This thesis investigated dietary change in Roman and Medieval Europe c. AD 1-1500 using stable isotope analysis of humans and animals. Historical and archaeological data present two possibilities for how the social, political and economic changes of this period may have affected food practices. One argument suggests the population collapse and economic depression of the Early Medieval period increased the availability and consumption of meat. The counter- argument suggests that agricultural and economic patterns were constrained by local circumstances, and that no significant dietary change occurred. This study combined local-scale isotopic analysis from central Italy with a meta-analysis of all available previously published data from Europe c. AD 1-1500. Mixed multi-level models were used to control for random inter-site variation, and to investigate the effect of multiple factors (Phase, Location, proximity to coast, Age, Sex, Species) on d13C and d15N. Within central Italy, 430 humans and 29 animals were analysed from eight archaeological sites dating from the 5th century BC to the 15th century AD. There were no significant differences through time, but coastal sites had significantly higher d13C and urban sites had significantly higher d15N. Across Europe, Early Medieval humans (c. AD 500-1000) had slightly but significantly lower d13C and d15N compared to Roman and Late Medieval individuals. This was the opposite of the effect expected due to increasing meat consumption at this time. A number of complicating factors were discussed, including the effect of climate change, changing agricultural practices and uncertainty in estimating animal protein consumption based on d13C and d15N. When these effects are considered, the isotopic changes observed through time do not eliminate the possibility of increased meat consumption in the Early Medieval period. Nevertheless, the data presented from Roman Italy, and new models for estimating animal protein consumption, indicate that Roman historical sources may underestimate the dietary role of animal protein, and that therefore Roman and Early Medieval food production and consumption patterns were similar.

Roman round temples are usually discussed either in the context of round buildings like baths and mausolea or on a case-by-case basis. Both approaches fail to reveal what makes round temples a distinct architectural type and moreover, what reasons can account for their use throughout the Roman world. By examining round temples from the Republic, when they are first attested, to the early fourth century AD, this thesis aims to explain why the round form had such a lasting appeal. It follows a chronological approach, discussing the evidence for individual temples and situating them within their historical, social, topographical, and architectural contexts. In a comparative analysis, the building components, materials, techniques, decorative details, and proportions employed by round temples are outlined to reveal influences on their design. The round temples discussed in this study are concentrated in Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor. While the earliest examples in Rome draw on Italic traditions, from the late Republic, round temples begin to reflect Greek trends. Greek tholoi and the Greek decorative repertory, balanced by Roman developments in design, have a lasting influence on round temples. Based on tholoi, scholars have assumed that Roman round temples honored Vesta and divinized heroes. While they were celebrated with a few examples, the majority were dedicated to other gods and goddesses. As a result, religious, social, topographical and aesthetic reasons are proposed to explain the enduring appeal of round temples. Like the motivations behind their foundations, the plans, dimensions, and proportional relationships employed by round temples are noted for their diversity. For their individuality and inventive spirit, round temples make a significant contribution to the Roman architectural repertory.

A cultural study of tamil inscriptions

The Red River Cache is an assemblage of 33 bifaces, found in Cooke County, along Cache Creek, a tributary to the Red River. Also found with the cache was a hearth which yielded charcoal for AMS dating which returned an age of 2770- 2710 Cal YBP placing the cache in the Late Archaic. The geologic investigation of Cache Creek established 3 Holocene allostratigraphic units that provide information depositional environments adjacent to the Red River. Lithic analysis explored the production of bifaces during the Late Archaic and compared the cache to regional records. Using both geologic and lithic analysis this thesis investigates the temporal and cultural context of the cache using a geoarchaeological approach.

Anthropocene, archeology,

Yasovarman

Sanchi sculptures

Lucknow sagrayalaya kee munmurthiya

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University / Located in Southwestern Arkadia (Greece) next to the Alpheios River, Palaiokastro (ancient Bouphagion) was first examined by Pierre Charnuex and Renee Ginouves of the French School at Athens in the mid-1950's. Their investigations recorded Classical fortification walls at Palaiokastro and a Mycenaean cemetery nearby. This thesis presents data acquired from an re-examination of the site of Palaiokastro and a survey of the surrounding landscape in the summer of 1992, in addition to a study of relevant historical documents. These archaeological and historical data are analysized to determine the socio-economic factors involved in the occupation of Palaiokastro in both the Mycenaean and Classical periods. In addition, studies on trade, transportation, and communication during both periods are employed to generate theoretical models of interaction between the site and its surrounding region. It is concluded that the Mycenaean and Classical occupation of Palaiokastro exploited the transportation route that existed along the Alpheios River, yet for different reasons. The Mycenaean settlement was established to protect an existing trade route vital to the Mycenaean exchange system. The Classical site was refortified as a frontier fortress of Megalopolis at a strategic location along the Alpheios River. The differences in settlement patterns were dictated by the socioeconomic context of each period. The kingdom of Pylos was a integrated society controlled by a hierarchical administration controlling regional interaction. Classical Arkadia was littered with self-sufficient communities trading as individual societies.

PROJECT CONCEPT - The proposed area is located in the center of Znojmo Hradiště, surrounded on the south and west side by houses. The northern side is surrounded by forest and on the east side is monastery dominates . The dominant landscape unit is a valley of the Dyje river. Ravine of Gránický stream connect there from northwest. the newly created space was inserted area, which does not prevent the vista and the passage through the area. Newly formed part of the Hradiště serves all residents to use as public open space.