Cette thèse propose de reconstituer l'histoire environnementale holocène du plateau du Béage en Ardèche (massif duMézenc, Massif Central, France). Ce travail repose sur l'étude des sédiments issus des tourbières de La Narce du Béage et de Pialeloup, mais aussi du marais de Pré-du-Bois et des séquences de la moyenne vallée du Gage. Notre approche vise (1) à caractériser le contenu paléoécologique des sédiments (macro-restes et palynologie), (2) à appréhender les évolutions du bassin versant via une analyse multi-proxies (susceptibilité magnétique, granulométrie,taux de matière organique, géochimie) et (3) à confronter ces éléments aux données locales et régionales disponibles.Durant !'Holocène ancien et moyen, des fluctuations locales d'humidité paraissent concomitantes de changements climatiques majeurs dans l'hémisphère nord (épisodes humides: 10400-10000, 9600-9100, 7900-7400, 6400-6000,5400-5000 cal. BP; secs: 10900-10500, 9900-9600 cal. BP; contrasté: 8500-8150 cal. BP). Cette analyse montre des impacts agro-pastoraux entre 6900 et 6450 cal. BP (Néolithique ancien), entre 5700 et 5200cal. BP (Néolithique moyen 2/récent) puis vers 4800 - 4100 cal. BP (Néolithique final). La pression anthropique s'intensifie entre 2400 et 1250 cal. BP (IVème s. av. J.-C.-Vlème s. apr. J.-C.). Le développement agricole médiéval s'opère à partir de 1050 cal. BP (Xème s.) : culture du seigle, cheptel ovin et bovin, productions de noix et de châtaignes à partir des XIIIème et XIVème s. L'érosion des versants semble aussi stimulée par la péjoration du Petit Âge Glaciaire (Xlllème-XVIIIème s.).Aux XIXème et XXème siècles, les activités d'élevage bovin perdurent mais la céréaliculture finit par disparaître. / This PhD thesis has resulted in the reconstruction of the holocene environmental history of the Béage plateau in Ardèche (massif du Mézenc, Massif Central, France). It focussed on the study of organic sediments from the La Narce du Béage and Pialeloup peatlands. Two complementary sites were also considered: the Pré-du-Bois swamp and the alluvial stratigraphies from the middle Gage valley. Our approach aimed (1) to perform a palaeoecological study of these sites (macrofossils and palynology); (2) to better understand watershed evolution thanks to multi-proxies analyses (magnetic susceptibility, grain size, organic matter content, geochemistry); (3) to compare these results with other local to regional data. During the Barly and the Middle Holocene, local humidity variations occuned concurrently with rapid climate changes(RCCs) recorded in the Northern Hemisphere (dry episodes: 10,900-10,500; 9,900-9,600; moist: 10,400-10,000;9,600-9,100; 7,900-7,400; 6,400-6,000 and 5,400-5,000 cal. BP; contrasted: 8,500-8,150 cal. BP). This study also allowed to identify agro-pastoral impacts around 6,900-6,450 cal. BP (Barly Neolithic), around 5, 700-5,000 cal. BP (Middle to Recent Neolithic) and close to 4,800-4,100 cal. BP (Final Neolithic). Anthropogenic impact got stronger between 2,400 and 1,250 cal. BP (IV'h century BC-Vlth century AD). A new stage of landscape management was recorded after 1,050 cal. BP (Xth century AD), involving rye cultivation, extensive livestock grazing(sheep and cattle) and fruit tree farming (walnut and chestnut: XIIIth-XIV'h centuries). Severe soil erosion occurred, alsodriven by the Little Ice Age deterioration (from the XIIlth to the XVth century AD). Finally, during the X!Xth and theXXth centuries cattle grazing remained strong, but cultivation ended due to demographic exodus during the xxth century.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude archéologique du Trésor de Chabaka, un vaste bâtiment de stockage en brique crue situé au nord du temple d’Amon-Rê à Karnak. Construit dans le dernier quart du VIIIe siècle av. J.