Ciidae is a fairly homogenous family of mycetobiont, mycetophagous beetles (Coleoptera, infraorder Cucujiformia), with a worldwide distribution and about 750 described species. They have a body length of 0.5‒7 mm, a mostly uniform colouration from light brown to almost black, and usually a fairly cylindrical body shape. The knowledge on the taxonomy, morphology, phylogenetic relationships, geographic distribution (faunistics), and ecology of Ciidae is quite fragmentary.
Part I of the thesis provides the first detailed study of head morphology (by scanning electron microscopy) in a Ciidae species: Cis chinensis. Many new structural elements are detected and named to ease their use in more sophisticated forthcoming taxonomic work. Most head characters are compared with Ciidae from genera Ennearthron, Octotemnus, Ropalodontus, and Xylographus, with a focus on the area between compound eye and buccal cavity. This revealed a great uniformity, with a near-identical structuring of subantennal groove, margin of buccal cavity, anterior tentorial pit, and first antennomere (scapus). A comparison with Tenebrio molitor from the closely related Tenebrionidae (data from the literature) revealed great similarity, but also differences in some characters, such as the absence of a subantennal groove.
Part II presents the first study of the Ciidae fauna of the Caspian (or Hyrcanian) Forest of northern Iran, a region known to have conserved much pre-Pleistocene fauna and flora. In 2010‒2018, Ciidae were sampled in 62 localities across the Iranian provinces Gilan, Mazandaran, and Golistan, from below sea level on the Caspian Sea southern coast up to near 2000 m a.s.l. on the northern slopes of the Alborz Mountains. 19 Ciidae species were identified in the basidiomes of 31 species of bracket fungi (Basidiomycetes: mainly Polyporales, Hymenochaetales, and Russulales-Stereaceae). For all Ciidae species taxonomically relevant morphological features are described and illustrated; the distribution over collecting localities and occurrence in host fungus species are given. An identification key for the species of the area is given. The identification of species is discussed, as well as some morphological characters and their systematic implications, the distribution and ecology of the individual species (especially the pest species Cis chinensis), the evidence from overall patterns with regard to geographic and elevational distribution and fungus host ranges, and evidence on possible faunal links. No previously undescribed Ciidae species was found, but most species are new for Iran. Illustrations are provided for morphological characters, distribution in the area (maps), and coexistence of species (column diagrams).:Abstract 7
Kurzfassung 7
Key words 8
List of figures and tables 9
List of abbreviations 13
Introduction to Ciidae 16
Taxonomy and systematics of Ciidae 16
Ecology and faunistics of Ciidae 19
Part I: External Head Morphology of Cis chinensis 22
1. Introduction to head morphology of Ciidae 22
2. Material and methods 22
2.1. Specimens 22
2.2. Pictorial documentation 23
2.3. Terminology 23
2.4. Morphological directions 23
2.5. Abbreviations 24
3. Description of head of Cis chinensis 24
3.1. Sexes and male morphs 24
3.2. Head capsule 24
3.3. Clypeus, labrum and epipharynx 26
3.4. Mandibles 27
3.5. Maxillae 28
3.6. Labium and hypopharynx 29
3.7. Antennae 30
4. Discussion of head morphology 32
4.1. Notes on morphological terms and interpretations 32
4.2. Comparison with some other Ciidae 35
4.3. Comparison with Tenebrio molitor (Tenebrionidae) 37
Part II: Ciidae in Caspian-Hyrcanian Forest in Northern Iran 50
1. Introduction to Caspian-Hyrcanian forest 50
1.1. Geography of the Caspian Forest 50
1.2. History and significance of the Caspian Forest 51
1.3. Climate of the Caspian Forest 51
1.4. Geographic relationships of the Caspian Forest 51
1.5. Trees of the Caspian Forest 52
1.6. Fungi of the Caspian Forest 52
1.7. Ciidae of the Caspian Forest 53
2. Material and methods 53
2.1. Area covered and collecting localities 53
2.2. Collecting of Ciidae 54
2.3. Morphological preparation and pictorial documentation 54
2.4. Processing of images 54
2.5. Identification of fungus species 55
