碩士 / 臺中師範學院 / 國民教育研究所 / 89 / This study, illustrating the case of one elementary school teachers’ association, adopts the qualitative approaches, probes into the development, general situation, administration, vision, the faculty’s opinion and expectations toward it, and thus draws conclusions as followed: 1.The teachers’ association is established under the support and help of the school administration, and takes charge of holding leisure time activities, handling accidents and strengthening the school harmony. 2.The existence of the teachers’ association is committed by the faculty, but the administrative personnel value it’s professional function while teachers pay more attention to the union function. 3.The interactive relation between the teachers’ association and teachers include service and participation. However, teachers express weak willingness of participate as cadre members due to insufficient cognition of the teachers’ association and the teachers’ association gain less effect on promoting teachers’ expertise and restraining teachers’ behavior though it upholds teachers’ autonomy. 4.The communication between the teachers’ association and the school administration takes place in private, never in public. The interaction is more like the cooperative relation, but the school administration takes the upper hand. 5.The impediment the teachers’ association confronts results from the insufficiency of time, the doubt about it’s relation with the school administration, the only advising right to school affairs, lacking constraint on teachers, the interest conflict with the school administration, and the inability to clarify the welfare between members and non-members, to systematize the association and shrug off the intervention of the school administration. 6.The teachers’ association is expected to combine the professional and union function, operate in the rational and harmonious way and maintain the cooperative and mutual helping relation with the school administration. 7.Though the actual development of the teachers’ association has been commended, it still has a long way to go to keep up with the theory and the regulations. The development stage of the teachers’ association stays in first generation. 8.The union function and professional function of the teachers’ association can’t be put into full effect since it’s development is still constrained by the facts that high moral standards of the teacher is demanded in the Chinese tradition, the school is bureaucratic, teachers lack adequate professional knowledge and democratic concept, the association is established passively, and the principal dominates the future of the teachers’ association.

碩士 / 臺中師範學院 / 國民教育研究所 / 89 / Abstract A study of the relationships between organization change and effectiveness of elementary schools .The purposes of this study are： （1）to review theories and empirical studies dealing with organization change and school effectiveness , on which this study was based；（2） to survey the conditions of and to explore the relationships between organization change and school effectiveness of elementary schools；（3）to make recommendations from this study to be helpful to the improvement of the administration of elementary schools。 Organization change and effectiveness of schools were conceived as multidimensional constructs。The former comprises three dimensions including manipuation of teacher’s committee ,function of teacher arbitrational committee ,and participation of parents’ committee 。 The latter comprises four dimensions including administration effective- ness,teacher effectiveness , student effectiveness , and parent effectiveness。 The sample consists of 379 elementary school principals and teachers representing 75.8% of the total 500 principals and teachers among whom questionnaires were distributed。 The sample came from 100 schools that were selected by school location ,including rural,urban , and outlying districts。The major statistical techniques employed include Pearson product-moment correlation ,T-test ,one-way ANOVA , and stepwise multiple regression analysis。 The major conclusions are： 1. There are significant differences in the elementary school principals’ and teachers’ perception of organization change in terms of the seniority ,academic degree ,duty ,school district。 2. There are significant differences in the elementary school principals and teachers’ perception of school’s effectiveness in terms of the seniority ,academic degree ,duty , and school district。 3. There is a high positive relationship between organization change and school’s effectiveness among the elementary schools。 4. The school’s organization change has a great influence on the school’s effectiveness。 Key words：organization change , school effectiveness