-C., il a été utilisé pendant un siècle environ. Il fut le siège de l’institution homonyme préposée à la comptabilisation, au stockage et à la gestion de denrées précieuses destinées au temple.L’importante activité de fouille, menée dans le cadre de cette étude, a permis de mettre au jour l’angle sud-est de l’édifice, où quatre espaces distincts ont pu être localisés : une cour à portique desservant les magasins, le sanctuaire, une salle à banquettes et l’extrémité orientale d’une large cour située dans la partie méridionale de l’édifice. L’analyse de ces vestiges, ainsi que du matériel céramique et du mobilier issus de la fouille ont permis d’interpréter la fonction de ces espaces, d’avancer une proposition de restitution du plan général du Trésor et d’entamer une réflexion sur la topographie ancienne de la zone au nord du temple d’Amon-Rê durant la XXVe dynastie. / This dissertation is dedicated to the archaeological study of the Treasury of Shabaka, a wide storage building in mud brick set north of the temple of Amun-Re at Karnak. Built in the last quarter of the VIIIth century BC, it was used during about a century. It was the seat of the institution which listed, stored and administered precious commodities for the temple.The considerable activity of excavation, led during this study, allowed unearthing the south-eastern corner of the building where four different rooms have been located: a courtyard with a portico leading to the storerooms, the sanctuary, a room with benches and the eastern edge of a wide courtyard in the southern part of the building. The analysis of these vestiges, of the pottery and finds discovered during the excavation allowed understanding the function of these spaces and putting forward a reconstruction of the general plan of the Treasury as well as making some remarks about the ancient topography of the area north of the temple of Amun-Re during the XXVth dynasty.

Cnossos est principalement connue pour ses vestiges minoens et peu de travaux ont été menés sur les périodes postérieures malgré la multiplication des études sur la Crète historique depuis une vingtaine d’années. La période antique est pourtant fondamentale dans son histoire. En effet, entre le Ve siècle av. J.-C. et le milieu du Ier siècle ap. J.-C., c’est l’histoire d’une cité puissante politiquement en Crète puis d’une colonie romaine prospère qui se dessine grâce aux sources archéologiques et textuelles publiées, ainsi qu’à un corpus monétaire inédit. La première partie de la thèse est une étude des monnaies produites à Cnossos pendant toute l’histoire de l’atelier ; elle présente d’abord un catalogue de 2970 monnaies cnossiennes, les contextes de découverte des monnaies cnossiennes dans le monde grec et les monnaies de fouilles de Cnossos, puis une étude de chaque série (typologie, étude de coins, métrologie et datation). La seconde partie est une étude de l’histoire de Cnossos divisée en trois sections correspondant aux périodes classique, hellénistique et impériale. Pour chacune, sont examinés les frontières, l’aménagement du territoire et les événements historiques en prenant en compte la totalité des sources disponibles, numismatiques bien sûr mais aussi les autres vestiges archéologiques et les textes épigraphiques et littéraires. Ces deux parties sont accompagnées d’un volume d’annexes et de planches (volume 2) qui comprend notamment une liste des vestiges mis au jour sur le site entre les premières fouilles de la fin du XIXe siècle à aujourd’hui, le détail des tombes fouillées et les textes épigraphiques découverts à Cnossos et/ou relatifs à la cité. / Knossos is mainly known for its Minoans remains and little work has been undertaken on the later periods in spite of the many studies on historic Crete published in the last twenty years. Antiquity is nevertheless fundamental in its history. Indeed, between the 5th century BC and the middle of the 1st century AD, it is the story of a city politically powerful in Crete and then a prosperous Roman colony which can be seen because of the published archaeological and textual sources, and an unpublished coin corpus. The first part of the thesis is a study of the coins struck at Knossos during the entire operational period of the mint; it shows first a catalogue of 2970 Knossian coins, the archaeological contexts of the Knossian coins in the Greek world and the coins found during excavations of the site. Then, each series is studied (typology, die study, metrology and dating). The second part is a study of Knossos divided into three sections corresponding to the Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods. For each, the borders, the spatial organisation and historical events are studied with all available sources: numismatics, archaeological remains and epigraphic and literary texts. These two parts work with an annexe and illustrations volume (volume 2) which is composed mainly of a remains list dug between the end of the 19th century and today, the tombs and the epigraphic texts discovered at/or about the city.

