In Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA postreplication repair (PRR) functions to bypass replication-blocking lesions to prevent damage-induced cell death. PRR employs two different mechanisms to bypass damaged DNA. While translesion synthesis (TLS) has been well characterized, little is known about the molecular events involved in error-free bypass although it has been assumed that homologous recombination (HR) is required for such a mode of lesion bypass. We undertook a genome-wide, synthetic genetic array (SGA) screen for novel genes involved in PRR and observed evidence of genetic interactions between error-free PRR and HR. We were screening for synthetic lethality which occurs when the combination of two mutations leads to an inviable organism, however, either single mutation allows for cell viability. In addition, we screened for conditionally synthetic lethal interaction which occurs when the combination of two mutations is inviable only in the presence of a DNA-damaging agent. This screen identified and assigned four genes, CSM2, PSY3, SHU1 and SHU2, whose products form a stable Shu complex, to the error-free PRR pathway. Previous studies have indicated that the Shu complex is required for efficient HR and that inactivation of any one of these genes is able to suppress the severe phenotypes of top3 and sgs1. We confirmed and further extended some of the reported observations and demonstrated that error-free PRR mutations are also epistatic to sgs1. Based on the above analyses, we propose a model in which error-free PRR utilizes the Shu complex to recruit HR to facilitate template switching, followed by double-Holliday junction resolution by Sgs1-Top3.
Null mutations of HR genes including rad51, 52, 54, 55 and 57 are known to confer characteristic synergistic interactions with TLS mutations. To our surprise, null mutations of genes encoding the Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 (MRX) complex, which is also required for HR, are epistatic to TLS mutations. The MRX complex confers an endo/exonuclease activity required for the detection and processing of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Our results suggest that the MRX complex functions in both TLS and error-free PRR and that this function requires the nuclease activity of Mre11. This is in sharp contrast to other known HR genes that only function downstream of error-free PRR. Furthermore, we found that inactivation of SGS1 significantly inhibits proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) monoubiquitination and is epistatic to mutations in TLS, suggesting that Sgs1 also functions at earlier steps in DNA lesion bypass. We also examined the roles of Sae2 and Exo1, two accessory nucleases involved in DSB resection, in PRR. We found that while Sae2 is primarily required for TLS, Exo1 is exclusively involved in error-free PRR. In light of the distinct and overlapping activities of the above nucleases in the resection of DSBs, we propose that the distinct single-strand nuclease activities of MRX, Sae2 and Exo1 dictate the preference between TLS and error-free PRR for lesion bypass.
While both PRR pathways are dependent on the ubiquitination of PCNA, error-free PRR utilizes non-canonical Lys63-linked polyubiquitinated PCNA to signal lesion bypass. This mechanism is dependent on the Mms2-Ubc13 complex being in close proximity to PCNA, a process thought to be dependent on Rad5. Rad5 is a member of the SWI/SNF family of ATPases that contains a RING finger motif characteristic of an E3 Ub ligase. Previous in vitro experiments demonstrated the ability of Rad5 to promote replication fork regression, a function dependent on its helicase/ATPase activity. We therefore created site-specific mutants defective in either Rad5 RING finger or helicase/ATPase activity, or both, in order to examine their genetic interactions with known TLS and error-free PRR genes. Our results indicate that both the Rad5 RING finger motif and the helicase/ATPase activity are exclusively involved in error-free PRR. To our surprise, like the Rad5 RING finger, lack of the helicase/ATPase activity also abolishes the Lys63-linked PCNA polyubiquitin chain formation, suggesting that either the Rad5 helicase/ATPase-promoted replication fork regression signals PCNA polyubiquitination or this domain has a yet unidentified activity.
In summary, results obtained from this thesis dissertation have revealed novel mechanisms of yeast PRR in S. cerevisiae, a mechanism that appears to be evolutionarily conserved throughout eukaryotes, from yeast to humans.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:USASK/oai:usask.ca:etd-03312011-152715 |
| Date | 01 April 2011 |
| Creators | Ball, Lindsay Gail |
| Contributors | Bretscher, Peter, Desautels, Michel, Geyer, Ron, Harkness, Troy, Reha-Krantz, Linda, Xiao, Wei |
| Publisher | University of Saskatchewan |
| Source Sets | University of Saskatchewan Library |
| Language | English |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | text |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | http://library.usask.ca/theses/available/etd-03312011-152715/ |
| Rights | restricted, I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained and attached hereto a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dissertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted is the same as that approved by my advisory committee. I hereby grant to University of Saskatchewan or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified below, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report. |
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