Environmental contamination issues related to phosphorus (P) in surface waters substantiates the need to identify minimally-sufficient P fertilization amounts for production of containerized nursery crops and better understand the effect of routine amendments (i.e., dolomite [DL] and micronutrient fertilizer [MF]) added to pine bark substrates on chemical fate of P fertilizer. Four studies were conducted to accomplish two overarching objectives: 1) determine the minimum P fertilization amount and corresponding pore-water P concentration needed to achieve maximal growth of common containerized nursery crops and 2) determine the effect of DL and MF amendments in pine bark on P retention during irrigation and P fractions in substrate pore-water. In a fertigation, greenhouse study, calculated lowest P-fertilizer concentration that sustained maximal growth in Hydrangea paniculata ‘Limelight’ (panicle hydrangea) and Rhododendron ‘Karen’ (azalea) was 4.7 and 2.9 mg·L⁻¹ , respectively, and shoot growth Ilex crenata ‘Helleri’ (holly) was the same when fertilized with 0.5 to 6.0 mg·L⁻¹ P. Porewater P concentrations corresponding with treatments that sustained maximal growth of panicle hydrangea, azalea and holly were as low as 0.6, 2.2 and 0.08 mg·L⁻¹ P, respectively. In a separate study, utilizing low-P controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs), shoot growth of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘P11HM-11’ (bigleaf hydrangea) produced in two ecoregions was maximal when fertilized with as little as 0.3 g CRF-P per 3.8-L container, a 50% P reduction from the industrystandard CRF. Holly required 0.2 or 0.4 g CRF-P depending on ecoregion. Mean pore-water P concentrations that corresponded with highest SDW were 0.8 and 1.2 mg·L⁻¹ for hydrangea and holly, respectively. When irrigating fallow pine bark columns containing CRF for 48 d, amending pine bark with DL and MF reduced orthophosphate-P (OP-P) leachate concentrations by ≈ 70%, most of which was retained within the substrate. In a greenhouse study, containerized Lagerstroemia ‘Natchez’ (crape myrtle) were grown for 91 d in pine bark containing CRF. In pine bark amended with DL and MF, pore-water OP-P and total P concentrations, measured approximately weekly, were reduced by, on average, 64% and 58%, respectively. Total dry weight values of plants grown with DL plus MF or MF-only were 40% higher than those grown with no amendments; however, tissue P amounts and relative P uptake efficiency were the same among plants in these three treatments. Therefore, sorption of OP-P by DL and MF reduced water-extractable OP-P but did not limit P uptake by plants. / Ph. D. / Phosphorus (P) pollution of surface waters is a global issue that has led to widespread fish kills, drinking water contamination and disruption of aquatic ecosystems. Nutrient runoff from agricultural sites is among the leading contributors to P loads in impaired waters. Optimizing P fertilization for containerized nursery crop production is particularly challenging since the primary soilless substrates used to grow containerized crops retain P poorly. Consequently, much of the applied P leaches from containers during irrigation. Reducing amounts of applied P fertilizer and amending substrates (e.g., pine bark) with P-sorbing materials are two methods previously shown to reduce P leaching and increase the proportion of applied P that is absorbed by containerized plants. Four studies were conducted to accomplish two overarching objectives: 1) determine the minimum P fertilization amount necessary for maximal growth of common containerized nursery crops and 2) determine the effect of dolomite (DL) and micronutrient fertilizer (MF) amendments in pine bark on P retention during irrigation. Our findings indicated that P fertilization requirements of woody ornamental crops is species-dependent. When using liquid fertilizer, Japanese holly and evergreen azalea achieved maximal growth when P fertilizer concentrations were reduced by 90% and 40%, respectively, compared to current recommendations. In contrast, the current minimum fertilizer recommendation of 5 ppm P was optimal for panicle hydrangea. In a subsequent study in which containerized woody ornamentals were grown using low-P controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs), bigleaf hydrangea reached maximal growth when given CRFs containing 50% less P than amounts in conventional CRFs. Considering hydrangea and azalea are among the top woody ornamental shrubs produced in the US, using fertilizers with minimally sufficient P amounts for these species could greatly reduce P runoff from nursery sites. Results of two studies conducted to achieve the second aforementioned objective indicated that amending CRF-fertilized pine bark with DL and MF can reduce water-extractable total P concentrations by > 50%. Despite lower levels of plant-available P in the substrate, P uptake by crape myrtle was unaffected by the amendments. The DL was primarily responsible for P retention in pine bark; however, the addition of MF was needed for maximal growth and P uptake of crape myrtle. According to this research, amending pine bark with DL and MF could be considered a best management practice for reducing P leaching from containerized crops.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:VTETD/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/83893 |
| Date | 09 July 2018 |
| Creators | Shreckhise, Jacob Hamilton |
| Contributors | Horticulture, Owen, James Stetter, Niemiera, Alexander X., Eick, Matthew J., Jackson, Brian Edward, Altland, James E. |
| Publisher | Virginia Tech |
| Source Sets | Virginia Tech Theses and Dissertation |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | Dissertation |
| Format | ETD, application/pdf |
| Rights | In Copyright, http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ |
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