This thesis presents the results from archaeological test excavations at site 5GN1.2. The focus of this research is to evaluate Stiger's Late Prehistoric settlement-subsistence hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, post-3000 B.P. occupations of the Upper Gunnison Basin were limited to logistically organized big-game hunting forays originating from residential camps located outside of the basin. Since Stiger's model is based on Binford's forager-collector continuum model, archaeological test implications of his hypothesis include hunter-gatherer settlement mobility, site types, feature types, artifact assemblage characteristics, and the organization of lithic technology. Test excavations at 5GN1.2 revealed intact archaeological deposits reflecting aboriginal occupation during the Late Prehistoric between about 3000 and 1300 B.P. Late Prehistoric features include four hearths associated with abundant debitage, small-game faunal remains, burnt seeds, and lithic tools. Identified lithic tools include ground stone, projectile point fragments, cores, and bifaces. Individual flake attribute analysis of the debitage assemblage provides evidence lithic reduction activities were dominated by bifacial reduction of local and non-local raw materials. Archaeological evidence rules out site 5GN1.2 as a Late Prehistoric logistical big-game hunting site. Site 5GN1.2 contains all the hallmarks of a residential base camp, including constructed hearths, rock art, evidence of plant resource processing, small-game procurement, comparatively high tool diversity, high proportion of locally available tool-stone, late-stage tool manufacture, and tool maintenance debitage. Site 5GN1.2 likely served as a short-term residential base camp occupied by whole family groups during the Late Prehistoric. The Late Prehistoric occupations of site 5GN1.2 represent a more diverse settlement-subsistence adaptation than envisioned by Stiger's culture history. Some hunter-gatherers may have occupied the UGB on long-range logistical big-game hunting forays, but at 5GN1.2 this is simply not the case. This lithic technology research project represents the first published comprehensive debitage analysis of an archaeological component at 5GN1.2 and 5GN1. These results and data can serve as a database for later archaeological research within the UGB.

In the last ten years it has become apparent that the radiocarbon dating method can significantly underestimate the age of samples > 25 ka BP because routine pre-treatment protocols may not remove sufficient contaminants. In response, new pre-treatment protocols have been proposed, and two in particular, ultrafiltration of bone collagen and ABOx-SC of charcoal, show promise. This thesis has tested whether these methods effectively remove contaminants without adding carbon in the laboratory. Subsequently it used them, alongside careful selection of humanly modified material and Bayesian statistical analysis, to test the radiocarbon-based chronology of the Iberian Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition. Both protocols were found to effectively remove environmental contaminants, but add small amounts of laboratory-derived carbon. Using known age standards, a correction has been calculated for the ultrafiltration protocol to counter the effect of the laboratory-derived carbon. A similar correction could not be made for the ABOx-SC protocol due to uncertainties in the age of the standards and underlying chemical processes. However, the effect of such contamination did not have a significant effect on the chronologies developed for the sites examined in this thesis. 96 new radiocarbon dates have been obtained from the Iberian Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition. A further 50 dates recovered from the literature and are regarded as reliable. The most alarming finding of this thesis is that routine pre-treatment protocols may cause dates to be underestimated by more than 10 ka ¹⁴C years. The implication of offsets of this magnitude in Iberia is significant: whereas a prolonged survival of Neanderthals south of the Ebro valley has been observed in the published dataset, this study could not replicate such ages. Preservation did not allow the arrival of anatomically modern humans to be dated in the south. However, using typological arguments and the chronology constructed for the north of the Peninsula, it is unlikely that they were present in this region before 38,080 – 36,680 cal BP (95% probability). This implies a temporal gap of at least 4,490 – 12,740 cal years, although it is unclear whether this is due to taphonomic factors or is a real period of abandonment. This pattern contrasts to northern areas of the Peninsula where the Aurignacian appears at 42,330 – 40,980 cal BP, shortly postdating the start of the Châtelperronian and end of the Mousterian. It is hoped that the chronology produced will warn against the use of radiocarbon dates produced using poor pre-treatment protocols and has laid the foundations from which a more accurate and more precise chronology can be built in the future.

