Shallow unconfined aquifers are prone to contamination by non-point source nitrate as a result of agricultural and other land use practises. Management of such susceptible groundwater resources requires a means of quantifying the transport and fate of the nitrate from its source to the water table and its subsequent distribution through the groundwater. A proper understanding of the dynamics associated with nitrate loading and its effect on unconfined groundwaters is currently lacking. It has been suggested by several investigators that in-situ management of groundwater nitrate may be achieved by promoting the natural denitrification capacity of microbial populations present within the aquifers. However, the feasibility of such an approach has not yet been fully evaluated. A study involving the detailed monitoring of the changing groundwater chemistry profiles beneath the water table of two unconfined aquifers, combined with a laboratory column-test investigation of enhanced denitrification during saturated flow through sand, has been performed. The groundwater monitoring was performed using a passive sampling approach that has enabled detailed multi-level profiling of the groundwater chemistry at and below the water table. Measurements were made monthly, over a period of twelve months, in order to determine the temporal variation in groundwater chemistry as related to the surficial land use and recharge patterns. This research has included the first known detailed measurement of the seasonal arrival of leached non-point source nitrate to the water table beneath agricultural lands, and has provided definitive evidence of the pulsed nature of such arrival. At the study sites, the monitoring has also shown that infiltrating recharge waters result in the rapid delivery of leached nitrate to the water table of the unconfined aquifers. Furthermore, the research findings suggest that, as a result of the development of vertical hydraulic gradients at the water table during recharge, leached nitrate fronts can be transported to a large depth below the water table within a short time period. A conceptual model has been developed to describe the observed distribution of nitrate below the water table. Using this conceptual model, it is also concluded that nitrate that arrives at the water table of unconfined aquifers with seasonal recharge waters will subsequently be transported through the aquifer in a pulsed manner in response to a corresponding seasonal fluctuation in the groundwater flow velocities. The laboratory column testing has found that ethanol may be preferred over methanol as a carbon source by the subsurface microbial population during enhanced denitrification. The findings from this testing also suggest that the effectiveness of carbon injection systems, as well as stationary reactive barriers aimed at providing denitrifying environments, may be compromised by clogging as a result of N2 gas bubble accumulations. The study results suggest that the role for carbon additions within aquifers for promoting in-situ denitrification, on an aquifer wide basis, may be limited due to the seasonally dynamic nature of the nitrate loading and subsequent distribution through unconfined aquifers, as well as uncertainty associated with the efficacy of heterotrophic denitrifying microbial populations within the aquifers. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Authoring is the collection, selection, preparation and presentation of information to one or more readers by an author. The thesis takes a new, critical look at traditional approaches to authoring, by asking what knowledge is required and at which stages of the process. From this perspective, traditional authoring is seen to entrench an early commitment to both form and content. Although the late binding of form is now commonplace in structured document preparation systems, a similar delay in the binding of content is necessary to achieve user-tailored interaction. The authoring paradigm we have developed to service this goal is called intent-based authoring, because the author supplies at compile-time a communicative goal, or intent. Just as SGML editors and HTML browsers defer rendering decisions until run-time by referring to a local stylesheet, intent-based authoring systems defer content-selection decisions until runtime when they refer to models of both author and reader(s). This thesis shows that techniques from artificial intelligence can be developed and used to acquire, represent and exploit such models. Probabilistic abduction is used to recognize user models, and cost-based abduction to design tailored presentations. These techniques are combined in a single framework for best-first recognition and design. These reasoning techniques are further allied with an interaction paradigm we call scrutability, whereby users critique the model in pursuit of better presentations; users see a critical subset of the model determined by sensitivity analysis and can change values through a graphical user interface. The interactivity is modelled to ensure that representations of the user model to the user are made in the most perceptually salient manner. A prototype for intent-based video authoring is described. Video is used as a test medium because it is a "worst case" temporally linear medium; a viable solution to video authoring problems should apply easily to more tractable traditional media. The primary contribution of this dissertation is to the field of applied artificial intelligence, specifically to the emerging field of user modelling. The central contribution is the intent-based authoring framework for separating intent from content. / Science, Faculty of / Computer Science, Department of / Graduate

