the four breeds associated with different tribes and region of Zambia, were used in the molecular analysis research. Additionally, 10 Holstein x Jersey crossbred animals were used as a reference and to test the extent of cross-breeding, if any, of the indigenous stock with exotic breeds. To further compare the Zambian indigenous breeds, morphometric measurements including body length, heart girth, and height at withers on 50 animals of each breed were measured. Blood was collected from animals at randomly selected farms and DNA isolated by standard protocols in Zambia. A total of 10 primers, of the 20 evaluated for informativeness, were used in the RAPD-PCR analyses. Differences among the four breeds for all the three morphometric measurements were significant with the Barotse significantly higher than the other three (P<0.05). The average number of bands per primer was 7.1 and the percentage of polymorphic bands per primer ranged from 40 to 71.4 with an average of 64.8%. Breed divergence was highest between the Tonga and the Barotse and lowest between the Tonga and Baila breeds. Both the morphometric measurements and RAPD-based distance estimates suggest that the Barotse may be different from the other indigenous breeds while the Tonga and Baila were more closely related. In addition, the genetic distance estimates imply that the Holstein x Jersey crosses are different from the four Zambian indigenous cattle breeds evaluated. This thesis research provides, for the first time, the basic genetic information necessary for conservation of Zambian cattle breeds and the use of these populations for effective crossbreeding. The data suggest that though there is isolated by geographic distance and cultural differences among the tribes, two of the breeds are significantly related. / Master of Science

Tales of unethical reporting, conflict of interest, biases and corruption characterize media practice in Zambia today. The advent of technology and the mushrooming of media houses have ironically magnified this trend. Such tendencies have compromised ethical reporting, thus undermining the journalistic credibility. While some scholars call for a return to African ethics, others hanker for greater professionalism. This study offers an overview of the media in Zambia with Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation and the POST newspaper as its case study. The study looks at how virtue ethics would be effective in reclaiming media credibility. Using qualitative methods, data were collected via theoretical and methodological triangulation. Open-ended questions were designed and distributed among 10 Zambian journalists. The interviews were conducted within a period of one month. Findings indicated that media credibility in Zambia has reached unprecedented levels of suspicion and that virtue ethics, if well applied, would redeem the lost credibility.

This study presents an analysis of the contribution of four painters to the development of contemporary Zambian painting, from 1950 to 1997. This is preceded by a brief history of Zambian painting, including Bushmen rock painting and early Bantu art, which is followed by an account of the way western influence, introduced by the white man, started changing the style of painting in the country as it began to affect indigenous artists. In the work of artists who began painting from about 1900 to 1950, both western and traditional stylistic influences can be seen. While the painters whose work is analysed in this thesis had some knowledge of Zambian art before 1950, they were mainly influenced by western ideas of painting. From a list of more than ten painters ofthis period from 1950 to 1997, I selected: Gabriel Ellison, Cynthia Zukas, Hemy Tayali and Stephen Kappata because I know them personally and therefore had access to them and their work, which facilitated my analysis of their work and its contribution to Zambian painting. This analysis takes the form of four chapters, one for each artist, in which relevant biographical and educational background is outlined, followed by an analysis of examples of\vork. Finally, ways in which each painter, through exposure to the Zambian public and artistic community, contributed to further development in Zambian painting, are emphasised.

Sedimentary rock-hosted deposits are a major source of copper and cobalt, with the Neoproterozoic central African Copperbelt being among the largest Cu-Co provinces in the world, accounting for around 15% of its copper resource. The deposits occur primarily in the carbonates and siliciclastic sediments overlying the basement, and formed during early diagenesis (around 820 Ma) and late diagenesis/metamorphism during the Pan-African Orogeny (580-520 Ma). The northwest province of Zambia hosts three major copper deposits, amongst which is Kansanshi: the focus of this study. The deposit, which lies north of the Solwezi dome, is hosted within the Katangan Supergroup, particularly within the carbonaceous phyllites and porphyroblastic schists of the Mshwaya subgroup and lower Nguba Group and extends along the strike length of the North-West trending Kansanshi antiform. In this study, tomographic inversion is applied to first arrival refraction data collected at the Kansanshi Copper Mine with the aim of locating potential copper-bearing structures.  The survey was carried out using both dynamite and VIBSIST sources along 3 profiles; 2 trending North-East across the Kansanshi anticline and 1 trending north-west parallel to it. Seismic refraction tomography is an excellent tool for investigating the shallow subsurface, providing a velocity distribution. Unlike conventional refraction seismics, it allows for the velocity calculation of each cell in a non-homogeneous earth model, rather than just the average velocity of individual layers - allowing us to map structure and infer geological units and weathering profiles. The data highlights abundant faulting and varying depth to fresh bedrock. The various lithologies have also been interpreted.

The specific objectives of this study were to determine the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody titres from the chicken sera collected from various districts and provinces of Zambia and to determine the seroprevalence of ND in Zambian backyard chickens. Results showed that 73.9 % of the birds sampled tested positive for Newcastle disease (ND) antibodies. The seroprevalence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in Zambian backyard chicken flocks varied among the five provinces sampled, ranging from 82.6 % in Eastern Province to 48.3 % in Luapula Province. The seroprevalence of the virus also varied among the 11 districts sampled, ranging from 91.3 % in Monze District of Southern Province to 22.8 % in Mufulira District of the Copperbelt Province. The results indicated that the seroprevalence of ND in Zambia has increased since the last survey conducted in 1994. The data generated is expected to contribute towards a more clear understanding of the epidemiology of NDV that would ultimately contribute towards an improved ND control programme to benefit all stakeholders in Zambia. An improved ND control programme is expected to enhance flock numbers and ultimately improve the dietary requirements and income needs of many poor households in the country. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

In the past twenty years a global trend has emerged illustrating increasing rates of violence against women, with HIV rates among this population also steadily on the rise. Despite the burden of the problem, there is scant corpus of literature exploring the influence of domestic violence on HIV. Therefore, this study examined the association between domestic violence and women’s decision to consent to HIV testing, and their HIV status. Using the 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey, it was found that Zambian women who have experienced domestic violence are 13% more likely to consent to an HIV test. After adjusting for residence as a confounder, women who had experienced domestic violence were 11% more likely to test positive for HIV. Studies similar to this one could provide the basis for future policy and program planning that would have significant implications on violence against women in HIV prevalent populations.