碩士 / 臺中師範學院 / 國民教育研究所 / 89 / With the coming of the new century, the educational system in Taiwan has been reformed for the sake of creating a more appropriate educational environment in schooling. For the authorities concerned declared the relevant statutes, which have brought considerable impact on the function of administration in school, especially on policy makers. Under the circumstance of variation of culture of a school, first, this study was undertaken to get an understanding of whether the process of making administrative decisions depends on personal backgrounds of the principal. Secondly, this study analyzed not only what administrative causes effect the principal’s decision but also if the causes are accordingly different because of the principal’s backgrounds. Finally, this study discussed relativity between decision to an administrative event and administrative causes in different dimensions, and predicted possible situations due to the two variables. The researcher did a survey to 148 elementary school principals in Nan Tou County (90% questionnaire returned). Then, on the basis of the data collected, this study presented analyses and discussed thereby from the perspectives of educational statistics. This study, according to its results, rendered the following six points as conclusion: 1. When a principal makes decision, he will select the model of group decision mostly. 2. A principal can adopt different models in accordance with the departments concerned when he or she is making decisions. 3. Causes effecting administrative decisions and organizations have salient influences on a principal’s decision making. 4. Difference in age and experience of a principal and in style of a school can cause various effects on the decision and organization in administration. 5. There is a high relativity between decision to an administrative event and the causes in administration. 6. It is predictable that administrative causes can directly effect decision to an administrative event in large. Regarding to the results, this study in turn suggested in three aspects as follows: 1.Suggestions to educational institutions: (1)To build a sound system for the principal election in elementary schools. (2)To arrange further study well programmed for a principal. 2. Suggestions to administrative departments of a school: (1)To build a flexible system of decision making in administration based on differences of administrative events. (2)To provide teachers beneficial feedback for increasing their participation in administrative decisions. (3)To enhance teachers’ professional knowledge and skills in order to improve quality in schooling. (4)To keep track of the causes effecting an administrative decision for effectively reaching great achievement. (5)To strengthen the belief of democratic leading in schooling to administrators and also their attitude tolerant of others’ points of view. 3.Suggestions to advanced researches: (1)Dimension: it can expand vertically (junior and/or senior high school) and horizontally (other cities and counties). (2)Method: the method of observation or interviewing is available and helpful. (3)Technique: it’s better to have further cause-effect analyses. (4)Content of questionnaire: it needs to reach the facet of policy, strategy, management and reasonableness. (5)Sample: the collection needs to include the viewpoints of administrators and teachers.

碩士 / 臺中師範學院 / 國民教育研究所 / 89 / The study has three research purposes. The first purpose is to analyze the theories and related researches of principals’ transformational leadership and school effectiveness. The second one is to understand the current development, differences, and relationships of elementary school principals’ transformational leadership and school effectiveness, and the forecast analysis of various variables to school effectiveness among elementary schools. Finally, the results of this study will offer some suggestions for improving the principals’ leadership and school effectiveness of elementary schools. The research method employed in this study was survey method and literary analysis with a questionnaire entitled “Questionnaire to survey elementary school principals’ transformational leadership and school effectiveness”. Seventy-eight elementary schools were selected randomly in Nantou county and 699 questionnaires were distributed to the elementary school educators, with the return of 666 valid questionnaires. The data was analyzed through the methods of descriptive and inferential statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe’s method, Pearson’s product-moment correlation and stepwise multiple regressions using a SPSS for windows 8.0 package. The findings of the study are as follows: 1.Most of the educators in the elementary schools of Nantou county could conform to the principals’ transformational leadership, with the initiation of “ Charisma influence ” as the most often perceived behaviors. 2.A majority of the educators rate high on overall school effectiveness, with the “arrange of curricular and teaching” as the most perceived indicator and the “engage of community and paterfamilias” as the least perceived one. 3.The educators who were male, concurrently administrative duties, older, senior, or staying in remote schools show higher perception of principals’ transformational leadership. 4.The educators who were male, concurrently administrative duties, older, senior, graduated from college, staying in the smaller schools show higher perception of school effectiveness. 5.There is a significant positive relationship between elementary school principals’ transformational leadership and school effectiveness. 6.The background of the elementary school educators , the school environments and some parts of principals’ transformational leadership has a significant predictability on the school effectiveness; especially the variable of “intellectual stimulation” shows the highest predictability. Based on the above findings, the study suggests some implications of leadership, educational practices and further studies as well.

