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Previous issue date: 2017-08-30 / As c?lulas granulares do hipocampo s?o um dos poucos tipos de neur?nios gerados no sistema nervoso central de mam?feros adultos. O modelo atual de neurog?nese no hipocampo adulto assume que c?lulas tronco neurais (CTN) geram progenitores com potencial restrito ? gera??o de neur?nios ou astr?citos. Est?mulos ambientais e condi??es patol?gicas podem alterar a progress?o da linhagem, modulando a prolifera??o, diferencia??o, sobreviv?ncia e integra??o sin?ptica dos neur?nios gerados. Por exemplo, a Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal mesial (ELT), a forma mais comum de epilepsia em adultos, est? associada a altera??es na taxa de neurog?nese hipocampal adulta. Neste trabalho, n?s utilizamos dois modelos experimentais de ELT para avaliar os efeitos de um insulto epileptog?nico (i.e., status epilepticus, SE) sobre a linhagem e amadurecimento celular no giro denteado adulto. Atrav?s da t?cnica de fate-mapping utilizando animais Dcx-CreERT2/CAG-CAT-GFP, n?s acompanhamos o destino de c?lulas que apresentavam o promotor do gene doublecortin (DCX) ativado antes ou depois da inje??o intrahipocampal dos agentes convulsivantes ?cido ca?nico ou pilocarpina. Desta forma, pudemos avaliar o efeito destas drogas sobre progenitores e neur?nios imaturos DCX+ gerados antes ou ap?s o tratamento. Em ambos os modelos, foram observados um aumento de neurog?nese e altera??es no posicionamento e morfologia de c?lulas granulares, conforme descri??es pr?vias na literatura. Altera??es neuronais, tais como localiza??o ect?pica e presen?a de dendritos basais, foram observadas tanto em c?lulas geradas antes quanto ap?s a indu??o do SE, embora com frequ?ncias distintas. No entanto, apenas no hipocampo ipsilateral ? inje??o de ?cido ca?nico n?s observamos dispers?o da camada granular e morte neuronal em CA1 e CA3, apesar da atividade parox?stica epil?ptica ocorrer em ambos os hipocampos. Surpreendentemente, o aumento da neurog?nese em animais que receberam ?cido ca?nico foi restrito ao hipocampo contralateral, enquanto no lado ipsilateral foi observado um significativo aumento na gera??o de astr?citos a partir dos progenitores DCX+. Al?m disso, tamb?m observamos neste modelo a presen?a de c?lulas com morfologia e marcadores de CTNs, sugerindo que progenitores DCX+ poderiam regredir para estados mais primitivos na linhagem celular do hipocampo adulto. O aumento da astrogliog?nese no lado ipsilateral ? inje??o de ?cido ca?nico foi associado a uma degenera??o de interneur?nios parvalbumina (PV)+ no hipocampo, sugerindo que a atividade gaba?rgica poderia estar contribuindo para o redirecionamento da linhagem celular. Em conjunto, nossos dados indicam que a linhagem celular no giro denteado n?o ? unidirecional e irrevers?vel, e que o aumento da atividade el?trica neuronal induzida por ?cido ca?nico e pilocarpina t?m efeitos diferentes sobre a diferencia??o celular e destino fenot?pico dos progenitores e neur?nios nessa regi?o. Esses resultados imp?em a necessidade de revermos o modelo atual de neurog?nese hipocampal adulta e tamb?m indicam que diferentes modelos animais de epilepsia produzem altera??es celulares distintas no hipocampo adulto e, portanto, poderiam representar diferentes graus/est?gios da patologia. / The granular cells of the hippocampus are one of the few types of neurons generated in the central nervous system of adult mammals. The current model of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus assumes that neural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to progenitors restricted to the generation of neurons or astrocytes. Environmental stimuli and pathological conditions can alter the lineage progression, modulating cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and synaptic integration of newly generated neurons. For example, mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE), the most common form of epilepsy in adults, is associated with changes in the rate of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In this work, we used two experimental TLE models to evaluate the effects of an epileptogenic insult (i.e., status epilepticus, SE) on the cell lineage and neuronal maturation in the adult dentate gyrus. Using Dcx-CreERT2 / CAG-CAT-GFP animals, we fate mapped the fate of cells expressing the doublecortin gene (DCX) either before or after intrahippocampal injection of the convulsive agents kainic acid or pilocarpine. In this way, we could evaluate the effect of these drugs on DCX+ progenitors and immature neurons generated before or after treatment. In both models, we observed an increase in neurogenesis and changes in the positioning and morphology of granular cells, according to previous descriptions in the literature. Neuronal aberrations, such as ectopic localization and presence of basal dendrites, were observed both in cells generated before and after induction of SE, albeit at different frequencies. However, only in the hippocampus ipsilateral to the injection of kainic acid we observed granule cell dispersion and neuronal death in CA1 and CA3, although the paroxysmal epileptic activity occurred in both hippocampi. Surprisingly, the increase in neurogenesis in animals that received kainic acid was restricted to the contralateral hippocampus, whereas on the ipsilateral side a significant increase in astrocyte generation was observed within the DCX+ progenitor lineage. In addition, we also observed the presence of cells with NSC hallmarks, suggesting that DCX+ progenitors could regress to more primitive states in the adult hippocampal cell lineage. The increased astrogliogenesis on the ipsilateral side to the injection of kainic acid was associated with a degeneration of parvalbumin (PV)+ interneurons in the hippocampus, suggesting that GABAergic activity could be contributing to the rerouting of the DCX+ progenitor cell lineage. Taken together, our data indicates that the cell lineage in the dentate gyrus is neither unidirectional nor irreversible, and that the increased neuronal electrical activity induced by kainic acid and pilocarpine have different effects on cell differentiation, as well as on the fate of progenitors and neurons in that region. These results highlight the need to review the current model of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and also indicate that different animal models of epilepsy produce distinct cellular alterations in the adult hippocampus and could therefore represent different degrees / stages of the pathology.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:IBICT/oai:repositorio.ufrn.br:123456789/24155 |
| Date | 30 August 2017 |
| Creators | Moura, Daniela Maria de Sousa |
| Contributors | 05278916737, Pereira, Cecilia Hedin, 01298019761, Laplagne, Diego Andres, 70638083460, Le?o, Emelie Katarina Svahn, 01771638605, Arisi, Gabriel Maisonnave, 80346545072, Queiroz, Cl?udio Marcos Teixeira de, Costa, Marcos Romualdo |
| Publisher | PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM NEUROCI?NCIAS, UFRN, Brasil |
| Source Sets | IBICT Brazilian ETDs |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
| Source | reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFRN, instname:Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, instacron:UFRN |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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