The present study examines the earliest known musical instruments, Upper Paleolithic flutes. Flutes dating to the Upper Paleolithic period are the oldest musical instruments that have survived in the archeological record. These have been discovered at archeological sites in Europe dating from approximately 40,000 to 15,000 years ago. Although humans were most likely creating music prior to this time, the people who entered Europe approximately 40,000 years ago began to create musical instruments that have survived to the present day. This study investigates the significance and function of these instruments in Upper Paleolithic culture. Analysis of the artifacts is followed by discussions of archeological contexts, Upper Paleolithic art, ethnographic comparison, and the flute in mythology. Such diverse sources provide multiple layers of evidence regarding the role of the flute in Upper Paleolithic culture. The phallic shape of the instrument and the fact that it is played with the breath, also a symbol of life, connect the flute with the fertility of humans, plants, and animals, the cycle of life and death, and rebirth after death. There is evidence that the flute was intrinsically linked to these themes even in the Upper Paleolithic period, in which the flute was of vital significance, as it was magically imbued with the power to bestow life. / text

Ao longo das últimas décadas, o ensino de Geografia vem orientando-se com maior ênfase por meio de diretrizes sinalizadas pelo construtivismo pedagógico e as pedagogias progressistas e psicológicas, cujas premissas partem de centrar no aluno a construção do conhecimento e partir do cotidiano e dos arredores escolares para que possa ser significativo o saber geográfico. No entanto, perguntar se o conjunto desses pressupostos foi sempre o mesmo, e como ele chegou a ser o que é, conduz-nos a realizar uma História do presente, ou seja, partir de uma problemática atual para compreender em que momento ela se tornou um problema. Esta tese aponta que o campo contemporâneo da Geografia escolar não é natural, tampouco neutro, nem esteve desde sempre aí. Para ser o que é, teve que passar por inúmeros processos que estabeleceram a ordem do discurso geoescolar. Criado nesta pesquisa, este conceito parte do princípio de que não se pode falar sobre o quiser no ensino de Geografia, nem qualquer um pode fazê-lo; é necessário seguir regras, normas e prescrições, que delimitam o certo e o errado, o verdadeiro e o falso e, portanto, dizem como a aula deve ser. O movimento investigativo aqui desenvolvido partiu dessas alavancas não para entender as ideias compartilhadas na didática geográfica, e sim as condições de possibilidade, relações de poder e saber, que a instituíram. Um trabalho arqueológico e genealógico; sobretudo, uma perspectiva de trabalho pós-estruturalista ancorada nas teorizações de Michel Foucault. Por intermédio da descrição de arquivos subjacentes ao ensino de Geografia na primeira metade do século XX, questionando de onde se fala, como se fala e quem fala sobre ensino de Geografia, identificamos um discurso capitaneado pelo que chamamos da tríade queda/resgate/redenção, isto é, um elevado número de textos sequenciados pela denúncia recorrente ao método tradicional de ensino e tudo que ele envolve; a celebração de um projeto renovador operacionalizado pela Pedagogia ativa e as psicologias escolares; um ideal de final de história, representando por uma nação evoluída, tecnologicamente desenvolvida e voltada para o constante progresso. No entanto, não bastou descrever a constituição da ordem do discurso geoescolar; fundamental também foi o entendimento das práticas de poder e saber que a moldaram. Com hegemonia, infiltrou-se nessa formação discursiva uma constelação maior de objetos e conceitos que, advindos da emergência da acumulação flexível do capital, alicerçavam-se na necessidade de maior investimento em capital humano, isto é, sujeitos flexíveis, individualistas e consumidores, para manter em funcionamento os jogos econômicos de inspiração neoliberal. Balizada pela pedagogia do interesse, a metodologia de projetos, a interdisciplinaridade e as didáticas ativas, e tendo, como pano de fundo, o fatalismo da extinção, pode-se afirmar que, muitas vezes, a ordem do discurso geoescolar foi um mecanismo a serviço da economia de mercado. / Over the last decades, Geography teaching has been guided with greater emphasis through directives signaled by pedagogical constructivism and progressive and psychological pedagogies, whose premises depart from focusing on the student the construction of knowledge and departing from everyday life and from the school surroundings so that geographic knowledge can be significant. However, to ask whether the set of these assumptions has always been the same, and how it came to be what it is, leads us to realize a history of the present, that is, starting from a current problematic to understand in which moment it has become a problem. This thesis points out that the contemporary area of school Geography is not natural, nor neutral, neither