碩士 / 臺中師範學院 / 國民教育研究所 / 89 / This research focused on how to manage a new elementary school during the planning stage and after it was born. Based on a case study, the author analyzed how people made a new school working. The case was a new elementary school at Tou-lio City, which started its preparatory office in January of 1993 and got fully accomplished in the next year. The method adopted in this research was “Qualitative Method”. Via document analysis, observation, and individual interview, it tried to figure out the problems and the possible resolutions in those steps such as preparatory, site options, allocation of the buildings and interaction with the community. It also tried to figure out, after this new school was born, those issues such as the development of personnel organization, the administrative decision process, teaching activities, consultation activities, public relations and school’s efficacy. Had interviewed with 10 people, including those in the preparatory office, officers in the county education bureau, school teachers, students’ parents, and those from five groups of professionals or organizations, observed 14 times related activities, including school’s morning meeting, the conversation with former director of Education Department, meeting of parents’ organization, teaching activities, learning activities, campus planning, and classroom layouts, and collected 31 important related documents, some findings were outlined below: （1）The decision to start a new preliminary school was due to the pressure from the growing population. Its purpose was to release the overcrowded situation in the existing schools nearby. （2）The staff of the preparatory office were essential for a new school’s future development. They should have perspective views and concepts of education with passions as well as good communication and negotiation skills. （3）When considering the nominee of the above staff, the educational background should be put at first. Also those candidates must be willing and/or voluntarily to do this job full time. （4）In addition to competent architects, other experts and experienced education people should be unified as a team to provide good advises for people to follow. （5）Public Relation was important, and the school authority should have good relationship with the community and students’ parents. （6）New colleagues and new students would affect school’s development and atmosphere. （7）The new school’s administrative operation and decision-making process would greatly affect its future development. （8）Teaching and learning were the major concerns of the parents, and teachers’ efficacy, performance and competence on teaching should be accountable and competitive. （9）Related instruction on values could contribute to vivid circumstance and would increase school’s efficiency. （10）Public relationship should be stressed all the time, especially for a newly built elementary school. Based on the study results, several were suggestions proposed for the agency, the preparatory office staff, and school personals, the community and students’ parents to refer when they were required to start a new elementary school.

碩士 / 臺中師範學院 / 國民教育研究所 / 89 / This is a thesis that aimed to understand the ways how the educational agency appoints, or choose the candidates for the head of so many public elementary schools. Since the public schools are established and supported financially by the local government, the power of nominee and transition is held by the county government, or by the institution the government has set up. As the amendment for a “ free and enforceable “ statute on public education is certified by our Congress, then, what’s new about the new regulations that would have an impact on the existed system? The writer is trying to figure out what the experts in education, the school teachers, and the local educational authority think about the rule of games. The ongoing system is a product of a mixture of theory and practice, alien but traditional way. And if this does mean anything for them, what might be done for some improvement or just change? What are the merit and point to select all the schoolmasters in traditional or foreign methods. I make some comparison, do some description, hay up some document, sew them up and do a little calculation, to finish this essay. I sincerely hope that this paper would be meaningful for my fellow classmates and friends who are interested in this field of topic. I have come to the conclusion here I make it briefly assembled: 1. The principals, before they are, should have at least earned a bachelor’s or master’s degree in education. 2. All principals must acquire the certificate, or license of being a teacher at least for 5 years. The experience of being the dean of any office at school must extend to 4 or more years. Combined with their experience in the career of teaching, they can apply for the tests and the following procedure. 3. Those qualified candidates, after their excellent performance in the open and just tests, will be collectively trained at the Education Department’s “ Institute of Research for The Elementary School Teachers. “ 4. The succession of a series of training for the ordain of the new principals is inclined to two steps: The first is the training courses of school leadership and the second is the educational administration. 5. The mode at Yunlin County at present managed for electing new principals is: to choose among those qualified employees who are/were the principals or, the teachers/deans with a certificate to be nominated as new principals, namely, the persons who have passed the tests recently. 6. The courses arranged for the new candidates should involve or contain three main components but not just these three parts: practice, theory, intern practitioner. 7. Knowledge and talent of educational administration is essential. 8. The term of being an intern remains to be 4 weeks. 9. The suitable time for professional growth on academic during inservice as a principal is in summer vacation. 10. The professional certificate or license is crucial. 11. The related undertakings such as the loosen of the existed, old-fashioned restriction or restraints should be thrown away. The creative, encouraging articles have to be adopted or revised. 12.The leadership required as being a principal is divided into: administrative, professional, and academic leadership.

