The oratorio, La Resurrezione (1708) is considered by many to represent the summary of George Frederic Handel's Italian compositions. This achievement would not have been realized without the support of Handel's young and ambitious Roman patron, Francesco Ruspoli. The money and effort that Ruspoli spent on the staging of this oratorio confirm that it was planned as the climax for the Easter musical festivities in 1708. The preliminary chapters of this thesis present the background to the presentation of La Resurrezione and include discussions on Handel's presence in Rome, his relationship with Ruspoli, the role of the Accademia dell' Arcadia, and a biography of Carlo Capece, the librettist of the oratorio. Musical issues relating to the oratorio are discussed in chapter four. These include: manuscript sources, the performers of the work, and Handel's musical response to Capece's libretto. The use of a buffo bass (and the notion of Lucifer as a comic character) is traced back to the mid-seventeenth-century. The focus of chapter five is on the music of La Resurrezione, and on examples of Handel's subsequent re-use of the music. As well, the stimuli that prompted Handel to refer to a particular borrowing source are examined. Often a similar dramatic situation prompted Handel's recollection of a previous source; at other times a comparable textual affect, a similar phrase or even a single word in common provided the stimulus for borrowing. The five borrowing groupings discussed in the chapter are chosen because they represent the various means that prompted Handel's recollection of a previous source. Each grouping is organized by an appropriate term which reinforces the argument that it is a textual word, phrase or affect that is the key to understanding the borrowings. A consideration of the borrowings highlights Handel's great talent for portraying people and varying dramatic situations. / Arts, Faculty of / Music, School of / Graduate

Social Scientific Criticism provides the reader of the New Testament with a set of tools to access the intended meaning of a text. That is to say, it is not the words which convey meaning, but rather the context within which the words are embedded. The anthropological model of honor and shame is one of these tools. This model has been developed from the modern study of agrarian and rural Mediterranean villages and from the study of ancient and classical Hellenistic literature and philosophy. The present study considers the context of honor and shame which lies beneath what is generally regarded as the earliest extant Pauline letter, I Thessalonians. After preliminary exercises, such as a survey of the literature on I Thessalonians and an establishing and clarification of the method which drives this study, the text is analysed from the perspective of honor and shame, limited good, and agonism. Since honor and shame did not operate in a vacuum of social values and practices, other details are brought into the exegesis, such as praise and blame in ancient letter writing, and Paul's place in the environment of patron-client relations. The result is a reading of the letter which focuses on the variety of challenges which the converts posed and on Paul's need to defend himself in a way that was appropriate to his mission. Through such a reading, certain stylistic features of the letter are highlighted in a way that sets this study apart from its predecessors. / Arts, Faculty of / Classical, Near Eastern and Religious Studies, Department of / Graduate

Robotic manipulators mounted on spacecraft experience a number of kinematic, dynamic, and control problems because the motion of the spacecraft is affected by the robot motion. Because of this dynamic coupling, robot motion required to produce a given robot end-effector position for a fixed base manipulator would not result in correct end-effector position for the same manipulator mounted on a spacecraft. In this thesis, the general three dimensional equations of motion are derived for an n link manipulator mounted on a non-fixed base object. Instead of performing a single inverse kinematic calculation at the beginning of a movement to determine the required joint setpoints, multiple inverse kinematic updates are done throughout a movement. The updating sequence is determined by an optimal inverse kinematic updating algorithm. This motion control algorithm is based on experimental simulation results performed in Matlab and a set of performance indices that are used as guidelines. Simple PD joint controllers are used for servoing the manipulator joints for a planar robot application. A joint trajectory generator utilizing velocity time scaling and quintic polynomials is developed. In addition to compensating for the base motion, it is shown that multiple updating requires less energy consumption than single inverse kinematic calculation based movements. Endpoint overcompensation and endpoint servoing are two techniques that enable any desired manipulator accuracy assuming kinematic and dynamic singuarities are not encountered. The derived motion control techniques incorporate the base motion without base motion control. Knowledge of the system dynamics is not required and the iterative inverse kinematics is performed online without model prediction. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mechanical Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Current methods for facial reconstruction are tedious and time-consuming, and require forensic artists with years of practical experience. Furthermore, the complexity of the reconstruction problem greatly increases when time-related factors come into play, such as those that occur in missing children scenarios. This thesis describes a software system for simulating the growth of the craniofacial skeleton. It is a first step towards our goal of a complete software package for three-dimensional craniofacial reconstruction. There is a tremendous amount of data on craniofacial growth in the form of studies that collect frontal and lateral cephalograms, which can be used to generate three-dimensional coordinates of landmarks on the craniofacial skeleton at various ages. We define a simplified model of bone growth that uses these landmarks to drive the growth of the rest of the craniofacial skeleton. The inputs to our growth model include a triangular mesh acquired from the bone to be grown (e.g. skull, mandible), a set of vertices on the mesh identified as landmarks, the coordinates of these landmarks through time, and vertex weights which are a measure of the influence exerted by landmarks on the rest of the vertices. The output is a triangular mesh, "grown" either forwards or backwards in time to a specified age. An expert in craniofacial growth assigns these vertex weights by using a specialized tool called Krayola. We also provide a tool for automatically generating a first approximation for the vertex weights of a new mesh given the weights previously assigned to a mesh of similar bone type (e.g. skull, mandible). Validation of our growth model is an outstanding issue; we lack three-dimensional data (e.g. from CT scans) for an individual through time, with which we would compare the output of our software. For now, we must be content with the expert opinion of our colleagues in the Department of Dentistry's craniofacial reconstruction group, who are quite pleased with our results so far. / Science, Faculty of / Computer Science, Department of / Graduate

Progressive image transmission allows an approximate image to be built quickly and the details to be transmitted progressively through several stages over the channel. This technique appears very useful for picture communication over slow channels. This thesis proposes to use linear quadtree encoding combined with wavelet based technique as well as other methods to achieve a hybrid coding progressive transmission system. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of / Graduate

This study problematizes the notion of victim in the context of women who have experienced battering in their intimate committed relationships. To this end I interviewed four women, using an in-depth semi-structured interview to obtain the women's narratives. I examined the women's narratives in order to analyze how they constructed and interpreted their experiences of victimization as well as how they perceived and defined themselves. The intent was to render visibility to the uniqueness, complexity, diversity, and commonalities of these women's stories. Women who have experienced battering are important to this study because the label "victim" is frequently applied to them regardless of whether these women define themselves or construct their experiences in terms of being victims or of being battered. Critiquing dominant perspectives, attending to broader cultural contexts, and exploring marginalized realities are indicative of a longstanding feminist agenda. Psychology and counselling psychology are constructed within dominant historical and sociocultural contexts. Mainstream and popular psychological texts, in their attempts to establish grand theories and prevailing norms, have tended to engage in oversimplified textual constructions presumed to reflect lived realities, yet ignoring both individual and broader contexts. In this thesis I attend both to contexts and to marginalized realities. The significance of this project lies in its potential to enhance current therapeutic and counselling practices. Additionally, it provides a challenge to the often presumed innocent employment of language without regard for its significant meanings and impact. It is critical that professionals working with women who are experiencing battering, understand the complexity of their experiences without imposing labels that limit these women's identities and are incongruent with their lived realities. This thesis problematizes dominant discourse regarding victims and victimization in an exploration of multiple, sometimes seemingly contradictory meanings, and diverse processes. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Research investigating the link between attitudes, motivation and second-language (L2) achievement remains inconclusive. Studies have shown the importance of both integrative and instrumental motives in L2 acquisition. Thus, there is considerable evidence pointing to the importance of the educational context in which learning takes place. This study investigates the importance of integrative and instrumental motivation in Japanese as a foreign language (JFL) achievement among South Korean JFL students at the post-secondary level. It also assesses the influence of attitudes towards Japan, Japanese people, Japanese culture and bilateral relations on JFL achievement. In addition, it provides a description of South Korean JFL learners with specific reference to their views of Japan. The