Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-06-02T16:16:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 19356703 bytes, checksum: f3f6fc3616c0ba6e1d9b2de52649c10f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T16:16:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 19356703 bytes, checksum: f3f6fc3616c0ba6e1d9b2de52649c10f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Ciidae é uma família de pequenos besouros micetobiontes, que vivem principalmente em corpos-de-frutificação de macrofungos conhecidos vulgarmente como orelhas-de-pau. Esta família tem distribuição mundial, e conta atualmente com 40 gêneros e cerca de 600 espécies descritas. Esta dissertação trata da análise filogenética dos principais gêneros (21) da família Ciidae, incluindo representantes de todos os taxa supragenérico e, quando possível, a espécie-tipo de cada gênero. Para tornar possível a análise filogenética desses taxa, houve a necessidade da organização de uma coleção de referência para Ciidae. Posteriormente, foram feitos estudos da morfologia externa e da morfologia de genitália de machos e fêmeas, e os resultados desses estudos são apresentados na forma de seis artigos, uma nota científica, dois resumos expandidos e dois manuscritos. Com base nesses estudos, foi construída uma matriz com 59 espécies como grupos terminais (54 como grupo interno e cinco como grupo externo) e 96 caracteres. Essa matriz foi analisada utilizando um algorítmo heurístico (TBR), com 4000 replicações, utilizando caracteres com pesos iguais e pesagem sucessiva de caracteres, sendo os caracteres otimizados posteriormente nos dois cladogramas finais de consenso estrito. A análise filogenética, com a matriz final e a lista de caracteres analisados, é apresentada por completo no segundo manuscrito. A análise demonstrou que a família Ciidae e suas duas subfamílias (Sphindociinae e Ciinae) são grupos monofiléticos. Contudo, as tribos de Ciinae (Ciini, Orophiini e Xylographellini) não foram sustentadas pela análise. / Ciidae is a family of minute mycetobiont beetles, which lives mainly in fruiting bodies of macrofungi, commonly known as bracket fungi. This family is distributed worldwide, and has currently 40 genera and around 600 species described. This dissertation is on a phylogenetic analysis of the main Ciidae genera (21), including species of all the suprageneric taxa and, as far as possible, the type species of each genus. The organization of a reference collection of Ciidae was necessary to make possible the conduction of a phylogenetic analysis. Moreover, studies on the external morphology of male and female genitalia were conducted, and the results of these studies are presented as six articles, one scientific note, two abstracts and two manuscripts. Based on these studies, a matrix was constructed with 59 species as terminal groups (54 as ingroup and five as outgroup) and 96 characters. This matrix was analyzed with an heuristic algorithm (TBR), with 4000 replications, using unweighted characters, and successive weighting of characters; afterwards, the characters were optimized in both final and strict consensus cladograms. The phylogenetic analysis, with the final matrix and the list of analyzed characters, is thoroughly presented in the second manuscript. The analysis has shown that the family Ciidae and its subfamilies (Sphindociinae and Ciinae) are monophyletic groups. However, the tribes of Ciinae (Ciini, Orophiini and Xylographellini) were not supported by the analysis.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-03-22T13:36:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2386802 bytes, checksum: 2bede6d13a934d5035cb6f10dfca1414 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T13:36:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2386802 bytes, checksum: 2bede6d13a934d5035cb6f10dfca1414 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-07-28 / Besouros disponibilidade da de família madeira Ciidae em são diretamente decomposição dependentes porque se da alimentam exclusivamente de fungos Basidiomycetes da família Polyporaceae sensu lato (fungos “orelhas de pau”) que crescem sobre este substrato. Redução na disponibilidade de madeira em florestas pode levar a redução na riqueza de Ciidae e outros organismos saproxílicos. Portanto, a riqueza de espécies de Ciidae serviria como indicadora de perturbação ou degradação do ambiente florestal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os processos biológicos que determinam a maior riqueza de besouros Ciidae e o potencial uso destes organismos como bioindicadores na Reserva Biológica do Tapirapé (Município de Marabá, Pará, Brasil). Foram encontradas diferenças na quantidade de basidiocarpos e na qualidade da madeira nos ambientes trabalhados, relacionadas a diferenças na riqueza de espécies de Ciidae entre áreas de floresta e pastagem, mas não entre floresta primária e secundária. Foram coletadas espécies com potencial para bioindicadores e as implicações de seu estudo como ferramentas de monitoramento ambiental, inclusive em áreas com manejo florestal, são consideradas. / Ciidae beetles are affected by the availability of coarse woody debris, because they breed on fungi (Basidiomycetes: Polyporaceae) that grow exclusively on this resource. Reductions on decomposing wood and fungi availability in forests could reduce Ciidae and other saproxylic insect’s richness. Then, reduction on Ciidae richness could indicate perturbation or degradation in forest environment. The aim of this work was to study the biological processes determining the Ciidae richness and its use as bioindicators. This study was carried out in “Reserva Biológica do Tapirapé” (Marabá, Pará State, Brazil). We have found different amounts of basidiocarps (fruiting bodies) of fungi and wood quality related to different values of Ciidae richness. No difference of local richness between primary forest and secondary forest has been observed. Some potential indicator species were collected, and their influence on the study, and also in the use, in environment monitoring including forest management, is discussed.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21602号 / 理博第4509号 / 新制||理||1647(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 曽田 貞滋, 准教授 渡辺 勝敏, 教授 中務 真人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