This thesis addresses questions of how development planning theory has influenced policymaking for Indians in Canada and how it could be improved for making better policies in the future. These questions are considered around a nexus of central state-Indian relations. There is a focus on the multi-dimensional problems of poverty faced by many reserve communities, especially of those located in more rural and remote regions. The thesis criticizes the serious dualism within and between prevailing development doctrines and proposes remedies through a 'relational' approach. An original typology categorizes 'substantive' development planning theories into two opposing doctrines. The more dominant liberal assimilationist doctrine centers on modernization theory and internalizes blame on Indians for their "own" problems, but is challenged by radical autonomist doctrine which centers on underdevelopment theory (UDT) and its 'internal colony' variant, and contrarily externalizes blame onto the state. A third body of reformist planning is grounded in the practices of welfare statism. Relational analysis of the history of Indian policy shows that underdevelopment of Indian communities has been caused by the interaction of both external and internal causes. Liberal doctrine strongly influenced the central state's assimilative agenda during the 'traditional' era of Indian policy, including its oppressive 'reserve system' and landmark 1969 White Paper. It is agreed that radical criticism properly reveals the racism and economic exploitation underlying state-sponsored process of 'internal colonization,' and also helps to explain the consequent rise of Indian ethnic nationalism. However, it is concluded that radical criticism does not adequately explain events in the 'contemporary era' where Indian leaders have more influence over policy-making, but have expended much of their energies pursuing a 'modernist' nationalist agenda in a power struggle with the central state. The resulting policy vacuum between the deadlocked liberal state and radical Indian positions has been filled by default with misguided reformist programs of welfare statism, with terribly destructive effects in many reserve communities. The criticism of current development theories when applied in practice is reinforced by their criticism as theories. The deficiencies of current 'substantive' development theories are shown to be endemic because of shortcomings in their underlying 'process' planning theories. In particular, the reductionist dualism of extreme liberal and radical development doctrines, which contributes to polarization in practice, is revealed. Instead of the current practice of applying single explanations and prescriptions to Indian policy-making, a relational approach is advocated which selectively combines liberal, reformist, and radical perspectives. The thesis concludes with an exposition of how a relational approach can be applied to examine widespread poverty and dependency in reserve communities as an interconnected 'external/internal' problem, and, leading from this, to propose mutually-reinforcing state and community actions. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This study deals with the syncretism between Greek and non-Greek peoples as evidenced by their architectural, artistic, literary and epigraphic remains. The sites under investigation were in the eastern part of the Greek world, particularly Ai Khanoum, Takht-i-Sangin, Dilberdjin, and Kandahar. The reason behind syncretism was discussed in the introduction, which included the persistence of the ancient traditions in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Bactria even after being conquered by the Greeks. The Greeks highly respected these ancient 'repositories of wisdom', and the fluidity and adaptability of Greek culture was not particularly restrictive to foreign elements. Religious freedom and the identification of Greek gods with the local gods by the Greeks appears to have been a primary impetus in some aspects of syncretism, while functionality appears to have been important in the architectural adaptations to the climatic and environmental conditions of Bactria. It was ultimately found that Greek/non-Greek interactions in Bactria- Sogdiana were more complex than originally thought. Syncretism occurred in many cultural and biological aspects, in more than the simple Greek/non- Greek manner. The various non-Greek cultures (viz. Achaemenids, Scythians, Indians, and neo-Babylonians) also had interactions with each other. There was also a coexistence of the various cultures and peoples. Further evidence can only come from renewed excavations in Afghanistan. / Arts, Faculty of / Classical, Near Eastern and Religious Studies, Department of / Graduate

