Canada and the United States are similar in many respects, and both protect individual rights at a constitutional level. However, the Supreme Court of Canada and the United States Supreme Court have developed alternative conceptions of the constitutional protection of freedom of expression and equality. This thesis describes these differences and attempts to explain the reasons for their development. Under the Fourteenth Amendment, the U.S. Supreme Court merely requires that governmental actors refrain from overt discrimination on the basis of an objectionable ground. Thus, the Court has created numerous doctrines to limit equality to this definition, including color-blindness, intentional discrimination, and multiple levels of review. Each of these concepts has contributed to the application of formal equality by restricting governmental attempts, such as affirmative action, to alleviate social inequality. In addition, the Court's application of content neutrality to freedom of expression cases has restricted attempts to promote equality through legislation restricting hate speech and pornography. By contrast, the Supreme Court of Canada has interpreted the protection of equality in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms to respond to the actual social consequences of legislation. Rather than limiting the Charter to intentional discrimination, the Court will consider governmental actions which have the effect of creating or encouraging inequality. Similarly, governmental restrictions on hate speech and pornography have been upheld by the Supreme Court of Canada as necessary for the protection of equality. For the Supreme Court of Canada, equality has a social reality. These differences suggest an alternative role of government in the rights sphere in Canada and the United States. The United States Supreme Court has developed a rights interpretation which excludes much significant governmental action, whether positive or negative. The Court has incorporated the Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth Amendment and, in doing so, has expanded individual rights at the expense of state power in the promotion of equality. The lack of such a development in Canada has resulted in a more substantial role for social legislation, while still protecting against governmental overreaching through the Charter. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

The use of aluminum in the automobile engines and other critical parts require a superior surface property of the same. This has led to the development of plasma sprayable surface coatings for the components. To impart the maximum bonding strength, along with hardness to the coatings an aluminum based composite (Al-SiC) was found to be the most suitable. The presence of a hard ceramic second phase within a soft metallic matrix greatly improves the wear resistance of the composite material. The powders for spraying were prepared by mechanical agglomeration of 6061 Al alloy (particle size between 40 and 60 um) with fine SiC particles ( « 8 um) by using high energy vibratory mills. The concentration of SiC was varied from 20-75 vol%, the balance being the matrix A l alloy. The size of the reinforcement was varied from 8 to 37 um in the Al-50vol%SiC composite coatings. A Process Control Agent (PCA) was used to modify the morphology of the powders during the process of mechanical alloying. Mechanical alloying produced composite powders in a size range between 40 and 120 u.m with the SiC phase uniformly dispersed within the matrix. The powders used for spraying were fractionated between the size range of 44 and 149 um by sieving. The powders were sprayed using two types of axial feed plasma torches. Coatings were sprayed on mild steel coupons, rods and thin foils of A l , Ni, plain carbon steel and stainless steel, which were used for conducting tests to assess the physical properties of the coatings. The cross sections of the coatings sprayed on the coupons were observed under an SEM and optical microscope. The hardness, porosity and SiC distribution of the coatings were assessed on these cross sections. The coatings were tested for different physical and mechanical properties like adhesion and wear strength. Adhesion was tested on the mild steel rods using the standard ASTM C633 pull tests but the results were mostly inconclusive. Adhesion strength on the foils was also measured by peel tests which is a modification of the ASTM D-3167 tests. The coatings showed high adhesion strength compared to the other commercially available coatings reported in a recent work [40]. Adhesion strength was found to decrease with the increase in the SiC content and decrease in SiC particle sizes. Erosive wear of the coatings was assessed using a dry erosion test which is a modification of the ASTM G76-83 test. The increase in the SiC content and decrease in the reinforcing particle size improved the wear resistance of the coatings. The abrasive wear resistance was found to improve with the increase in SiC particle size and also with the SiC content in the composite powders (or coatings). / Applied Science, Faculty of / Materials Engineering, Department of / Graduate