碩士 / 臺中師範學院 / 國民教育研究所 / 89 / ABSTRACT Through an interview administered to six female officers in the elementary schools including three directors and three principals, the purpose of this study was to understand the attitude that these six subjects had toward the sex-role, their level of modernization, self concept and social support, how the conflict between the role that they played at home and that at school influenced them, and how they adapted to it. The interviewer managed to access to the schools and households of the subjects. Through observation and interviews, the study was attempted to understand the conflict of roles among being a daughter, a wife, a mother, a housewife and a female officer at school. The study also takes the opportunity of understanding how they felt toward their multi-dimensional role-playing, their concept of value and the actions they took, and how they made choices between two conflicting situations. How did they balance themselves between self-realization and being a mother? How did they cope with the problem? The study also presented the problems encountered by the subjects and their thoughts during the process of interview. Results of the Study: 1.The role conflicts encountered by female officers include: 1)The conflict between husband and wife 2)The conflict between the mother-in-law and the daughter-in-law 3)The conflict between parents and children 4)The intervention by family members 5)The stress from work 6)The time limit 2.The processes to overcome these conflicts include: 1)Adapted to the situation first, then compromised and negotiated a strategy. 2)Accomplished the tasks according to the situation — had no mind to attend to the situation. 3)Obtain permission. 4)Took care of their family while working at the same time. 5)Had their family well settled before they pursued their self-realization. 6)Always remember they play a female role in society. 7)Distinguished the role of being a family member and an officer. 8)Exercised differently according to the situations. 9)Bravely exercised administrative skills. 3.The factors affecting the role conflicts and the processes to overcome these conflicts: 1)The sex discrimination, sex depreciation and sex differentiation in the family and at work would affect the role-play of a female officer and inflict role conflicts. 2)The attitude toward the sex-role had a significant amount of influence on the role conflicts and the processes of overcoming these conflicts. 3)All of the six subjects had a positive perspective toward female-trait, and considered the right exercise of female-trait would solve the problems better. Meanwhile, the sex differentiation was sometimes a type of protection. 4)To help her adapt to the situation, same as a traditional woman, the female elementary school officer respected men, parents, revered ancestors, obeyed the authority and respected the elders, and meanwhile, was democratic to her children, independent at work, and loved advanced study to assist her in the playing of role as a female officer. 5)In modern society, the attitude of the husband and wife toward the pursuit of job accomplishment has a significant influence on the conflicts between the husband and wife. 6)The factors that caused role conflicts of female elementary school officers excluded the factor of whether she was traditional or modern. It was the difference between the self-expectation and the expectation by others. 7)Among the self-concepts, the “confidence” had a significant influence on the role conflicts and the processes of overcoming these conflicts. 8)Among the self-concepts, the “High expectation on self” had an influence on both the role conflicts and the processes of overcoming these conflicts. 9)The most important social support for a female elementary school officer was the recognition of her by her husband. 10)The support from father and mother-in-law would reduce the burden of taking care of children and household work. 11)The support from superiors and associates would aid and lead her during work. Though female officers are exhausted at work, they remain the main caretakers at their home. They pursued self-realization, but not at the expense of family harmony. Thus, it becomes necessary for them to work harder than men and adapt to their diverse surroundings. This is the setback that women encounter while pursuing self-development in the patriarchal society. It deserves a deliberation and a further study. Keywords：female officer adapted process conflict of roles sex-role level of modernization self concept social support