has it ever been there. To be what it is, it had to go through numerous processes that established the order of geoschool discourse. Created in this research, this concept assumes that you can not talk about what you want in Geography teaching, nor can anyone do it; it is necessary to follow rules, norms and prescriptions, which delimit right and wrong, true and false, and therefore say how the class should be. The investigative movement developed here was based on these levers not to understand the ideas shared in geographical didactics, but rather the conditions of possibility, relations of power and knowledge that instituted it. Archaeological and genealogical work; above all, a post-structuralism work perspective anchored in the theories of Michel Foucault. Through the description of the archives underlying to the teaching of Geography in the first half of the XX century, questioning from where it speaks, how it speaks and who speaks about Geography teaching, we identify a discourse headed by what we call the triad of fall / rescue / redemption, That is, a high number of texts sequenced by recurrent denunciation of the traditional method of teaching and all that it involves; The celebration of a renewal project operationalized by active pedagogy and school psychology; an end-of-history ideal, represented by an evolved nation, technologically developed and geared towards constant progress. However, it was not enough to describe the constitution of the order of geoschool discourse; fundamental was also the understanding of the practices of power and knowledge that shaped it. With hegemony, was infiltrated in this discursive formation, a greater constellation of objects and concepts that, stemming from the emergence of flexible capital accumulation, were based on the need for greater investment in human capital, that is, flexible, individualistic and consumers subjects, to keep economic games of neoliberal inspiration running. Bounded by pedagogy of interest, methodology of project, interdisciplinarity and active didactics, and having, as a background, the fatalism of extinction, it can be affirmed that, often, the order of geoschool discourse was a mechanism at the service of the market economy.

Ao longo das últimas décadas, o ensino de Geografia vem orientando-se com maior ênfase por meio de diretrizes sinalizadas pelo construtivismo pedagógico e as pedagogias progressistas e psicológicas, cujas premissas partem de centrar no aluno a construção do conhecimento e partir do cotidiano e dos arredores escolares para que possa ser significativo o saber geográfico. No entanto, perguntar se o conjunto desses pressupostos foi sempre o mesmo, e como ele chegou a ser o que é, conduz-nos a realizar uma História do presente, ou seja, partir de uma problemática atual para compreender em que momento ela se tornou um problema. Esta tese aponta que o campo contemporâneo da Geografia escolar não é natural, tampouco neutro, nem esteve desde sempre aí. Para ser o que é, teve que passar por inúmeros processos que estabeleceram a ordem do discurso geoescolar. Criado nesta pesquisa, este conceito parte do princípio de que não se pode falar sobre o quiser no ensino de Geografia, nem qualquer um pode fazê-lo; é necessário seguir regras, normas e prescrições, que delimitam o certo e o errado, o verdadeiro e o falso e, portanto, dizem como a aula deve ser. O movimento investigativo aqui desenvolvido partiu dessas alavancas não para entender as ideias compartilhadas na didática geográfica, e sim as condições de possibilidade, relações de poder e saber, que a instituíram. Um trabalho arqueológico e genealógico; sobretudo, uma perspectiva de trabalho pós-estruturalista ancorada nas teorizações de Michel Foucault. Por intermédio da descrição de arquivos subjacentes ao ensino de Geografia na primeira metade do século XX, questionando de onde se fala, como se fala e quem fala sobre ensino de Geografia, identificamos um discurso capitaneado pelo que chamamos da tríade queda/resgate/redenção, isto é, um elevado número de textos sequenciados pela denúncia recorrente ao método tradicional de ensino e tudo que ele envolve; a celebração de um projeto renovador operacionalizado pela Pedagogia ativa e as psicologias escolares; um ideal de final de história, representando por uma nação evoluída, tecnologicamente desenvolvida e voltada para o constante progresso. No entanto, não bastou descrever a constituição da ordem do discurso geoescolar; fundamental também foi o entendimento das práticas de poder e saber que a moldaram. Com hegemonia, infiltrou-se nessa formação discursiva uma constelação maior de objetos e conceitos que, advindos da emergência da acumulação flexível do capital, alicerçavam-se na necessidade de maior investimento em capital humano, isto é, sujeitos flexíveis, individualistas e consumidores, para manter em funcionamento os jogos econômicos de inspiração neoliberal. Balizada pela pedagogia do interesse, a metodologia de projetos, a interdisciplinaridade e as didáticas ativas, e tendo, como pano de fundo, o fatalismo da