Der Bauschmuck des Jupitertempels in Baalbek ist durch sechs noch stehende
Säulen mitsamt Gebälk sowie durch zahlreiche im Gelände verstreute Fragmente
bezeugt. Durch die hier vorliegenden Untersuchungen konnten nun erstmals auch
Fragmente nachgewiesen werden, die zum Aufbau der ansonsten verlorenen
Tempelcella gehörten.
Über eine möglichst umfassende Katalogisierung konnte der Materialbestand weit
über das bisher bekannte Maße gesichert werden, so daß zum Beispiel mit 23 statt
der in der Forschung bisher üblichen 2 Kapitelle gearbeitet werden konnte.
Der Fokus der Arbeit liegt zunächst auf der Darstellung und Beschreibung des
Tempels sowie seiner kulturellen und bauhistorischen Verortung in Baalbek
selbst. Als feste Referenzpunkte außerhalb der Stadt wurden der Mars-Ultor-
Tempel in Rom sowie der Bel-Tempel von Palmyra gewählt. Durch diese
Vergleiche und durch einen erstmals in der Forschungsgeschichte
vorgenommenen Vergleich der einzelnen Ornamentzonen untereinander konnte
eine neue Datierung vorgenommen werden, wodurch der Aufbau und die
Fertigstellung des Baus in die 2. Hälfte des 1. Jhs. n. Chr. zu rücken sind.
Die Interpretation der Architekturornamentik führte zu mehreren, zum Teil völlig
neuen Ergebnisse. Der große und schon vielfach bemerkte Reichtum in der
Ausarbeitung des Bauschmucks zeigt das große Können, ein umfangreiches
Repertoire und vor allem eine große Freiheit der ausführenden Steinmetzen, die
wohl eher lokaler Abstammung waren.
Darüber hinaus ist der extra für den Tempel entworfene Fries eine politische
Aussage der Colonia Beirut/Heliopolis, mit dem die neu erworbene Stellung im
Machtgefüge der levantinischen Städte demonstriert werden soll.
Die immer wieder auftretende Unfertigkeit bei der Fertigstellung der Ornamentik
ist systematisch und läßt sich mit den umfassenden finanziellen Problemen im
römischen Steuerwesen beim Übergang zwischen der neronischen und der
flavischen Epoche begründen. / The architectural decoration of the temple of Jupiter in Baalbek is testified by six
still standing columns with their entablature and numerous fragments in the area
around. This study presents for the first time also fragments from the construction
of the otherwise lost cella of the temple.
By building a nearly complete catalog of the fragments it was possible to secure
the material stock far beyond it was known by now, so for example it was possible
to work with 23 instead of the 2 capitals that had been used in former research.
The mainly focus of the work is on the representation and description of the
temple and its cultural and architectural location in the city of Baalbek. The
temple of Mars-Ultor in Rome and the temple of Bel in Palmyra were chosen as
fixed reference points. Through these comparisons and through a comparison of
the individual ornamental zones with each other for the first time in the history of
research, a new dating could be established, which places the construction and
completion of the building in the 2nd half of the 1st century AD.
The interpretation of architectural ornamentation led to several completely new
results. The great and already noticed wealth in the elaboration of architectural
ornamentation shows the great skill, an extensive repertoire and above all a great
freedom of the executing stonemasons, who were probably of more local origin.
Furthermore the frieze was specially designed for the temple and is a political
statement of the Colonia Beirut/Heliopolis, which is intended to demonstrate the
newly acquired position in the administratic structure of the Levantine cities.
The recurrent incompleteness in the ornamentation is systematic and can be
explained by the financial problems in the roman state finances during the
transition between the Neronic and Flavian eras.The architectural decoration of the temple of Jupiter in Baalbek is testified by six
still standing columns with their entablature and numerous fragments in the area
around. This study presents for the first time also fragments from the construction
of the otherwise lost cella of the temple.
By building a nearly complete catalog of the fragments it was possible to secure
the material stock far beyond it was known by now, so for example it was possible
to work with 23 instead of the 2 capitals that had been used in former research.
The mainly focus of the work is on the representation and description of the
temple and its cultural and architectural location in the city of Baalbek. The
temple of Mars-Ultor in Rome and the temple of Bel in Palmyra were chosen as
fixed reference points. Through these comparisons and through a comparison of
the individual ornamental zones with each other for the first time in the history of
research, a new dating could be established, which places the construction and
completion of the building in the 2nd half of the 1st century AD.
The interpretation of architectural ornamentation led to several completely new
results. The great and already noticed wealth in the elaboration of architectural
ornamentation shows the great skill, an extensive repertoire and above all a great
freedom of the executing stonemasons, who were probably of more local origin.
Furthermore the frieze was specially designed for the temple and is a political
statement of the Colonia Beirut/Heliopolis, which is intended to demonstrate the
newly acquired position in the administratic structure of the Levantine cities.
The recurrent incompleteness in the ornamentation is systematic and can be
explained by the financial problems in the roman state finances during the
transition between the Neronic and Flavian eras.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:HUMBOLT/oai:edoc.hu-berlin.de:18452/22709 |
| Date | 08 October 2020 |
| Creators | Wienholz, Holger |
| Contributors | Schmid, Stephan, Hitzl, Konrad |
| Publisher | Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin |
| Source Sets | Humboldt University of Berlin |
| Language | German |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | doctoralThesis, doc-type:doctoralThesis |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Rights | (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
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