A restauração ecológica visa a recuperação de ecossistemas que foram degradados, assegurando o seu restabelecimento estrutural e funcional. Porém, avaliar a funcionalidade do ecossistema ainda é um desafio, e vem sendo foco de trabalhos científicos a fim de desenvolver metodologias aplicáveis. Investigar as redes de interações ecológicas é uma forma adequada para avaliar a funcionalidade do ecossistema. As redes de interações são utilizadas na avaliação de habitats e já evidenciaram alterações na estrutura da comunidade que não foram detectadas pelas métricas tradicionais de riqueza, abundância e composição. Os macrofungos podem ser indicadores relevantes, pois realizam a decomposição e ciclagem de nutrientes e servem de alimento para diversos grupos de organismos, dentre eles os Coleoptera, que também podem utilizar a estrutura fúngica para nidificação. Este trabalho teve por finalidade construir redes tróficas formadas pela interação entre besouros fungívoros (Coleoptera) e macrofungos (Polyporales e Hymenochaetales) a fim de testar a aplicabilidade de redes ecológicas para avaliar a restauração quando comparadas às métricas tradicionais de abundância, riqueza e composição das espécies. O estudo se realizou em duas áreas sobre restauração florestal comparados às áreas de referência pareadas. A primeira área está em restauração há oito anos e a segunda há dez anos, sendo que até o momento, somente a segunda área teve sucesso na restauração da comunidade de plantas. No total, coletamos 512 macrofungos, representando 87 espécies, mas somente 181 indivíduos de 36 espécies apresentaram interações com besouros. Destes, foram obtidos 11.414 besouros de 53 espécies. Em ambas as áreas, as métricas de descritores de comunidade e também as métricas de redes não diferiram entre os tratamentos, indicando que a estrutura e também a funcionalidade das comunidades de macrofungos e besouros fungívoros está sendo recuperada nas áreas em restauração. Apesar de não haver diferença na composição de espécies, a espécie rara Falsocis brasiliensis e alguns exemplares da família Erotylidae somente foram encontradas em áreas de referência. Os processos de restauração diferiram qualitativamente entre as áreas, como podemos perceber através das interações realizadas. As áreas de restauração de dez anos estão mais próximas às áreas de referência, pois foram deixados troncos de madeira que serviram de substrato para os macrofungos, principalmente para o Ganoderma australe e suas interações, encontrado em árvores mortas da floresta de referência de ambas as áreas. Enquanto que as áreas de restauração de oito anos apresentaram pouco substrato lenhoso e baixa umidade, onde Pycnoporus sanguineous predominou em abundância de basidiomas e suas interações em relação à floresta de referência. / Ecological restoration aims to recover degraded ecosystems, ensuring both structural and functional restoration. Assessing ecosystem functionality is still a challenge, and current work is focusing on the development methods. Investigating networks of ecological interactions is a potential tool to assess ecosystem functionality. Interaction networks are used in the assessment of habitat change and have already evidenced differences in community structure that were not detected by the traditional metrics of richness, abundance and composition. Macrofungi are especially relevant indicators, due to their function in decomposition and nutrient cycling in the ecosystem, and as they serve as food source for several groups of organisms, among them the Coleoptera, which can also use the fungal structure for nesting. Here we aimed at building trophic networks formed by the interaction between fungivorous beetles (Coleoptera) and macrofungi (Polyporales and Hymenochaetales), in order to test the applicability of ecological networks for the evaluation of restoration when compared to the traditional metrics of abundance, richness and species composition through the macrofungi-beetles system. Research was conducted in two areas under forest restoration, compared to paired reference areas. The first area is under restoration process for 8 years and the second for 10 years, and in the second area the restoration success has been achieved based on plant community evaluation. During the study, we collected 512 macrofungi individuals, representing 87 species, but only 181 specimens from 36 species showed interactions with beetles. A total of 11,414 beetles from 53 species were obtained. For both areas, traditional community descriptors did not differ between treatments, nor did network metrics, indicating that the structure and also the functionality of the communities of fungivorous beetles and macrofungi are being successfully recovered in restoration areas. Although there is no difference in species composition, the rare species Falsocis brasiliensis and some specimens of the Erotylidae were found only in reference areas. The processes of restoration differ qualitatively between areas, as we can perceive through the interactions. The ten year-long restoration areas are more similar to the reference areas, due to the presence of wood logs that served as substrate for the macrofungus, mainly Ganoderma australe and its associated beetles, occurring on dead trees found in the both reference forest areas. On the other hand, the eight year-long restoration area had less woody substrate, composed mostly of thin branches, and less humidity, where Pycnoporus sanguineous predominated in basidiome abundance and their interactions compared to the reference forest.