碩士 / 臺中師範學院 / 國民教育研究所 / 89 / This study is based on human ecology’s point of view. The case study will discuss what the parents’ expectation for running primary school in Ren-Ai Toda Luk Daya tribe in Nan-Tou county. It also discusses the relationship between school management and Ren-Ai Toda’s nature areas human environment and citizens’ way of living. This research uses qualitative research method with documented analysis, participanted observations and deep interviews to understand Ren-Ai Toda’s natural human environment, citizens’ way of living and school management. There fore the use of purposeful sampling method is to select six families in total of eleven people including 8 parents, 2 local leaders and one testing interviewer. This semi-structure interview contains 3 main sections of school management with 8 subjects. In order to collect more information, this research also uses questionnaires for students’ parents to prove and examine the collected information. The contents of the interview were recorded and noted down and then analysed and compared. The results of this research are as follows: 1.School teacher’s section (1) Tribe parents’ expectation on teacher’s teaching quality: in efficacy expectation, parents expect teachers to strictly requests towards students’ performance and the teaching should be earnest and also understandable for students. In outcome expectation, parents expect students to have some basic abilities and the key point for students’ education is the school. (2) Tribe parents’ expectation on interrelation between students and teachers: in efficacy expectation, parents expect teacher to be strict when it is necessary and some times be easy when necessary. In outcome expectation, parents expect teachers to be good guides in order for students to have better learning. 2. For student learning section: (1) Tribe parents’ expectation on students’ action performance: in efficacy expectation, parents expect to improve students’ hygiene habits and precept works should be strict. In outcome expectation, parents expect students to have good actions and habits. (2) Tribe parents’ expectation on students’ academic performance: in efficacy expectation, parents expect students to improve their academic scores. In outcome expectation, parents expect students’ academic performances accord with ability levels. 3. For school administrative operation section: (1) Tribe parents’ expectation on arrangements of classes and activities: in efficacy expectation, parents expect to have good teachers and school can also invite parents to join activities. In outcome expectation, parents expect traditional cultures can be taught and identified. More English, computer classes and acquirement training should be provided. (2) Tribe parents’ expectation on interrelation between school and family: in efficacy expectation, parents expect school to play as active role and amplify functions of parent community. In outcome expectation, parents expect headmaster and teachers to go visit them to improve their relationship and they can be involved more in school activities to show school’s efficacy. (3) Tribe parents’ expectation on school planning and development: in efficacy expectation, parents expect school to consider surrounding environment while making the whole school planning and the buildings have to be built strongly at the first time. In outcome expectation, parents expect existing building can be re-built and with traditional style and idiom. (4) Tribe parents’ expectation on leadership performance of the headmaster: in efficacy expectation, parents expect headmaster to communicate more on school concept and more communication with parents to solve school problems. In outcome expectation, parents agree with citizen culture developments and have future hope on school developments.

碩士 / 臺中師範學院 / 國民教育研究所 / 89 / Abstract The research was based on the ways of literature review, questionnaire survey and semi-constructed interview to discuss: (1) the perceptions of teachers about their principal’s instructional leadership behavior（these teachers were of various teachers backgrounds and various schools backgrounds）.(2) the relationship between the variables of a principals’ backgrounds and a principals’ instructional leadership behavior. (3) what was the extent of a principal’s recognition of his or her role as an instructional leader and how did they practice this leadership to improve the quality of the instruction in their schools. In the survey, data were collected by the use of a “questionnaire of elementary school principals’ instructional leadership behaviors” sent to the sample of 800 teachers in Chang-Hwa County public elementary schools. A total of 719 questionnaires were returned. Analysis of the survey data used the application software of SPSS 8.0 for windows, and were analyzed with average, standard deviation, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The interview data were sampled from 12 public elementary schools’ principals in Chang-hwa County, and used “interview questions of elementary schools principals’ instructional leadership”. Analysis of the interview data involved recording, transcription, coding, categorization and synthesis. The following conclusions were obtained: 1.The perceptions of teachers on elementary school principals’ instructional leadership were good. 2.The teachers’ perceptions of principals’ instructional leadership was highly influenced by the teachers variables of gender, years of experience as a teacher, and age, expect highest educational degree. 3.The teachers’ perceptions of principals’ instructional leadership was highly influenced by the schools variables of location and size. 4.The principals’ instructional leadership behaviors were highly influenced by the principals variables of sex, years of experience as a principal, and age, expect highest educational degree. 