Bochum, University, Diss., 2002.

Berlin, Freie Universiẗat, Diss., 2001. / Dateiformat: zip, Dateien im PDF-Format.

Master of Science / Department of Geology / Saugata Datta / In specific lithologic and hydrogeological settings, Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) projects using vadose zone wells have the potential to outperform infiltration basins in terms of volume of water recharged. Numerical modeling can assist in determining which recharge method is most efficient in infiltrating water to unconfined alluvial aquifers of differing unsaturated zone lithologic complexities. The Sagamore Lens Aquifer (SLA) in Cape Cod, Massachusetts is an example of an aquifer with minimal lithologic complexity while the Hueco Bolson Aquifer (HBA) near El Paso, Texas has greater lithologic complexity. This research combines two U.S. Geological Survey numerical models to simulate recharge from infiltration basins and vadose wells at these two locations. VS2DTI, a vadose zone model, and MODFLOW-2005, a saturated zone model, were run sequentially at both sites and with both vadose well and infiltration basin recharge methods simulated. Results were compared to determine the relative effectiveness of each method at each location and to determine the effects of vadose zone complexity on recharge. At the HBA location, soil samples were tested for conductivity and grain size distribution and a microgravity survey was begun to constrain the models. The infiltration basin structure proved to be more efficient, infiltrating more water volume at both locations. Lithologic complexity formed perched conditions in the HBA model, significantly affecting infiltration rates from both infiltration methods at that location. Methods and conclusion from this study can assist in the modeling and design of future MAR projects, especially in locations with thick or lithologically complex vadose zones.

This thesis is concerned with the use of zone plate interferometers for the precise location of position. The thesis begins by discussing the use of the zone plate as an optical component and examines the wavefront aberrations that can occur in higher orders of diffraction. Interferometers applicable to the measurement of position are then reviewed, including interferometers that incorporate optical zone plates as beam dividers and beam combiners. A zone plate interferometer for defining and locating multiple positions in three-dimensions is reported. Here, a three-dimensional array of positions is defined by a two-dimensional array of reflective zone plates. An optical probe containing two zone plates completes the interferometer, and is used to locate the positions. The displacement sensitivity of the probe can be controlled at the optical design stage. The variation of sensitivity with wavefront geometry is explored and expressions are derived for the transverse and axial sensitivity in terms of the conjugates of the illuminating wavefronts. Various wave front configurations were experimented with and the resulting position location patterns recorded. The measured values of sensitivity to displacement are compared to theory. A version of this interferometer was designed and developed by the author, for checking the performance of three-coordinate measuring machines used in engineering metrology. The results of trials with the interferometer, comparing the performance of measuring machines in several government laboratories, are reported. The averaged repeatability of setting, on one optically defined position, was found to be 1 μm in the transverse directions and 6 μm in the axial direction. Resulting from this work, two simple devices for pointing are described. Each uses a pair of zone plates to define an optical axis. In one case, the axis is precisely located by positioning a coherent light source and observing the interference bands generated by the device. In the other, moire bands are observed in incoherent illumination.