rationale for studying Korean JFL learners is based on the growing importance of Japan in global affairs and the subsequent expansion of JFL programs worldwide. The Republic of Korea was chosen for several reasons including: historical relations between Japan and Korea, the popularity of Japanese language programs in the country, and the paucity of English language research concerning this context. Initially, data from interviews with students and the administration of a questionnaire was used to create a profile of learners. Secondly, this data was cross-referenced with JFL achievement using Pearson (r) correlation coefficients. In addition, bivariate and multiple regression tests were done to determine the contribution of motivation type and attitudes to students' marks. Among the major findings of this study, there exists a diversity across students in terms of their motivation type and attitudes towards Japan. In terms of motivational orientation, most students chose to study JFL for a combination of integrative and instrumental reasons. Secondly, students generally expressed both positive and negative attitudes towards modern Japan, Japanese people, Japanese culture and bilateral relations. Typically, attitudinal profiles of students are suggestive of a high degree of ambivalence towards these aspects of Japan. A third major finding of this study concerns the relationship between motivation type and JFL achievement. Both integrative motivation and instrumental motivation have minimal associations with JFL achievement. Attitudes towards modern Japan, Japanese people, and bilateral relations also have neutral relationships with JFL achievement. Conversely, views of Japanese culture have a negative correlation with JFL achievement that is of intermediate value. / Education, Faculty of / Language and Literacy Education (LLED), Department of / Graduate

Watershed restoration has in recent years received a great deal of attention from policy makers and other stakeholders in British Columbia. Two hundred twenty seven watershed restoration projects were approved for funding by Forest Renewal British Columbia during the 1995-1996 fiscal year, with an approved budget of $22.2 million dollars. Despite this attention, there is no clear agreement on what watershed restoration is or how it should be evaluated. There is a pressing need for a watershed restoration evaluation process to be developed and implemented at the program level. The purpose of this research is to develop an evaluative framework for watershed restoration initiatives generally, and apply it to the Squamish River Watershed Restoration Project as a means of testing and improving the framework. In the process an evaluation of the Squamish River Watershed Restoration Project is conducted. The methods used to conduct this research included: (1) a comprehensive review of project reports, proposals and other relevant literature, (2) the design and application of a structured evaluative framework and (3) informational interviews with individuals representing legitimate interests in the case study. The evaluative framework appeared to be successful at measuring the performance of the case study, and may have great potential as a program evaluation tool. Application of this evaluative framework to other watershed restoration initiatives may help advance the goals of ecological restoration and sustainable development through investment in natural capital. It is recommended that future initiatives could benefit by: • Utilizing an ecosystem approach to natural resource management, one that emphasizes investment in natural capital, the establishment and maintenance of self sustaining social and ecological systems. • Utilizing a commonly recognized definition of ecological restoration, as promoting: (1) ecologically and socially desirable ecosystem values; (2) identifies functional and structural elements essential to self-sustaining systems; (3) facilitation of ecosystem recovery. • Applying the principles of decision analysis, and the use of the fundamental objectives that have been developed as a part of this work throughout the different phases of the project. • Incorporating the principles and practice of Adaptive Management. • Incorporating a collaborative approach to problem solving and, decision making when appropriate. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Debris flows can occur on both forested (natural) and clearcut (logged) hillslopes in coastal British Columbia. Prediction of the travel distance of a potential debris flow event prior to clearcut harvesting is important to accurately assess the risk to downslope environmental resources. The travel distance is the distance from the point of initiation of a debris flow to the point of terminal deposition at the end of the flow path. Forensic data from 449 debris flow events in the Queen Charlotte Islands are used to charactrerize debris flow events in terrain where clearcut logging has been carried out. From these data, a subset of 131 events are used for the development of regression equations to calculate entrainment volume and deposition volume along distinct reaches of a debris flow event path. Slope morphology and geometry along the path, as well as the flow volume entering the reach, are used as input parameters for the regression equations. The regression equations are applied in an empirical-statistical model which uses the cumulative debris