5.Elementary school principals recognized their role as providing instructional leadership. 6.The instructional leadership provided by the elementary school principals formed the school vision through first constructing a school vision, then communicating the school vision and finally by practicing the school vision. 7.The instructional leadership provided by the elementary school principals promoted staff development through in-service education, instructional demonstration and peer observations, supervision of classroom instruction, teaching assistance and sharing teaching materials. 8.The instructional leadership provided by the elementary school principals motived learning achievement through encouraging multiple learning and multiple assessment, monitoring students’ learning development, and expressing the expectations of progressive learning. 9.The instructional leadership provided by the elementary school principals set up a supportable environment through providing resources and supports, enhancing atmosphere of teamwork, and building cooperation with communities and parents. 10.Elementary school principals considered that there were difficulties in instructional leadership, though; they still had their own expectations. The following suggestions are drawn from the research conclusions: 1.The suggestion to educational administrative institutions. (1)Be active in advertising the concept that “principals instructional leadership” is an important part of a principals’ professional responsibilities. (2)Facilitate instructional leadership training for principals to enhance the principals’ practical knowledge and ability. (3)Build specific items for schools to evaluate the principal’s instructional leadership and put them into practice. (4)Improve the evaluation system of teachers to assist the principals in providing instructional leadership. 2.The suggestion to elementary school principals. (1)Principals should insist on the concept of instructional leadership and on continually learning more about it. (2)Direct teachers to work together with colleagues, create a team of instructional leadership. (3)Form healthy and positive school atmosphere and culture. 3. The suggestion to elementary school teachers. (1)Follow the instructional leadership, lead by the principal; and participate in establishing the school vision. (2)Keep an open mind to be willing to accept professional help from colleagues. (3)Demonstrate the enthusiasm for teaching, and sustain an interest in continuing education. 4.The suggestion to other researchers: to practical suggestions for further research in accordance with the research areas, the objects, the methods and tools presented in this study.

碩士 / 臺中師範學院 / 環境教育研究所 / 89 / The purpose of this study is to survey the Tsou’s management of the fish resources in the Danayiku stream. The researcher used methods of observation, document analysis, as well as personal and telephone interviews to understand the background, the process, the way, and the factors affecting of the Tsou’s management of local fish resources. The results are listed below: 1. The background of the Tsou’s management of fish resources includes mountain tourism development,the Tsou’s economic dilemmas for the lack of benefits from bamboo’s products, and the reduction of the sum of fish resources in the Danayiku stream. 2. The process of the Tsou’s management of fish resources includes a period of planning, a period of persuasion, a period of management of fish resources, and a period of tourism development. 3. The way of the Tsou’s management of the fish resources includes: the restoration of fish resources, the prohibition of fishing, and the raising local fish resources. 4. The positive factors include: the poisition which can be managed easily by the Tsou in the Saviki village, community participation, enforcement through the tribal regulations, introduction of a fee based system, subsidie from the government, as well as the advertising from mass media and tourism organization. 5. The main dilemmas include: the tribal regulations lack of accordance with the national laws, an insufficient system of management, the way of fish resources management needed to be improved, the insufficient contents of the tourisms in the Danayiku Ecological Park. This study suggests that the Tsou should : 1. Establish a system for the management of the fish resources in good order. 2. Improve the way of the management of the fish resources. 3. Improve the contents of the tourisms in the Danayiku Ecological Park. This study suggests that the government should : 1. Legislate relevant laws and policy to make local people having authority to the management of the fish resources, and provide the benefits of the management of the fish resources. 2. Increase financial incentives to encourage local communities participation in the management of local fish resources and conservation of the surrounding lands. 3. Set up related counseling organization to help the Tsou to manage the fish resources. 4. Set up related supervising organization to ensure the benefits of the fish resources management fully utilized in both the fish resource management and the local community. Key words: Saviki, the Tsou, Danayiku, resources management