As population pressures rise there are associated increases in development, resource use, competition and environmental threats. These increases, contribute to the intensification of conflict within the coastal zone. Dispute resolution techniques must be incorporated into the management of coastal resources. Negotiation use is one means of dispute resolution. The goal of this thesis is to establish whether and how negotiation is used in coastal zone management. Two bodies of literature were reviewed. Literature on North American coastal zone management was examined to characterize management approaches with particular reference to the FREMP and the PSWQA. Literature on negotiation was reviewed to develop a framework for analyzing the use of negotiation in resolving coastal zone management conflicts. The FREMP and PSWQA provide two case studies for examining the use of negotiation in resolving coastal zone management conflicts. In each case, two comparable decision-making bodies were examined: the FREMP Management Committee Executive (MCE) and the Standing Committee on the Water Quality Plan (WQSC) and the PSWQA Authority Board (AB) and Point Source Committee (PSC). Data on the use of negotiation were collected by telephone interviews with people involved in each of the four decision-making processes. The management areas of the Fraser River Estuary and the Puget Sound are comparable in that both are located in the Pacific Northwest of North America with similar climates and natural resources, and are experiencing growing population and development pressures. The management processes differ in the scale of areas covered (estuary versus basin), the size of the populations (the Fraser Estuary is half the population of Puget Sound) and the approach to coastal zone management (coordinator versus player; smaller versus larger budgets; lesser versus greater public involvement). There is no use of "explicit" negotiation in the four decision-making processes examined in the case studies. “Explicit" negotiation use is identified when there is explicit expression of the use of negotiation in the decision-making. "Implicit" negotiation is identified when people make trade-offs to adopt an agreement without explicitly expressing they are doing so (Dorcey and Riek, 1987), and is routinely used in all four decision-making situations. There is no use of any outside third party assistance such as mediators or facilitators in the negotiations; however, the FREMP Programs Coordinator facilitates the MCE negotiations and the PSWQA AB chair mediates the Board meetings. The implicit negotiations of the FREMP and the PSWQA exhibited a high degree of "structure" with the greatest extent in the PSWQA. "Structured" negotiations are identified as negotiations that actively seek to reach agreement by incorporating structure into the decision-making process through: the utilization of preparatory techniques, opportunity for the representation of affected interests, the utilization of explicit agreement criteria, some means to commit to the agreed-upon actions. Future coastal zone management should recognize the “implicit" use of negotiation since it is used so extensively within coastal zone management and evaluate the contribution of "implicit" negotiation in coastal zone management. Finally, consideration must be given to making the use of negotiation in coastal zone management "explicit" so that means are actively sought to resolve coastal resource use conflicts. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

As the average American age increases, there is a need to study the spine biomechanics of adults with scoliosis. Most studies examining the mechanics of scoliosis have focused on in vitro testing or computer simulations, but in vivo testing of the mechanical response of a scoliotic spine has not yet been reported. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively define the passive stiffness properties of the in vivo scoliotic spine in three principle anatomical motions and identify differences relative to healthy controls. Scoliotic (n=14) and control (n=17) participants with no history of spondylolisthesis, spinal fracture, or spinal surgery participated in three different tests (torso lateral side bending, torso axial rotation, and torso flexion/extension) that isolated mobility to the in vivo lumbar spine. Scoliotic individuals with Cobb angles ranging 15-75 degrees were accepted. Applied torque was measured using a uni-directional load cell, and inertial measurement units (IMU) recorded angular displacement of the upper torso relative to the pelvis and lower extremities. Torque-rotational displacement data were fit using a double sigmoid function, resulting in excellent overall fit (R2 > 0.901). The neutral zone (NZ) width, or the range of motion where there is minimal internal resistance, was then calculated. Stiffnesses within the NZ and outside of the NZ were also calculated. Stiffness asymmetries were also computed within each trial. These parameters were statistically compared between factor of population and within factor of direction. There was an interaction effect between populations when comparing axial twist NZ width and lateral bend NZ width. The lateral bend NZ width magnitude was significantly smaller in scoliotic patients. NZ stiffness in the all three directions was greater in the scoliotic population. There was no significant difference in asymmetrical stiffness between populations. The present study is the first investigation to quantify the in vivo neutral zone and related mechanics of the scoliotic lumbar spine. Future research is needed to determine if the measured lumbar spine mechanical characteristics can help explain progression of scoliosis and complement scoliosis classification systems. / Master of Science

After the Asian financial crisis, the relationship between China and ASEAN has been strengthened; meanwhile, the influence of U.S. in Southeast Asia has been gradually decreased. The rise of China challenges status quo in the region. According to the Neo-realism, national interests depend on national power to put into effect. China and U.S. compete through cooperation with ASEAN in political, economical, traditional and untraditional security and sub-region fields which shape the new order in Southeast Asia. This thesis is divided into five parts and the conclusion of analysis could be as the policy recommendation for the government of R.O.C.¡¦s decision making on Southeast Asia policy.

