中國大陸在改革開放的過程中，意識型態一直是理論與實踐的辯證過程。簡言之，中共意識型態是無法以「共產主義」一語概括，它隨著組黨、革命、建政、領導人的更替，在不同的歷史階段各有其不同的發展與名詞意涵，從「共產主義」開始，歷經「馬克思主義」、「馬克思列寧主義」、「毛澤東思想」、「中國特色社會主義」到「鄧小平理論」，均在其所屬年代中各領風騷。作為後鄧時期中共領導人的江澤民面對新世紀的新條件和新考驗，提出「三個代表」論述，除透過電視、報紙等輿論媒體向社會各界宣傳灌輸之外，並由理論界針對馬克思理論中的各項要素進行辯護，逐漸完成中共意識型態重構工程，成為指導中共綱領的「實踐意識型態」。
檢證中共黨史發展，自鄧小平要求解放思想，從而解放社會生產力，並且在1992年初，十四大前夕，以「三個有利於」的生產力標準解決了「姓社」與「姓資」的爭議。後鄧時期，1997年中共召開十五大，江澤民繼續扛著「鄧小平理論」的旗幟，也初步解決了「姓公」與「姓私」的爭議。然而，已經獲得承認的「姓私」的那一塊，將如何進一步安頓，卻仍然是江澤民在跨世紀征途上難以解決的問題。因此，當「三個代表」思想被譽為馬克思主義黨建學說重大突破之際，相對的，這也意味著傳統的馬克思主義理論，以及在馬克思主義思想武裝下的中國共產黨，都必須面對新世紀、新情勢的重大挑戰。
江澤民在「六四事件」後上台，不遺餘力進行中共意識型態「重構」工程，在「純粹」與「實踐」二重結構內涵上推動相應的重置與調整，一方面高舉「鄧小平理論」旗幟掌握意識型態解釋權，將「鄧小平理論」定義為：「是馬克思主義同當代中國實踐和時代特徵相結合的產物，是對毛澤東思想的繼承和發展，是當代中國的馬克思主義，是馬克思主義在中國發展的新階段」，將之供奉於「十五大」黨章中，移除其對實際政策的指導能力，成為中共意識型態「核心」的「純粹意識型態」，藉以鞏固其權力與地位；另方面採取批評與自我批評，開展黨內思想鬥爭，陸續推動「講政治」、「精神文明建設」、「三講」、「三個代表」等運動，透過政策制定與輿論灌輸，強調理論創新，在信仰體系中重新安排、接受、建立新內涵， 發揮「外圍」的「實踐意識型態」所具有的政權統治指導功能。
審視中共意識型態的重構，可以看到意識型態「純粹」與「實踐」二重結構的變化，前者表現在對馬列主義基本理論的重新界定，再次強化歷史唯物主義與辯證唯物主義的必然性與世界觀，並透過「四項基本原則」將社會主義道路、人民民主專政、黨的領導以及馬列毛思想加以確定，以鞏固中共意識型態發展的基本框架；而後者則表現在要求實事求是、結合中國具體實際、理論創新等方面，並以「三個代表」作為「當代的中國馬克思主義」的詮釋、辯護與發展主軸，從而在此框架下繼續不斷發展中共意識型態的生命力。
江澤民所建構的中共意識型態較諸毛澤東及鄧小平時代，其變遷的方向顯然在遠離社會主義，主要功能在於論證現行政策的合理性，為現行政策辯護。若以這樣的變遷方向，依目前的生產關係預測，未來中共意識型態較為可能的發展方向有二：（一）在「四個堅持」原則下，繼續在意識型態領域尋求為「一黨專政」辯護的正當性基礎，強化成為國家意識型態，作為中共政治經濟發展的政策指導；（二）隨著脫離社會主義這股不可抗拒的潮流，繼續採行漸進主義式的政治經濟體制改革，亦即在江澤民承認「黨已經從一個領導人民為奪取全國政權而奮鬥的黨，成為一個領導人民掌握著全國政權並長期執政的黨」的基礎上，持續社會階層的分化，形成更為穩定的社會結構，意識型態則相對的逐漸弱化其實踐指導功能。
關鍵詞：中共意識型態、鄧小平理論、江澤民、三個代表 / In the reform and opening-up of Mainland China, the ideology development has always been a dialectical process of theory and practice. In other words, the word “communism” does not fully convey the ideology of Communist China, which has developed various meanings with the establishment of the Communist Party, revolution, political establishment and leadership succession in the different periods of the history: from “communism” to “Marxism”, “Marxism-Leninism”, “Mao Zedong Thought”, “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”, and “Deng Siaoping Theory”, all of which dominated the eras they were in. Jiang Zemin, the Chinese Communist leader in the Post-Deng period, proposed the thought of “Three-Represents” in facing the new conditions and challenges of the new era. The thought was propagandized to the public through mass media such as TV and newspapers, and theoretically argued against the essential factors of Marxist Theory to gradually complete the reconstruction of the ideology of Communist China and become the “practical ideology” that works as the guiding principle of Communist China.