extinção, pode-se afirmar que, muitas vezes, a ordem do discurso geoescolar foi um mecanismo a serviço da economia de mercado. / Over the last decades, Geography teaching has been guided with greater emphasis through directives signaled by pedagogical constructivism and progressive and psychological pedagogies, whose premises depart from focusing on the student the construction of knowledge and departing from everyday life and from the school surroundings so that geographic knowledge can be significant. However, to ask whether the set of these assumptions has always been the same, and how it came to be what it is, leads us to realize a history of the present, that is, starting from a current problematic to understand in which moment it has become a problem. This thesis points out that the contemporary area of school Geography is not natural, nor neutral, neither has it ever been there. To be what it is, it had to go through numerous processes that established the order of geoschool discourse. Created in this research, this concept assumes that you can not talk about what you want in Geography teaching, nor can anyone do it; it is necessary to follow rules, norms and prescriptions, which delimit right and wrong, true and false, and therefore say how the class should be. The investigative movement developed here was based on these levers not to understand the ideas shared in geographical didactics, but rather the conditions of possibility, relations of power and knowledge that instituted it. Archaeological and genealogical work; above all, a post-structuralism work perspective anchored in the theories of Michel Foucault. Through the description of the archives underlying to the teaching of Geography in the first half of the XX century, questioning from where it speaks, how it speaks and who speaks about Geography teaching, we identify a discourse headed by what we call the triad of fall / rescue / redemption, That is, a high number of texts sequenced by recurrent denunciation of the traditional method of teaching and all that it involves; The celebration of a renewal project operationalized by active pedagogy and school psychology; an end-of-history ideal, represented by an evolved nation, technologically developed and geared towards constant progress. However, it was not enough to describe the constitution of the order of geoschool discourse; fundamental was also the understanding of the practices of power and knowledge that shaped it. With hegemony, was infiltrated in this discursive formation, a greater constellation of objects and concepts that, stemming from the emergence of flexible capital accumulation, were based on the need for greater investment in human capital, that is, flexible, individualistic and consumers subjects, to keep economic games of neoliberal inspiration running. Bounded by pedagogy of interest, methodology of project, interdisciplinarity and active didactics, and having, as a background, the fatalism of extinction, it can be affirmed that, often, the order of geoschool discourse was a mechanism at the service of the market economy.

By the re-evaluation of one specific artefact class - the Scottish examples of tanged points, the intrinsic qualities of this artefacts form, context and is use is employed to establish an enhanced sense of regional variability within early Scottish archaeology. A methodology for tanged point identification is determined and enacted to demonstrate that the existing examples of Scottish tanged points do not represent a single, coherent, tanged point tradition in this region. Variability is evident and can be translated, in terms of human behaviour, to suggest at least three separate antecedents to early activity in Scotland. Of specific focus is a hitherto unrecognized line of activity (or influence) during the Mesolithic - one originating from areas to the north/north-east of Scotland from the modern political construct of Scandinavia. In this spatial context, tanged point use extends into the Mesolithic, unlike counterparts in the northern territories of the European continent where tanged points are primarily discussed as late Palaeolithic, and to which Scottish tanged points have been traditionally compared. This 'northern' scenario thus provides an alternative reading of some examples of this material class in Scotland. The juxtaposition between marine and terrestrial lifestyles is key to this analysis. Acknowledging this in relation to a select sample of Scottish tanged points – those within the island context of Stronsay, a northern isle in the archipelago of Orkney, this specific set of tanged points is argued to comprise a new component within the tool kit of Mesolithic activity within this regionally specific context. The implications of this permits a more pluralised perspective of the nature and extents of early activity in Scotland, and a documents the significance of regional variability to understanding the range of potential influences, and identities, that may have enculturated the landscapes of Scotland during its earliest phases of prehistory.