Ciidae is a fairly homogenous family of mycetobiont, mycetophagous beetles (Coleoptera, infraorder Cucujiformia), with a worldwide distribution and about 750 described species. They have a body length of 0.5‒7 mm, a mostly uniform colouration from light brown to almost black, and usually a fairly cylindrical body shape. The knowledge on the taxonomy, morphology, phylogenetic relationships, geographic distribution (faunistics), and ecology of Ciidae is quite fragmentary. Part I of the thesis provides the first detailed study of head morphology (by scanning electron microscopy) in a Ciidae species: Cis chinensis. Many new structural elements are detected and named to ease their use in more sophisticated forthcoming taxonomic work. Most head characters are compared with Ciidae from genera Ennearthron, Octotemnus, Ropalodontus, and Xylographus, with a focus on the area between compound eye and buccal cavity. This revealed a great uniformity, with a near-identical structuring of subantennal groove, margin of buccal cavity, anterior tentorial pit, and first antennomere (scapus). A comparison with Tenebrio molitor from the closely related Tenebrionidae (data from the literature) revealed great similarity, but also differences in some characters, such as the absence of a subantennal groove. Part II presents the first study of the Ciidae fauna of the Caspian (or Hyrcanian) Forest of northern Iran, a region known to have conserved much pre-Pleistocene fauna and flora. In 2010‒2018, Ciidae were sampled in 62 localities across the Iranian provinces Gilan, Mazandaran, and Golistan, from below sea level on the Caspian Sea southern coast up to near 2000 m a.s.l. on the northern slopes of the Alborz Mountains. 19 Ciidae species were identified in the basidiomes of 31 species of bracket fungi (Basidiomycetes: mainly Polyporales, Hymenochaetales, and Russulales-Stereaceae). For all Ciidae species taxonomically relevant morphological features are described and illustrated; the distribution over collecting localities and occurrence in host fungus species are given. An identification key for the species of the area is given. The identification of species is discussed, as well as some morphological characters and their systematic implications, the distribution and ecology of the individual species (especially the pest species Cis chinensis), the evidence from overall patterns with regard to geographic and elevational distribution and fungus host ranges, and evidence on possible faunal links. No previously undescribed Ciidae species was found, but most species are new for Iran. Illustrations are provided for morphological characters, distribution in the area (maps), and coexistence of species (column diagrams).:Abstract 7 Kurzfassung 7 Key words 8 List of figures and tables 9 List of abbreviations 13 Introduction to Ciidae 16 Taxonomy and systematics of Ciidae 16 Ecology and faunistics of Ciidae 19 Part I: External Head Morphology of Cis chinensis 22 1. Introduction to head morphology of Ciidae 22 2. Material and methods 22 2.1. Specimens 22 2.2. Pictorial documentation 23 2.3. Terminology 23 2.4. Morphological directions 23 2.5. Abbreviations 24 3. Description of head of Cis chinensis 24 3.1. Sexes and male morphs 24 3.2. Head capsule 24 3.3. Clypeus, labrum and epipharynx 26 3.4. Mandibles 27 3.5. Maxillae 28 3.6. Labium and hypopharynx 29 3.7. Antennae 30 4. Discussion of head morphology 32 4.1. Notes on morphological terms and interpretations 32 4.2. Comparison with some other Ciidae 35 4.3. Comparison with Tenebrio molitor (Tenebrionidae) 37 Part II: Ciidae in Caspian-Hyrcanian Forest in Northern Iran 50 1. Introduction to Caspian-Hyrcanian forest 50 1.1. Geography of the Caspian Forest 50 1.2. History and significance of the Caspian Forest 51 1.3. Climate of the Caspian Forest 51 1.4. Geographic relationships of the Caspian Forest 51 1.5. Trees of the Caspian Forest 52 1.6. Fungi of the Caspian