In an attempt to determine the biological changes that have taken take place in the Fraser Estuary following the cessation of direct disposal of primary treated sewage effluent, the population dynamics and productivity of two robust indicator invertebrates, the amphipod Corophium salmonis and bivalve Macoma balthica, were monitored for a period of 2 1/4 years. Monitoring of these species, which took place between 10 May 1994 and 22 November 1996, involved assessing their in situ density, biomass, and production at four sampling stations on Sturgeon and Roberts Bank in the Fraser River Estuary, British Columbia. These stations were located on the nearby mudflats at various distances south of the direct effluent dumping zone at the Iona Island Sewage Treatment Plant. For both species, extensive recolonization of the previously azooic zone was observed. At control stations, Corophium salmonis density was similar to that observed prior to the cessation of direct effluent dumping which occurred in 1988. However, the observed biomass in this study exceeded that observed in previous research, indicating that individuals of this species were likely living longer and/or growing larger. In terms of productivity, values observed for C. salmonis (a maximum level of 0.78 g m-2 y-1 afdw) in this study were lower than those observed for this and other species of the same genus in other research. Within this study, high winter density, biomass, and productivity were observed at the two stations that were still under the influence of effluent disposal. It is likely that food availability, longer potential feeding times, and sediment grain preference contribute to this finding at these stations. For Macoma balthica, population and productivity parameters were found to be more stable over the study period than those determined for Corophium salmonis. In general, density observed at contaminated stations exceeded values found in previous studies at the same locations. Densities at control stations, however, were found to be similar to those found at the same stations in previous research. M. balthica productivity (a maximum level of 1.86 g m-2 y-1 afdw) on Sturgeon and Roberts Bank was found to be similar to values observed in other areas around the world. Therefore, it was concluded that the M. balthica population and productivity has recovered (from an azooic condition) since effluent diversion with respect to its population dynamics and productivity. The processes supporting these improvements are likely associated with sediment grain preferences of the organism, food availability, and nutrient assimilation times. Also, a lessening of toxicity associated with effluent disposal (metals, organics, etc.) on Sturgeon Bank may also explain this observation. No relationship was observed between mortality and body size, sampling time, or density for either species. Many agents of individual loss probably act upon all age and size classes of these organisms at any given time obscuring mortality relationships. More study in this area is necessary within field enclosures or in a laboratory to determine the relative importance of the various mortality agents present in these organisms' environment. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

This project developed around the idea that many of our current unsustainable building practices are predicated on ideas of control that are unnecessary. The list of control mechanisms is extensive, these mechanisms are used, to determine privacy and security, to avoid having to adjust to the activities of others (freedom), and to eliminate the variations of weather and climate. Many of these devices masquerade as provision of comfort, but have lead to an alienation from both the physical and social realms. This project develops an exterior courtyard/loading bay area where people must engage and negotiate their needs and desires in a complex world of differing objectives. This world is outside of the prescribed and ordered world of the current zoning practice. It is a space that is small enough for the individuals' voice too be heard, and because the space is so essential to all users—everyone must participate in (and influence) the negotiation of how the space would be used. Many historically public activities such as laundry and bathing are returned to the public realm to aid in resource conservation and to develop social contacts. In turn, loading the courtyard with diverse activities, addresses the issue of activating such spaces without invoking the consumerism that the typical retail solution suggests. Exterior circulation extends the space of the courtyard to every entry and avoids sterile and alien corridors and stairwells. These circulation nodes are enriched with planters to embrace the seasonal and biological cycles, and also provide areas of social contact. Private roof top gardens and greenhouses to provide a counter-point to the extensive public spaces. In addition, the development of this space offers opportunities for food production, and a variety of solar energy strategies. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

There are many unanswered questions concerning the nature of post-World War II Dutch Calvinist immigration to British Columbia and how it led to the establishment, growth, and evolution of Christian Reformed Schools in the Society of Christian Schools in British Columbia (SCSBC). The prevailing belief that post-war Dutch Calvinist immigrants assimilated rapidly into Canadian society makes it seem perplexing that there is still support for independent Christian Reformed Schools. Even more interesting is the fact that not only are these denominationally-specific schools surviving but presently are part of a consistently growing independent Christian school movement in British Columbia. One of the possible reasons Calvinist Christian Schools have stood the test of time is that it has become attractive alternatives for ethnic minorities outside of the Dutch Calvinist religion and culture. Schools in Richmond and Vancouver, especially, have experienced a student population that has a growing Asian ethnic component. Given these current multicultural realities in British Columbia society, many questions can be asked concerning the effect of ethnic diversity on the past, present, and future evolution of Christian schools started in the Dutch-Calvinist tradition. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to investigate how Christian Schools of Dutch Calvinist origin are currently experiencing and responding to ethnic diversity. The answer to this question should provide a valuable perspective for educators within Christian schools and also prove informative for governments evaluating whether the 18-year tradition of funding independent Christian schools should increase or continue at present levels. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