Si les possibilités de numérisation 3D de la présente réalité d'un site archéologique par le biais des dernières techniques d'acquisition 3D (photogrammétrie/scan laser) aident à la compréhension de son fonctionnement, elles peuvent aussi permettre de véritables hypothèses de reconstitutions de celui-ci tel qu'il a pu l'être à une époque donnée. Les besoins de la communauté archéologique concernant ces restitutions de structures ou d'environnements sont en effet considérables car, au-delà d'un intérêt évident en termes de valorisation du patrimoine, celles-ci permettent de véritablement mieux appréhender leurs fonctionnements et les sociétés qui les ont occupés. C'est partant de ce contexte que le premier objectif de cette thèse a été d'opérer, traiter et analyser différents niveaux de production d'environnements archéologiques 3D pour la recherche archéologique. Le second objectif a concerné la conception et la mise en place de méthodes d'interactions et de simulations immersives pour que les archéologues puissent démontrer certaines hypothèses, notamment en travaillant sur la perception d'indices visuels pertinents. / The possibilities of 3D digitisations of an archaeological site's current reality help to understand how it works, but they can also enable hypothesis about the reconstitutions of the site as it should have been in the past. Indeed the needs of archaeologists in the reproductions of those structures or environments are significant because, beyond an obvious advantage in terms of valuation of the heritage, they make it possible to understand better their organisation and the people that lived there. It is from this context that the first objective of this thesis was to operate, process and analyze different levels of 3D archaeological environments production for archaeological research. The second objective has concerned the design and implementation of immersive interaction and simulation methods so that archaeologists could demonstrate certain hypotheses, in particular by working on the perception of relevant visual cues / Se le possibilità di digitalizzazione 3D della situazione presente di un sito archeologico tramite le ultime tecniche di acquisizione 3D ( fotogrammetria, scan laser) aiutano alla comprensione del suo funzionamento, possono permettere anche delle veritiere ipotesi di ricostituzione di come esso potesse essere ad una determinata epoca. I bisogni della comunità archeologica riguardo a queste restituzioni di strutture o ambienti sono in effetti considerevoli poiché, al di là di un evidente interesse in termini di valorizzazione di patrimonio, permettono di comprendere al meglio i loro funzionamenti e le società che li hanno occupati. E' a partire da questo contesto, che il primo obbiettivo di questa tesi è stato quello di operare, trattare e analizzare diversi livelli di produzione di ambienti archeologici 3D per la ricerca archeologica. Il secondo obbiettivo riguarda la concezione e la realizzazione di metodi di interazione e di simulazione immersivi affinchè gli archeologi possano mostrare certe ipotesi, in particolar modo lavorando sulla percezione di indici visuali pertinenti. / Se as possibilidades de digitalização 3D da realidade actual de um sítio arqueológico através das mais recentes técnicas de aquisição 3D (fotogrametria / laser scanning) ajudam à compreensão do funcionamento do mesmo, elas possibilitam, também, hipóteses de reconstituição do sítio tal como este seria no passado. As necessidades da comunidade arqueológica no que concerne a reproduções de estruturas ou de ambientes são, sem dúvida, consideráveis, uma vez que, para além do claro interesse em termos de valorização do património, estas permitem uma melhor apreensão dos seus funcionamentos e das sociedades que os ocuparam. Neste contexto, o primeiro objectivo da presente dissertação foi o de criar, processar e analisar diferentes níveis de produção de ambientes arqueológicos 3D destinados à investigação arqueológica. O segundo objectivo visou a concepção e a implementação de métodos de interacção e simulação imersivas para que os arqueólogos pudessem demonstrar determinadas hipóteses, em particular incidindo na percepção de índices visuais pertinentes. / 最新の３次元データー収集技術（写真計測・レーザースキャン）による遺跡の現状の３次元デジタル化により、遺跡の仕組みの理解が容易となり、過去の様子を再現し仮説を立てることも可能となる。