Forest 52 1.7. Ciidae of the Caspian Forest 53 2. Material and methods 53 2.1. Area covered and collecting localities 53 2.2. Collecting of Ciidae 54 2.3. Morphological preparation and pictorial documentation 54 2.4. Processing of images 54 2.5. Identification of fungus species 55 2.6. Identification of Ciidae species 55 2.7. Morphological data and terminologies 56 2.8. Abbreviations 56 3. Results on Ciidae in Caspian Forest 56 3.1. Survey of observed Ciidae species and their systematics 56 3.2. Survey of observed host fungus species and their systematics 59 3.3. Morphology and distinguishing characters of Ciidae 60 3.4. Results on Cis chinensis 69 3.5. Results on Cis submicans 71 3.6. Results on Cis comptus 73 3.7. Results on Cis striatulus 75 3.8. Results on Cis tomentosus 77 3.9. Results on Cis reitteri 79 3.10. Results on Cis castaneus 81 3.11. Results on Cis lugowoji 83 3.12. Results on Cis fissicollis 85 3.13. Results on Cis festivus 87 3.14. Results on Ennearthron cornutum 88 3.15. Results on Orthocis reflexicollis 90 3.16. Results on Strigocis bicornis 92 3.17. Results on Sulcacis fronticornis 94 3.18. Results on Sulcacis nitidus 96 3.19. Results on Ropalodontus baudueri 97 3.20. Results on Ropalodontus perrini 99 3.21. Results on Octotemnus rugosopunctatus 101 3.22. Results on Xylographus bostrichoides 104 3.23. Identification key to Ciidae of Caspian Forest 106 4. Discussion of Ciidae in Caspian Forest 109 4.1. Taxonomic distinctions 109 4.1.1. Cis multidentatus species group: Cis chinensis 109 4.1.2. Cis boleti species group: Cis submicans 110 4.1.3. Cis comptus species group: Cis comptus and Cis striatulus 110 4.1.4. Cis punctulatus species group: Cis tomentosus and Cis reitteri 111 4.1.5. Cis castaneus species group: Cis castaneus and Cis lugowoji 112 4.1.6. Cis fissicollis (not assigned to a species group) 113 4.1.7. Cis festivus species group: Cis festivus 113 4.1.8. Genus Ennearthron: Ennearthron cornutum 114 4.1.9. Genus Orthocis: Orthocis reflexicollis 114 4.1.10. Genus Strigocis: Strigocis bicornis 114 4.1.11. Genus Sulcacis: Sulcacis fronticornis and S. nitidus 115 4.1.12. Genus Ropalodontus: Ropalodontus baudueri and R. perrini 115 4.1.13. Genus Octotemnus: Octotemnus rugosopunctatus 115 4.1.14. Genus Xylographus: Xylographus bostrichoides 116 4.2. Morphological characters and systematic implications 116 4.2.1. Sensillifers of antennal club 116 4.2.2. Fovea on 1st abdominal ventrite 116 4.2.3. Cephalofoveae on forehead 117 4.3. Distribution and ecology of individual species 117 4.3.1. Distribution and ecology of Cis chinensis 118 4.3.2. Distribution and ecology of Cis submicans 122 4.3.3. Distribution and ecology of Cis comptus 122 4.3.4. Distribution and ecology of Cis striatulus 123 4.3.5. Distribution and ecology of Cis tomentosus 123 4.3.6. Distribution and ecology of Cis reitteri 124 4.3.7. Distribution and ecology of Cis castaneus 124 4.3.8. Distribution and ecology of Cis lugowoji 124 4.3.9. Distribution and ecology of Cis fissicollis 125 4.3.10. Distribution and ecology of Cis festivus 125 4.3.11. Distribution and ecology of Ennearthron cornutum 125 4.3.12. Distribution and ecology of Orthocis reflexicollis 126 4.3.13. Distribution and ecology of Strigocis bicornis 126 4.3.14. Distribution and ecology of Sulcacis fronticornis 127 4.3.15. Distribution and ecology of Sulcacis nitidus 127 4.3.16. Distribution and ecology of Ropalodontus baudueri 128 4.3.17. Distribution and ecology of Ropalodontus perrini 128 4.3.18. Distribution and ecology of Octotemnus rugosopunctatus 129 4.3.19. Distribution and ecology of Xylographus bostrichoides 129 4.4. Overview of distribution ranges 130 4.5. Overview of elevation ranges 131 4.6. Overview of fungus host ranges 132 4.7. Ciidae fauna of the wider region 136 4.8. Faunal links and dispersal of Ciidae of Caspian Forest 137 Acknowledgements 250 References 251 Appendix: Collecting data, host fungi, co-occurrence 257