Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ischaemic heart disease is a major contributor to global morbidity and mortality rates. Manoeuvres
such as ischaemic preconditioning confer cardioprotection against ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R)
injury by activating several intracellular signalling pathways. These pathways have been defined
solely in terms of the kinases involved, despite the realization in recent years that protein
phosphatase activity also contributes significantly to the attributes of the propagated signal. Protein
phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a heteromultimeric enzyme involved in an array of phosphatase
reactions. We hypothesized that PP2A is an important participant in the myocardial response to I/R
by regulating intracellular signalling.
This project aimed to (i) characterize PP2A during myocardial I/R; (ii) determine the importance of
its contribution to the cellular response to I/R; and (iii) investigate its role in the signalling pathways
mediated by PKB/Akt, GSK-3β, ERK p42/p44 and p38 MAPK.
Two models were used to characterize PP2A during I/R: (i) H9c2 cells exposed to simulated
ischaemia (SI) buffer in conjunction with hypoxia (0.5% O2) for a maximum of 2 hours, followed by
reoxygenation in standard growth medium for up to 30 minutes; and (ii) isolated working rat hearts
exposed to a maximum of 20 minutes global ischaemia and 10 minutes reperfusion. In both
models samples were collected at several time points during I/R for Western blotting analysis.
PP2A-C (the catalytic subunit) accumulated in the nucleus during early ischaemia, but later
redistributed to the cytosol. At the end of ischaemia there was an elevation of PP2A-C relative to
PP2A-A in the unfractionated whole cell preparation concomitant with an increase in the inhibitory
phosphorylation of PP2A-C.
The impact of PP2A activity was evaluated by either inhibiting PP2A using okadaic acid (OA, 10
nM) or activating it by administering FTY720 (1 μM) in an isolated working rat heart model exposed
to either 35 minutes of regional ischaemia (RI) with infarct size (IFS) as primary end-point, or 20
minutes global ischaemia (GI) with functional recovery as end-point. The results showed that the
pre-ischaemic administration of OA or FTY720 reduced or exacerbated IFS respectively, indicating
that PP2A activation during I/R favours cell death. OA and FTY720 were also employed to assess the contribution of PP2A to intracellular signalling
in an isolated working rat heart exposed to I/R. Samples were collected at several timepoints and
analyzed using Western Blotting. Pre-ischaemic administration of OA enhanced the
phosphorylation of PKB/Akt, ERK p42/p44 and GSK-3β at the onset of reperfusion, while FTY720
given before ischaemia reduced the phosphorylation of GSK-3β, p38 MAPK and PKB/Akt at the
end of ischaemia and onset of reperfusion. In summary, PP2A is part of an early nuclear-based response to ischaemia, while long-term
ischaemia induces an increase in PP2A-C. A portion of this PP2A-C is stored in an inactive form,
while an active portion acts as a regulator of the pro-survival signalling components PKB/Akt, GSK-
3β and ERK p42/p44 at the end of ischaemia and the onset of reperfusion. PP2A is therefore an
important component of the myocardial response to I/R by regulating pro-survival signalling. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Iskemiese hartsiekte is een van die belangrikste komponente wat bydra tot globale morbiditeit en
mortaliteit. Ingrepe soos iskemiese prekondisionering aktiveer veelvoudige intrasellulêre
seintransduksiepaaie om kardiobeskerming teen iskemie/herperfusie (I/H)-besering te ontlok. Die
kinases betrokke in hierdie seintransduksiepaaie is reeds deeglik nagevors, terwyl die potensiële
belang van die proteïenfosfatases in seintransduksie tot onlangs misken is. Ons hipotese was dat
Proteïenfosfatase 2A (PP2A), wat in ‘n wye verskeidenheid fosfatase reaksies betrokke is, ‘n
belangrike rolspeler in die miokardiale reaksie op I/H-besering is, deur deelname aan die
regulering van intrasellulêre seintransduksie.
Hierdie projek het ten doel gehad om (i) PP2A te karakteriseer tydens miokardiale I/H; (ii) die
belang van PP2A in die sellulêre reaksie op I/H-besering te bepaal; en (iii) PP2A se rol in die
seintransduksiepaaie, gemedieer deur PKB/Akt, GSK-3β, ERK p42/p44 en p38 MAPK, te
evalueer.
Twee modelle is aangewend om PP2A tydens I/H te karakteriseer: (i) H9c2-selle blootgestel aan ‘n
simuleerde iskemiebuffer tesame met hipoksie (0.5% O2) vir ‘n maksimum van 2 uur gevolg deur
heroksiginasie in standaardgroeimedium vir verskillende tydsperiodes tot ‘n maksimum van 30
minute; en (ii) geïsoleerde, werkende rotharte blootgestel aan ‘n maksimum van 20 minute globale
iskemie en 10 minute herperfusie. In beide modelle is monsters op verskillende tye versamel vir
Western-kladanalise. Tydens vroeë iskemie het PP2A-C in die kern toegeneem, waarna dit met
verloop van tyd na die sitosol herversprei het. Teen die einde van iskemie was daar ‘n toename in
die vlakke van PP2A-C relatief tot PP2A-A in ongefraksioneerde weefselhomogenate, tesame met
‘n toename in die inhibitoriese fosforilering van PP2A-C. Die belang van PP2A-aktiwiteit is ondersoek deur die effek te bepaal van die inhibisie of aktivering
daarvan op infarktgrootte (IFS) en funksionele herstel in ‘n geïsoleerde werkende rothartmodel,
blootgestel aan onderskeidelik 35 minute streeksiskemie (RI) of 20 minute globale iskemie. Preiskemiese
toediening van die PP2A-inhibitor okadaïensuur (OA, 10 nM), of aktiveerder FTY720 (1
μm) het infarktgrootte respektiewelik beperk of vergroot. PP2A-aktivering tydens I/H is dus nadelig.
OA en FTY720 is ook aangewend om die bydrae van PP2A tot I/H-verwante, intrasellulêre
seintransduksie in die geïsoleerde, werkende rothart te bepaal. Monsters is op verskeie
tydintervalle versamel en ontleed deur gebruik te maak van die Western-kladtegniek. Preiskemiese
toediening van OA het die fosforilering van PKB/Akt, ERK p42/p44 en GSK-3β by die
aanvang van herperfusie bevoordeel, terwyl pre-iskemiese toediening van FTY720, die fosforilering van GSK-3β, p38 MAPK en PKB/Akt aan die einde van iskemie en die begin van
herperfusie verminder het.
Ter opsomming: PP2A is deel van ‘n vroeë gelokaliseerde kerngebaseerde reaksie op iskemie,
terwyl langdurige iskemie ‘n toename in PP2A-C relatief tot PP2A-A induseer. ‘n Deel van hierdie
PP2A-C is onaktief, terwyl die res funksioneer in die regulering van die
seintransduksiekomponente PKB/Akt, GSK-3β en ERK p42/p44 wat oorlewing fasiliteer met die
aanvang van herperfusie. PP2A is dus ‘n belangrike komponent in die miokardiale reaksie op I/H
deurdat dit tot die beheer van seintransduksiepaaie bydra.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:sun/oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/86397 |
| Date | 04 1900 |
| Creators | Van Vuuren, Derick |
| Contributors | Lochner, Amanda, Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Physiology. |
| Publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Thesis |
| Format | 362 p. : ill. |
| Rights | Stellenbosch University |
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