HSS (high speed steel) rolls are among the latest technological addition to the hot rolling process. Reduced wear, increased campaign times, increased life and better control on the quality of the strip are some of the features of HSS rolls which transforms directly into higher productivity making HSS a better roll material compared to traditional roll materials (HiCr, IndefChill). The introduction of HSS rolls to the Hot-Strip mill is a very recent event (1991) and thus it presents a lot of areas and challenges which need to be studied and analyzed. The objective of this investigation was to study the thermal behaviour of HSS rolls in the finishing mill using the process modelling approach. The objective was achieved by modifying and applying mathematical models developed at UBC. The steady-state model (1-dimensional model) was used to study the thermal behaviour at the surface and the transient model (2-dimensional model) was used to study the thermal behaviour of the bulk of the roll. The 2-d transient model results were used to calculate the thermal crown. Data for developing and validating the models was provided by Dofasco Inc., for a campaign consisting of 208 bars over 9 hours. The comparison between the measurements and prediction (for the temperature as well as the crown) showed excellent agreement. The model predictions showed that the rolls achieved steady-state in approximately 200 minutes with the current campaign conditions and assuming no excessively long delays between the processing of consecutive bars. Final roll gap profile was calculated by adding the thermal crown, mechanical crown and preground crown. Other issues addressed in this work were prediction of the thermal behaviour under conditions with mill pacing of 10 seconds; and proposition of a method of controlling the thermal crown. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Materials Engineering, Department of / Graduate

brief description of the site is first necessary to describe the premise of this project. The site is composed of three 75' by 120' city lots on Homer Street, just north of Dunsmuir Street. Each of its shorter ends is faced by a park - one is adjacent to the new BC Hydro Building, the other is Cathedral Square. This project incorporates landscape elements (a bed of trees, a trough of water, a central court, a swimming pool) within the organization of its two programmes. Several landscape elements are positioned in relation to the end conditions of the site, others act as transitional devices to lead one through the building. Issues of scale are raised in their reading as components of the constructed urban park, as well as individual devices which frame specific spaces of the building. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

The goal of this thesis is to provide an alternative theory of how wh-expressions are interpreted. I propose that French wh-words are interpreted through an A-bar binding relation subject to a modified Generalized Binding Theory (cf. Aoun, 1985; henceforth GBT) which is an LF module of the Minimalist Framework (Chomsky, 1995). Among the four interrogative strategies available in French, it will be demonstrated that wh-clefts and wh-in-situ pattern together as they can only be used in strongly presupposed contexts unlike reinforced interrogatives and inversion+wh-fronting. French exhibits a puzzle in the domain of Wh/QP interaction. Standard analyses predict an ambiguity/non-ambiguity contrast depending on the c-command relation between the wh-word and the QP (May, 1985, etc.). Crucially, a wh-in-situ c-commanded by a universal QP (among other A'-elements) lacks a non-echo interpretation; only an echo reading is available. Furthermore, a wh-in-situ within an embedded clause only has an echo reading. Contrastively, an overtly moved wh-word can always be interpreted as non-echo regardless of an intervening A'- element or a clause boundary. I argue that French in-situ facts can be captured by the GBT. I propose that wh-words are A'-anaphors that receive an interrogative interpretation by being bound to a null Q operator (C°). This binding relation is subject to locality conditions. First, the lack of a non-echo reading of a wh-in-situ c-commanded by a QP is a violation of a Specified Antecedent Condition which requires an A'-anaphor to be bound by the closest potential antecedent. Second, the matrix clause restriction is captured by a Matrix Clause Condition requiring an A'-anaphor to be bound within its minimal finite clause. Under minimalist views of movement, a strong [wh] feature of French null Q attracts a wh-word to raise overtly and adjoin to the root. Because overtly moved whwords enter LF in the most local binding relation possible with the null Q (spec-head), they may always be interpreted as non-echo. Lastly, I adopt Chierchia's (1993) Weak Crossover (WCO) analysis of Wh/QP interaction to capture the ambiguity/non-ambiguity contrast in French overt syntax. The WCO approach further supports our proposals concerning the composition of French wh-words; they are made up of a [wh] feature and an A'-anaphoric pronominal element, pro. / Arts, Faculty of / Linguistics, Department of / Graduate