In this study, intergenerational conflict or disagreement between Indo-Canadian parents and their daughters was examined. The purpose was to elicit participants' perceptions of conflicts or disagreements as experienced within the context of their culture and as described by themselves, to identify health problems which participants believed to be related to the issues, to identify processes that families use to seek solutions, and to identify implications for nursing, health practice and research. The questions were addressed through a qualitative ethnographic approach. The study was guided by the writings of Anderson (1985, 1990), Kleinman, (1978) and Leininger (1978,1991) and Kleinman's Explanatory Model Framework of the Socio-Cultural Context of Health (1978). For data collection, two sources of data were used. In-depth semi-structured interviews with Indo-Canadian parents and with Indo-Canadian adolescents and young women were conducted over a period of ten weeks. Participant observation at three Indo-Canadian youth and parent symposia provided another rich source of data. The researcher actively participated in discussion groups of parents and adolescents and young women at the symposiums. Field notes were written at the symposia and shared with the participants for purposes of validation and in order to assist the group to write a report and recommendations from the symposia. The data from the field notes and the interview transcripts were analyzed through a qualitative process of content analysis as described by Lindlof (1995) and Hammersley & Atkinson, (1992). From this analysis, the participants' explanatory framework was identified. The two main concepts of this framework which explain the perspectives of the participants were Bridging Two Cultures and Lokeen Kee Kehan Gay, "What will the community think?" or " How will this reflect on the family?" Within these, other themes emerged: family and cultural values, issues from the perspective of daughters and mothers and primarily related to gender issues, living in two cultures, learning and negotiating boundaries, working out conflicts, health problems, and access to help. The interdependence of Lokeen Kee Kehan Gay and living in two cultures was examined in relation to the function of gender roles in women's lives. Implications for nursing and health practice, education and research concluded this study. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Nursing, School of / Graduate

This thesis presents a survey of multimedia application development and a case study of an implementation of a multimedia application. The steps of multimedia application development are described including the planning of the application development, content acquisition and storage, arid content delivery. The survey would be useful for multimedia developers and interactive media designers interested in gaining a broad knowledge of multimedia application design. The case study presented is of a networked multimedia playback application and it illustrates the application development steps in the context of the application. The goals of the project were to provide synchronized video playback over a network while leveraging existing technology in order to support extensibility, portability, and interoperability. / Science, Faculty of / Computer Science, Department of / Graduate

Two bodies of photographic production are the focus of this thesis: a show entitled La Exposition Fotografica de Tina Modotti of 1929 and a portfolio entitled Paul Strand: Photographs of Mexico of 1933. These images are interesting and important because they mark the boundaries of a representational system in Mexico. The Mexican government encouraged this system that Roger Bartra would later refer to as the homo mexicanus (the spirit of the modern Mexican). Through the representation of the homo mexicanus, the Indian became a metaphor for the nation. Modotti and Strand used the Indian to construct identity from different perspectives to that of the government and each other. To locate critiques of a government that used "Revolutionary" rhetoric yet simultaneously suppressed Leftist expression, it is imperative to differentiate the variations of the homo mexicanus. Through this analysis, my aim is to demonstrate which forms supported the status quo, and which were transgressive. La Exposition Fotografica de Tina Modotti marked a rupture between the national government and an intellectual Left associated with the Mexican Communist Party. The exhibition brought to the surface a competing representation of the Homo Mexicanus to the one proposed by the government through its Secretariat of Education. My analysis compares Modotti's representation of the Indian as universal proletariat with the secretariat's representation of the Indian as an embodiment of the state. What this exhibition demonstrates is how conflicts surrounding the Secretariat of Education and different factions of the Left were structured through representation. The tensions were highlighted by Modotti's particular form of "straight" photographic production, and the framing of subject matter (the trabajadores [or workers] and indigenous communities). Modotti's photography established its identity within an environment marked by the competing structures of the Secretariat of Education, the publication Contemporaneos, the Mexican Communist Party, and the Comintern. These institutions used representations of indigenous people transformed into symbols of the Indian to produce claims for the true representation of these communities. A transition in Mexican society and its government occurred between 1929 and 1933. I examine this to explain the shift in visual strategies between Modotti's and Strand's production. This transition was largely a result of the Great Depression and the consequent rise of totalitarianism in Europe. Unlike Modotti who had identified with the Comintern, I argue that Strand's work partly embodied the Pan-Americanist politics of the federal administrations of the United States and Mexico. Starting in 1932, a nexus of reform liberal American intellectuals focused on a representation of marginalized communities using the ideals of Pan-Americanism. The federal governments of the United States and Mexico used the symbols of the "forgotten man" and the "Indian" to demonstrate the hardships brought on by laissez-faire capitalism. Consequently, the governments wanted workers to identify themselves with these representations and each government's respective reform policies. / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate

Four experiments examined the effects of uninformative spatial auditory precues on auditory detection latencies when the decision to respond was based on either spatial or non-spatial criteria. The first experiment used a new technique, called implicit localization, in which observers responded to peripheral targets and refrained from responding to central targets. Response times were initially faster for targets at the cued location than at a contralateral location, suggesting that attention was captured at the spatial position of the cue. This facilitatory effect diminished and even reversed at longer cue-target onset asynchonies (CTOAs), indicating that inhibition of return (IOR) also occurs in audition. These effects were not observed in later experiments when the go/no-go decision was based on target presence (Experiments 2 and 3) or target frequency (Experiment 4). These data indicate that the facilitatory and inhibitory components of covert spatial orienting occur in audition only when spatial information is relevant to the task. They may also provide the first clear evidence of IOR in audition. These findings suggest that implicit localization provides a powerful technique for studying covert spatial attention. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

An antibody escape-mutant of coxsackievirus B3 / CVB3 (RK strain) was isolated using a neutralising monoclonal antibody against CVB3. This escape-mutant EM1 was then compared with the wt+ strain CVB3 (RK) both in vitro and for its pathogenesis in mice. In vitro EM1 was found to be temperature sensitive at 40°C and less stable on prolonged incubation at 37°C than CVB3 (RK). Also EM1 was slightly growth-restricted in Vero cells, giving yields 2 to 5 fold lower than the parental strain and also has a small plaque phenotype. A similar reduction in viral replication was found in the macrophage cell-line, J774A.1. However growth of EM1 in the Wehi 231 B-cell-line was reduced 10- 20 fold while both EM1 and wt+ were totally restricted in the T-cell-line, EL-4. In vivo. EM1 was found to be less myocarditic while producing equivalent amount of pathological damage in pancreas and liver. Correlating with this equivalent amounts of virus were detected both by plaque assay of tissue homogenates, and in situ hybridization in all tissues apart from spleen and heart. In particular in heart tissue, the ability of the EM1 to replicate and cause damage was much less than the wt+(RK) strain, i.e., EM1 was less cardiovirulent than CVB3 (RK). Sequence analysis of the NTR region and P1 structural gene regions of CVB3 (RK) and EM1 strains following RT/PCR of genomic RNA identified several mutations in EM1 including a single nucleotide change in the E loop of the NTR region and several mutations in P1. The most significant changes appear to be in VP1 where 4 point mutations and a deletion/insertion were identified. One of these is silent but the others are associated with amino acid changes including T to H and F to V substitutions in the BD region of VP1 structure. These mutations most likely explain the lack of reactivity with neutralising MAb and also the reduced heat stability of EM1. / Medicine, Faculty of / Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of / Graduate

This paper describes an attempt to experimentally combine the theories and methods behind research into imagery and cognition with those associated with the Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique (REST). The review of the literature focuses upon changes in imaginal activity attributable to (or easily influenced by) changes in an individual's state of mind (broadly defined) and aspects of the effects of REST, flotation REST in particular, that may contribute to any such state. The choice of changes in memory performance as the dependent measure in the current study is discussed in terms of the broad research base covering the effects of imaginal activity upon memory, and frequent references in the REST literature to both imaginal activity and memory. The reconciliation between the hypothesis that flotation REST would facilitate the beneficial effects of imagery instructions and stimulus attributes upon memory and the failure to support that hypothesis proceeds along two courses. First, the logical approach accepts the statistical evidence as an indication of the limitations to the beneficial effects of flotation REST. The second approach considers the possible role of the curvilinear nature of REST effects and other explanatory concepts which may aid future studies that may yet tap the elusive potential of this environment. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