Absract In recent years because of globalization economy the impact and the region economy of the economy integrate of widely accepted, the government in order to match with the global strategy business model rise of the industry field and the free trade port predominates the international trade to circulate to wait for the factor, greet the Pacific Asia neighboring nation challenge of aggressive establishes FTPZ , hence put forward the programming of the FTPZ in 2003. However the promotion FTPZ have to from invest the angle thinking of manufacturer's need, can understand the manufacturer the key of the investment free trade harbor area the influence the factor. Therefore, this research purpose from EPZ manufacturer's standpoint, take international investment theories as the foundation, study to influence to EPZ the manufacturer to the factor of the FTPZ investment. Be analyzed the mode though the importance by this research,know to EPZ be pushing and establishing the environment factor of the FTPZ, in the taxes and levies special discount,introduce the industry category,introduce the business activity etc. three aspects, have the obvious advantage .Another through the Logistic Regression analyzes, aiming at six factors ,such as¡§the special factor of the taxes and levies¡¨,¡§the customs clearance service factor ¡¨,¡§the international trad factor ¡¨, ¡§the merchandise circulates factor ¡¨, ¡§the policy factor ¡¨and¡§the cost factor ¡¨¡Ketc. to EPZ the manufacturer the investment will influence relation to make the study. Know ¡§the customs clearance service factor ¡¨, ¡§the international trad factor ¡¨by this research is to¡§ investment will ¡¨obvious is relating to toward influence, but¡§the merchandise circulates factor ¡¨and¡§the cost factor ¡¨has obvious and negative influence relation to ¡§ investment will ¡¨,another ¡§the special factor of the taxes and levies¡¨and¡§the policy factor ¡¨upon¡§ investment will ¡¨ influence relation be not statisticsed up of obvious support. Therefore, suggest the government while pushing the FTPZ policy, should face to the cost factor and the merchandise circulates factor to face to make the thorough self-criticism, to match the EPZ the manufacturer greets the challenge of the globalization economy.

Coordinate measuring machines are widely used to generate data points from an actual surface. The generated measurement data must be analyzed to yield critical geometric deviations of the measured part according to the requirements specified by the designer. However, ANSI standards do not specify the methods that should be used to evaluate the tolerances. The coordinate measuring machines employ different verification algorithms which may yield different results. Functional requirements or assembly conditions on a manufactured part are normally translated into geometric constraints to which the part must conform. Minimum zone evaluation technique is used when the measured data is regarded as an exact copy of the actual surface and the tolerance zone is represented as geometric constraints on the data. In the present study, a new zone-fitting algorithm is proposed. The algorithm evaluates the minimum zone that encompasses the set of measured points from the actual surface. The search for the rigid body transformation that places the set of points in the zone is modeled as a nonlinear optimization problem. The algorithm is employed to find the form tolerance of 2-D (line, circle) as well as 3-D geometries (cylinder). It is also used to propose an inspection methodology for turbine blades. By constraining the transformation parameters, the proposed methodology determines whether the points measured at the 2-D cross-sections fit in the corresponding tolerance zones simultaneously.

Mathematical conditions which showed where parsimony was not consistent for four taxa were first introduced by Felsenstein in 1978. This was subsequently labelled the "Felsenstein zone". Following Felsenstein's findings, 'frequentists' conjectured that for five taxa there would also be a region in parameter space where parsimony is not consistent. In response, 'cladists' claimed that parsimony was consistent in a different region of parameter space, which is called the "Farris zone". However, no analytical description of the region in which this consistency occurs has been made. Furthermore, no mathematical extensions of this Felsenstein theory to five taxa or more has been made. The same is true for the Farris zone. In this thesis, we give a complete account for the Felsenstein zone and Farris zone for four and five taxa and interpret these in terms of the shape of the phylogenetic tree.