flow volume along the event path as a basis for determining the travel distance of debris flow events. The cumulative flow volume is defined as the volume of the flow as the event travels down the path, with the entrainment of debris material increasing the flow volume and the deposition of material decreasing the flow volume. Back-analyses of debris flow events were carried out for 20 independent events in the Queen Charlotte Islands and 17 events in other areas of coastal British Columbia. The model showed reasonable agreement with the peak cumulative flow volume, and the travel distance, of debris flow events reported from observations and surveys in the field. An observed variability in the forensic data was incorporated to create the empirical-statistical model UBCDFLOW. Variations in initial volume, as well as flow width, are used repeatedly to simulate the cumulative debris flow volume along a potential travel path. The probability of an event reaching a point along the path is determined based from the travel distances of these simulated flows. A comparative study of different the scenarios using UBCDFLOW illustrates that for confined flow events in gully channels, the initiation location is an important factor in determining travel distance, whereas the size of the initial volume is an important factor for unconfined flows on open slopes. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Plasma vasopressin (AVP) and endothelin (ET) levels are often elevated in congestive heart failure (CHF) and have been linked to edema formation commonly observed in this clinical setting. The mechanisms by which these two hormones contribute to edema remain obscure. In vivo and in vitro studies were designed to further understand the role of AVP in CHF and to examine its interaction with ET receptors. Clearance studies were performed to compare the renal excretory function in UM-X7.1 cardiomyopathic (CM) hamsters (280 to 300 days old) and age-matched healthy controls. Both groups had well-maintained glomerular filtration rates throughout the experiments. Exogenous administration of AVP (0.3 ng-kg⁻¹-min⁻¹) had no effect on any of the measured clearance parameters in the CM animals but markedly reduced the fractional excretion of sodium (FE[sub Na]) and water (FE[sub H₂O]) in the controls by 40 and 46%, respectively. Combined infusion of a V₁ antagonist and a V₂ agonist at the same dose similarly decreased FE[sub Na] and FE[sub H₂O] in the healthy animals. However, the CM group exhibited an attenuated response in all of the measured hemodynamic and clearance parameters even though their cAMP production was five-fold higher than that of normal animals. Additional studies support the notion that basal salt and water reabsorption in CHF was maximal, which would account for the lack of response to infusions of AVP or combined V₁ antagonist and V₂ agonist. Nonselective blockade with the V₁ and V₂ antagonists 0.3 ng-kg⁻¹-min⁻¹ produced natriuresis and diuresis in the CM hamsters (FE[sub Na] 4.8 + 0.6 vs. 7.9 + 1.1%, p<0.05; FE[sub H₂O] 1.5 + 0.2 vs. 2.2 + 0.3%, p<0.05) but did not affect fluid reabsorption in the normal hamsters. Profuse diuresis in the diseased animals may be partially attributed to an alteration in V₂ receptor signaling as reflected by decreased urinary cAMP levels. Hence, increased basal cAMP synthesis in the kidney potentially impairs salt and water excretion in the pathophysiological state. Altered regulation of other hormonal systems might have contributed to the apparent AVP hypersensitivity in decompensated heart failure. Previous studies have indicated ET inhibits the actions of AVP within the kidney. Whether the reverse relationship exists and what the implications are in CHF have not been investigated extensively. Accordingly, the mechanisms that reduce ET receptors (ETA and ETB subtypes) in inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) were determined to show how AVP controls ET function at the receptor level. Competitive binding experiments were performed to examine the effects of a AVP signaling pathway on ET receptor binding. Overnight incubation of rat IMCD cells with AVP significantly reduced the maximal binding capacity, B[sub max], of ET. Activation of adenylate cyclase by forskolin decreased the total ET receptor binding and preferentially reduced ET[sub B] receptor density by ∼42% with no effect on the ET[sub A] subtype. Involvement of the PKA pathway in ET[sub B] receptor downregulation was strongly implicated by the observation that a cAMP analogue, Rp-cAMPS, blocked the inhibitory influence of AVP on ET⁻¹ binding. The data further indicate that the IQ values of the ET receptors were decreased significantly and demonstrate that AVP reduced ET receptor density and increased the affinity of the existing receptors. Altogether, the competitive binding experiments suggest the following novel idea: AVP controls sodium and water reabsorption by activating its receptors and downregulating ET[sub B] receptors via a cAMP-dependent pathway. Since ET[sub A] and ET[sub B] subtypes have different actions, changes in their distribution in vivo would affect normal hemodynamics, natriuresis, and diuresis. Hence, AVP-induced heterologous regulation of ET[sub B] receptors may result in salt and water retention, exacerbating the condition of congestive heart failure. / Medicine, Faculty of / Medicine, Department of / Experimental Medicine, Division of / Graduate