Objectives: To describe patterns of knowledge regarding the therapeutic management of HIV-disease and concordance with therapeutic guidelines among three groups of British Columbian physicians and to identify possible determinants of these patterns Methods: Anonymous questionnaires were mailed to: all registrants of a province-wide HIV/AIDS drug treatment program (Group-G, n=659); all physicians who had a patient test HIV positive since 1989 (Group-H, n=816); and a random sample selected from the remaining physicians of British Columbia (Group-R, n=484). Questionnaires provided information about: physician demographic, personal and professional characteristics; level of current and total HIV-related experience; and knowledge of the use of therapeutic strategies including vaccinations, clinical tests, laboratory tests and antiretroviral therapy in the context of HIV patient care. An extended version of the survey sent to Group-G physicians requested additional information about the management of HIV-related opportunistic infections (OIs). Summary scores of patient care knowledge were computed by comparing physician responses to questions pertaining to knowledge of clinical management with recommendations made in contemporary therapeutic guidelines. Linear regression was used to identify associations between physician characteristics and knowledge scores. Results: Complete information was received from 38% of G-Group and 50% of Groups H and R, with limited demographic and experiential information obtained from a further 27%, 18% and 20% of groups G, H and R respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant inverse relationship between physician knowledge and age in all groups (all p<0.02). Increased knowledge scores were also associated with the number of active HIV positive patients in groups G and H (all p<0.001) and lack of specialty training in groups H and R (all p< 0.001). Regarding the additional information gathered from Group-G respondents, physicians practising in Vancouver were more knowledgeable about 01 prophylaxis (p=0.047) while those with medical specialty training were more knowledgeable about the treatment of these illnesses (p=0.009). Conclusion: The data provides evidence of substantial heterogeneity in physician's preferred approaches to the therapeutic management of HIV disease and considerable deviation from contemporary guidelines. The level of concordance with these guidelines is associated with physician characteristics, most notably age, medical specially training and level of current HIV-related experience. / Medicine, Faculty of / Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of / Graduate

The modelling of wave propagation in multiconductor transmission line involves full matrices for the wave propagation and characteristic impedances functions. Modal decomposition, as in the fdLine model in the EMTP, leads to an elegant and numerically efficient solution, even in the presence of frequency dependent parameters. The advantages of modal decomposition are lost, however, when the transformation matrix relating modal and phase quantities cannot be assumed constant and real but is complex and changes with frequency. This is the case, for instance, when there is strong conductor asymmetry in multicircuit transmission lines and cable systems. A number of alternatives have been proposed to solve the problem of frequency dependent transformation matrices: from frequency synthesis of the transformation matrices to working directly in the phase domain. Both of these approaches, however, have drawbacks. Direct synthesis of the transformation matrices with stable rational functions is difficult because the eigenvectors that make up the columns of these matrices are not uniquely defined at each frequency point. Direct phase-domain modelling is also difficult because an N-phase transmission line has N propagation modes and N time delays and the N2 elements of [Aphase] are a combinations of these basic travelling times and modes. The idempotent Line Model (idLine) expresses the line propagation function as a matrix directly in phase coordinates [Aphase] (thus avoiding modal transformation matrices), but the expression is in terms of the N natural propagation modes (thus avoiding mixed-up travelling times). With idempotent decomposition, the line propagation matrix can be written as a combination of the modal propagation functions with the idempotent matrices as weighting factors. As opposed to the eigenvectors, which are defined only up to an arbitrary complex constant, the idempotent coefficient matrices are uniquely defined at each frequency point. In the idempotent line model, each scalar modal propagation function is synthesised in the frequency domain using a rational function approximation for the wave shaping and the mode's travelling time for the wave delay. The elements of the idempotent matrices are relatively simple functions of frequency that can also be synthesised using rational function approximations. The proposed model is very accurate and numerically stable. A number of simulations are presented and comparisons are made between the new model, the traditional fdLine model, and the "exact" solution obtained with the frequency domain program FDTP. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of / Graduate