Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the quest to attract foreign investments which is seen as one way of alleviating poverty by
creating employment opportunities and earning foreign currency many countries have
implemented the EPZ regime. Though the concept remains the same throughout the world, it
has adopted different names depending on the country. In Mexico the EPZ's are called the
"Maquiladoras" and in Bulgaria EPZ's are called Free Trade Zones. No matter the differences
in names the concept is principally the same: EPZ is an enclave which operates outside the
normal economic framework of the country.
At independence Namibia faced a high unemployment rate and poverty. In 1995 the
Namibian government passed the EPZ Act in order to pave the way for the development of
EPZ industrial parks. The need for passing the EPZ Act was necessitated by the acute
unemployment rate which the country faced at the time, which had the potential to threaten
the political stability the country enjoyed. Thus, amongst other policy instruments, the EPZ
Act was passed with the principle objective of attracting the much needed foreign
investments which would result in creation of the needed employment opportunities. The
government set a very ambitious target for the EPZ regime; it was expected that by 1999 the
EPZ regime would have created about 25 000 job opportunities. Thus, the anticipated
number of job opportunities was quite frequently used as a justification for the massive
investments provided for the development of infrastructures in the EPZ industrial parks and
hefty subsidies which were extended to some EPZ companies. It is important to note that
unlike other countries who adopted the location-based EPZ model, Namibia has adopted a
flexible EPZ model implying that a company which acquires the EPZ status is free to locate
or set-up its facility anywhere in the country.
In 2003 a Malaysian textile company called Ramatex closed its operations in South Africa
and relocated to Namibia. In terms of employment creation the EPZ reached its peak in 2004
when about 10 057 persons / individuals were actively employed in the EPZ companies.
Ramatex accounted for about 80% of the total of 10 057 EPZ jobs. Since 2004 the number of
jobs in the Namibian EPZ regime started to decline at an alarming rate; at the end of 2007
there were only 5 248 people employed by the EPZ companies. Many times Ramatex
threatened to close its operations, citing decline in the demand of its products and low
productivity, but after some closed-door negotiations the government initially managed to
convince it to continue its operation. Regrettably the success of the Namibian government to
convince Ramatex to continue with its operation in Namibia was short-lived, when in the first
quarter of 2008; the inevitable closure of Ramatex became a reality. The closure of Ramatex
has resulted in the retrenchment of about 3 000 people.
The overall performance of the Namibian EPZ regime leaves a lot to be desired. The
Namibian EPZ regime so far failed to attract enough investments to create the anticipated job
opportunities and to increase the export of manufactured goods. On a positive note, EPZ
regime compelled the authority to invest in infrastructures which it might otherwise not have
invested in. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die soeke na 'n wyse om buitelandse beleggings te trek as een van die maniere om
armoede te verlig deur die skepping van werksgeleenthede en die verkryging van
buitelandse valuta, het baie lande die EPZ-regime geimplementeer. Hoewel die konsep
dwarsdeur die wereld dieselfde bly, het dit verskillende name in verskillende lande. In
Meksiko word dit die UMaquiladoras' genoem en in Bulgarye is dit Vryehandelsones.
Ongeag wat dit genoem word , bly die konsep in wese dieselfde: EPZ is 'n enklave wat buite
die normale ekonomiese raamwerk van die land opereer.
Toe Namibia onafhanklik geword het, het die land gebuk gegaan onder 'n hoe
werkloosheidskoers en armoede. In 1995 het die Namibiese regering die Wet op EPZ
uitgevaardig om ruimte te skep vir die ontwikkeling van EPZ-nywerheidsparke. Die akute
werkloosheidskoers van die land op daardie tydstip het dit noodsaaklik gemaak dat hierdie
wet uitgevaardig word, aangesien die werkloosheid potensieel die politieke stabiliteit in die
land kon bedreig.
As deel van ander politieke instrumente is die Wet op EPZ dus uitgevaardig, met as
hoofdoelwit die 10k van broodnodige buitelandse beleggings wat sou lei tot die skepping van
die ewe nodige werksgeleenthede. Die regering het 'n baie ambisieuse doelwit vir die EPZregime
gestel; dit sou na verwagting teen 1999 nagenoeg 25 000 werksgeleenthede skep.
Die verwagte getal werksgeleenthede is dus dikwels gebruik as regverdiging vir die
massiewe beleggings wat voorsien is vir die ontwikkeling van die infrastrukture in die EPZ nywerheidsparke asook die groot subsidies toegestaan aan sommige EPZ-maatskappye.
Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat, anders as ander lande waar die EPZ-model
plekgebonde was, Namibia 'n buigsame EPZ-model aanvaar het. Dit het geimpliseer dat 'n
maatskappy wat EPZ-status verwerf het, sy fasiliteit enige plek in die land kon vestig.
'n Maleisiese tekstielmaatskappy met die naam Ramatex het in 2003 sy bedryf in Suid Afrika
toegemaak en na Namibie verhuis. Sover dit die skepping van werksgeleenthede
aangaan, het die EPZ in Namibie in 2004 sy hoogtepunt bereik, toe ongeveer 10 057
persone / individue aktief in diens van die EPZ-maatskappye was. Ramatex het ongeveer
80% van die totale 10057 EPZ-werksgeleenthede voorsien. Sedert 2004 het die getal
werksgeleenthede in die Namibiese EPZ-regime teen 'n ontstellende koers afgeneem, sodat
daar teen die einde van 2007 net 5248 mense in diens van die EPZ-maatskappye was.
Ramatex het by verskeie geleenthede gedreig om sy bedrywighede te sluit weens die
afname in die vraag na sy produkte en lae produktiwiteit, maar na onderhandelinge agter
geslote deure het die regering aanvanklik daarin geslaag om Ramatex te oortuig om voort te
gaan. Hierdie sukses van die Namibiese regering was ongelukkig van korte duur, aangesien
die onafwendbare sluiting van Ramatex in die eerste kwartaal van 2008 werklikheid geword
het. Die gevolg was die afdanking van ongeveer 3 000 mense.
Die oorkoepelende prestasie van die Namibiese EPZ-regime is ver van bevredigend.
Hierdie regime het tot nou toe nie daarin geslaag om genoeg beleggings te lok om die
verwagte werksgeleenthede te skep en die uitvoer van vervaardigde produkte te verhoog
nie. Aan die positiewe kant het die EPZ-regime die owerheid gedwing om te bele in
infrastrukture waarin hulle andersins nie sou bele het nie.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:netd.ac.za/oai:union.ndltd.org:sun/oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/6431 |
| Date | 12 1900 |
| Creators | Karaerua, Gerson Uaeta |
| Contributors | Thomas, Wolfgang, Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Graduate School of Business. |
| Publisher | Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University |
| Source Sets | South African National ETD Portal |
| Language | en_ZA |
| Detected Language | Unknown |
| Type | Thesis |
| Rights | Stellenbosch University |
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