遺構や古環境の復元は、埋蔵文化財の活用を支えるという明白な寄与だけでなく、遺跡の様々な利用や古文化の理解を深める役割を果たすため、考古学界にとって非常に重要である。そういう事情で、本論文の目的は第一に、考古学的研究のために多様レベルの３d考古学環境を操作し、処理、分析する事であった。第二の目的は、没入型インタラクションとシミュレーション手法の構想と実装であり、特に適切な視覚的手がかりの知覚を用いて、考古学者の特定の仮説を支えることであった。 / Si las posibilidades de digitalización 3D de la realidad presente de un sitio arqueológico a través de las últimas técnicas de adquisición 3D (fotogrametría / escaneo láser) ayudan a entender su funcionamiento, también permiten auténticas hipótesis de reconstrucción de éste tal y como pudo ser en cierta época. Las necesidades de la comunidad arqueológica cuanto a estas restituciones de estructuras o de entornos son de hecho considerables pues, además del interés evidente en términos de valorización del patrimonio, estas permiten de concebir realmente mejor tanto sus funciones como las sociedades que los han ocupado. Es partiendo de este contexto que el primer objetivo de esta tesis ha sido el de realizar, tratar y analizar diferentes niveles de producción de entornos arqueológicos 3D para la investigación arqueológica. El segundo objetivo ha abarcado la concepción y el establecimiento de métodos de interacciones y de simulaciones inmersivos para que los arqueólogos puedan demostrar ciertas hipótesis, especialmente trabajando sobre la percepción de indicios visuales pertinentes. / Die 3D-Digitalisierung biete die Möglichkeit die aktuelle Realität einer archäologischen Stätte abzubilden und damit zu versehen wie diese funktioniert. Zudem können sie auch Hypothesen über die Wiederherstellung der Stätte ermöglichen, so wie diese in der Vergangenheit hätte aussehen sollen. In der Tat sind die Erkenntnisse der Archäologen bei der Reproduktion dieser Strukturen oder deren Umgebungen bedeutsam, da sie einen offensichtlichen Vorteil hinsichtlich der Bewertung und des Verständnisses über die Herkunft, die Organisation und die Menschen, die dort lebten, ermöglichen. Vor diesem Hintergrund war das erste Ziel dieser Arbeit, verschiedene Ebenen der 3D-Archäologie für die archäologische Forschung zu bearbeiten, zu prozessieren und anschließend zu analysieren. Das zweite Ziel dieser Arbeit befasste sich mit dem Entwurf und der Implementierung von Interaktions- und Simulationsmethoden. mit denen die Archäologen, dann bestimmte Hypothesen demonstrieren könnten. Insbesondere durch die Verarbeitung der Wahrnehmung von relevanten visuellen Hinweisen. / Möjligheten att 3D-digitalisera ett arkeologiskt områdes nuvarande tillstånd underlättar förståelsen av området, och kan generera hypoteser kring hur området kan ha sett ut tidigare. Arkeologers behov av att återskapa strukturer och miljöer är betydande, eftersom det inte bara förenklar värderingen av fynden, utan för att det också gör det möjligt att bättre förstå hur miljön var organiserad och fösta människorna som levde där. Utifrån denna kontext är det första syftet med denna avhandling att styra, bearbeta och analysera olika nivåer av produktion av arkeologiska 3D-modeller för arkeologisk forskning. Det andra syftet rör design och implementering av immersiva interaktions- och simuleringsmetoder för att arkeologer ska kunna visa specifika hypoteser, särskilt genom varseblivning av relevanta visuella signaler.