每當論及清朝中國自鴉片戰爭以來的對外關係，一般都認為是清朝中國被迫簽訂大量不停等條約之「屈辱外交」的開始，特別是在對外司法審判的議題上，大多認為清朝給與外國所謂「領事裁判權」的權利，造成中國司法管轄權的損害。但事實上，這種所謂「領事裁判權」的現象，在中國本身涉及外人在華犯罪的處置上，是普遍被採行的作法，不僅是過去中國歷代均有的慣例，就連清朝本身與俄羅斯簽訂的〈尼布楚條約〉，也被學界公認為是清朝中國第一個對等互惠的對外條約。姑且不論日後領事裁判權對中國的傷害為何，僅以清朝中國在簽約當下的時空背景來看，中國給予西方國家「領事裁判權」一事究竟該如何理解，值得後人重新檢視。
本文研究主旨在於用「同時代史觀」的視角，以清朝簽約當下的時空背景，來重新檢視清朝中國涉外司法審判。本文首先整理了中國自唐朝至明朝以來對涉外司法審判的沿革，並且爬梳清朝中國涉外司法審判的模式，從中發現清朝中國給予西方國家「領事裁判權」的做法，是符合清朝中國對外關係的邏輯思維，並證明清朝中國隊在華外人的司法態度，與中國自唐代以來的對在華外人的司法態度是一致的。本文認為，領事裁判權成為「屈辱外交」的意涵，是因為後人以歐洲近代國際法話語權下的「民族國家」視角來檢視過去清朝中國的對外關係，並且在不理解清朝中國固有對外秩序的邏輯下所做出的評斷。 / When it comes to China’s foreign relations in late Qing dynasty, the government has been criticized for its “humiliated diplomacy”, especially on the issue of extraterritorial jurisdiction since the Treaty of Nanking between China and Britain. The authorization of consular jurisdiction to foreign countries is often considered as sabotage for the jurisdiction of China. However, the criticism is questionable because offering extraterritorial jurisdiction is ubiquitous among every dynasty in China. Even in Qing dynasty, the juridical attitude of China in the Treaty of Nerchinsk signed in 1689 with Russia is often recognized by academia as reciprocity to foreign country. Regardless of the disadvantages in the future, this act of giving extraterritorial jurisdiction by Qing dynasty at that time is worth to be scrutinized again.
With this in mind, the purpose of this thesis is to discover the pattern of judgments involving foreigners from Tang to Qing dynasty in China. We also discuss about the response of Qing government when it faced the request of extraterritorial jurisdiction from foreign countries. In addition, a reinterpretation of the attitude toward the judgments involving foreigners of Qing dynasty is based on the perspective of China indigenous order to foreign relations. The research analyzes the settlement of judgments involving foreigners in different dynasties of China, confirming the consistency to China indigenous order to foreign relations and evolution during the Qing period. At last, this thesis overthrew the humiliation impression in contemporary understanding of the diplomacy in Qing dynasty, arguing such attitude is interpreted later by the concept of “nation state” , which is developed from early modern European countries to judge the international relations of Qing dynasty without understanding the Chinese foreign relations comprehensively.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:CHENGCHI/G1002530032 |
| Creators | 趙帝凱, Chao, Di Kai |
| Publisher | 國立政治大學 |
| Source Sets | National Chengchi University Libraries |
| Language | 中文 |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Rights | Copyright © nccu library on behalf of the copyright holders |
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