2.6. Identification of Ciidae species 55
2.7. Morphological data and terminologies 56
2.8. Abbreviations 56
3. Results on Ciidae in Caspian Forest 56
3.1. Survey of observed Ciidae species and their systematics 56
3.2. Survey of observed host fungus species and their systematics 59
3.3. Morphology and distinguishing characters of Ciidae 60
3.4. Results on Cis chinensis 69
3.5. Results on Cis submicans 71
3.6. Results on Cis comptus 73
3.7. Results on Cis striatulus 75
3.8. Results on Cis tomentosus 77
3.9. Results on Cis reitteri 79
3.10. Results on Cis castaneus 81
3.11. Results on Cis lugowoji 83
3.12. Results on Cis fissicollis 85
3.13. Results on Cis festivus 87
3.14. Results on Ennearthron cornutum 88
3.15. Results on Orthocis reflexicollis 90
3.16. Results on Strigocis bicornis 92
3.17. Results on Sulcacis fronticornis 94
3.18. Results on Sulcacis nitidus 96
3.19. Results on Ropalodontus baudueri 97
3.20. Results on Ropalodontus perrini 99
3.21. Results on Octotemnus rugosopunctatus 101
3.22. Results on Xylographus bostrichoides 104
3.23. Identification key to Ciidae of Caspian Forest 106
4. Discussion of Ciidae in Caspian Forest 109
4.1. Taxonomic distinctions 109
4.1.1. Cis multidentatus species group: Cis chinensis 109
4.1.2. Cis boleti species group: Cis submicans 110
4.1.3. Cis comptus species group: Cis comptus and Cis striatulus 110
4.1.4. Cis punctulatus species group: Cis tomentosus and Cis reitteri 111
4.1.5. Cis castaneus species group: Cis castaneus and Cis lugowoji 112
4.1.6. Cis fissicollis (not assigned to a species group) 113
4.1.7. Cis festivus species group: Cis festivus 113
4.1.8. Genus Ennearthron: Ennearthron cornutum 114
4.1.9. Genus Orthocis: Orthocis reflexicollis 114
4.1.10. Genus Strigocis: Strigocis bicornis 114
4.1.11. Genus Sulcacis: Sulcacis fronticornis and S. nitidus 115
4.1.12. Genus Ropalodontus: Ropalodontus baudueri and R. perrini 115
4.1.13. Genus Octotemnus: Octotemnus rugosopunctatus 115
4.1.14. Genus Xylographus: Xylographus bostrichoides 116
4.2. Morphological characters and systematic implications 116
4.2.1. Sensillifers of antennal club 116
4.2.2. Fovea on 1st abdominal ventrite 116
4.2.3. Cephalofoveae on forehead 117
4.3. Distribution and ecology of individual species 117
4.3.1. Distribution and ecology of Cis chinensis 118
4.3.2. Distribution and ecology of Cis submicans 122
4.3.3. Distribution and ecology of Cis comptus 122
4.3.4. Distribution and ecology of Cis striatulus 123
4.3.5. Distribution and ecology of Cis tomentosus 123
4.3.6. Distribution and ecology of Cis reitteri 124
4.3.7. Distribution and ecology of Cis castaneus 124
4.3.8. Distribution and ecology of Cis lugowoji 124
4.3.9. Distribution and ecology of Cis fissicollis 125
4.3.10. Distribution and ecology of Cis festivus 125
4.3.11. Distribution and ecology of Ennearthron cornutum 125
4.3.12. Distribution and ecology of Orthocis reflexicollis 126
4.3.13. Distribution and ecology of Strigocis bicornis 126
4.3.14. Distribution and ecology of Sulcacis fronticornis 127
4.3.15. Distribution and ecology of Sulcacis nitidus 127
4.3.16. Distribution and ecology of Ropalodontus baudueri 128
4.3.17. Distribution and ecology of Ropalodontus perrini 128
4.3.18. Distribution and ecology of Octotemnus rugosopunctatus 129
4.3.19. Distribution and ecology of Xylographus bostrichoides 129
4.4. Overview of distribution ranges 130
4.5. Overview of elevation ranges 131
4.6. Overview of fungus host ranges 132
4.7. Ciidae fauna of the wider region 136
4.8. Faunal links and dispersal of Ciidae of Caspian Forest 137
Acknowledgements 250
References 251
Appendix: Collecting data, host fungi, co-occurrence 257
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:DRESDEN/oai:qucosa:de:qucosa:72071 |
| Date | 04 September 2020 |
| Creators | Rezaei, Reza |
| Contributors | Roth, Mechthild, Lopes-Andrade, Cristiano, Klass, Klaus-Dieter, Technische Universität Dresden |
| Source Sets | Hochschulschriftenserver (HSSS) der SLUB Dresden |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, doc-type:doctoralThesis, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis, doc-type:Text |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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