In review of the historical development of the Chinese Communist Party, Deng Siaoping first proposed to emancipate the mind and social productive forces. Before the 14th Party Congress in early1992, he also proposed the criterion of productive forces, “three favorables”, which solved the dispute of “socialist” or “capitalist”. In the Post-Deng period, the 15th Party Congress was held in 1997. Jiang Zemin continued to hold high the banner of Deng Siaoping Theory and also solved the dispute of “state-owned” or “privately-owned”. However, how to further consolidate the “privately-owned” sector, which had been acknowledged, was yet a tough issue for Jiang Zemin on the cross-century journey. Therefore, when the thought of “Three-Represents” was recognized as the key breakthrough of Marxism about the party-construction theory, it also indicated that the traditional Marxist Theory and the Chinese Communist Party, armed with Marxism, had to face the great challenges of the new era and prospects.
Jiang Zemin came into power after the June 4 Incident. He made strenuous efforts to carry out the reconstruction of the ideology of Communist China and promote the corresponding replacement and adjustment related to the connotation of the “pure” and “practical” ideology. On one hand, he held high the banner of Deng Siaoping Theory to hold the power of interpretation of the ideology, defined Deng Siaoping Theory as: “an outcome of the integration of Marxism, the practice of present-day China and the features of the times, a continuation and development of Mao Zedong Thought, and Marxism of present-day China, representing a new stage of development of Marxism in China”. This definition was included in the party constitution at the 15th Party Congress to eliminate its guiding power to the actual policies and allow it to become the “core pure ideology” of Communist China, which as a result, consolidated Jiang’s power and status. On the other hand, he adopted criticism and self-criticism, carried out the inner-party thought battle, continually promoted the movements including “Stressing Political Awareness”, “Socialist Ideological and Ethical Progress”, “Three Emphases” and “Three Represents”, stressed innovation of theory, rearranged, adopted and established new content of the belief system, and brought the political power governing and guiding functions of the “peripheral practical ideology” into full play through policy establishment and public propaganda.
In review of the reconstruction of the ideology of Communist China, the changes of the dual-structure of the “pure” and “practical” ideology are observed. The former is reflected in the redefinition of the fundamental theories of Marxism-Leninism, reconsolidation of the inevitability and world outlook of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, and reemphasis on the socialism, people’s democratic dictatorship, leadership of the Communist Party, and Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought through the Four Cardinal Principles in order to consolidate the fundamental frame of the ideology of Communist China. The latter is reflected in seeking truth from facts, integrated with China’s reality, theory innovation, etc., based on the “Three-Represents” thought as the annotation, argument and development focus of modern Chinese Marxism, and thus allows sustainable development of the life-force of the ideology of Communist China under this frame.
Compared to the era of Mao zedong and Deng Siaoping, the ideology constructed by Jiang Zemin apparently tends to move away from socialism. Its major functions are to demonstrate the rationality and argue in defense of the present policies. Suppose this changing direction will continue, based on the present production relations, the future ideology of Communist China will be likely to develop in the following directions: 1) under the principles of “Four Upholdings”, to proceed to seek legitimate basis for the argument for “one-party dictatorship” in the ideological field, and promote the “Four Upholdings” to be the national ideology and policy guidance for political and economic development of Communist China; 2) following the inexorable trend of departure from socialism, to proceed to conduct progressive political and economic reform, in other words, on the basis that “the Party has evolved from one that led the people in the fight for seizing the power nationwide to one that has led the people in exercising the State power and to a party in power for a long period of time”, as Jiang Zemin stated, to proceed with social stratification to form a more stable social structure and gradually weaken the practical guiding function of the ideology.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:CHENGCHI/G0919210151 |
| Creators | 王瑞鎰 |
| Publisher | 國立政治大學 |
| Source Sets | National Chengchi University Libraries |
| Language | 中文 |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Rights | Copyright © nccu library on behalf of the copyright holders |
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