Dysfunction in the cortical regulation of subcortical dopamine (DA) neurotransmission has been proposed to contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, before such a hypothesis can be fully described, it is necessary to establish the normal functional interactions of these systems. To this end, in vivo microdialysis was used to measure extracellular subcortical DA concentrations during electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and during feeding in rats. Because excitatory amino acids such as glutamate (Glu) are thought to be the predominant neurotransmitters used by cortical projection neurons, assessing the contributions of Glu receptors to DA release evoked by cortical stimulation and feeding has been the primary focus of these experiments. Bilateral electrical stimulation of the PFC produced a rapid, current-dependent increase in DA release in the striatum and nucleus accumbens (NAc). This response was not affected by local application of the ionotropic Glu receptor antagonist kynurenic acid (KYN). In contrast, local application of the metabotropic Glu receptor agonist ACPD blocked the effects of cortical stimulation. Application of the ionotropic Glu receptor antagonists, AP5 and CNQX, in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) blocked the effect of stimulation on accumbal DA release. Thus, the PFC modulates subcortical DA release and this effect relies on Glu receptors in the VTA but not the NAc. Given that electrical stimulation is an artificial stimulus, it was deemed worthwhile to investigate the role of glutamatergic mechanisms in regulating DA release occurring under natural conditions, i.e. during feeding. Thus, in rats deprived of food for 18 hours, feeding resulted in substantial increases in DA release in the NAc. This effect was potentiated by local application of KYN and was blocked by local ACPD application. The effect of feeding was also markedly attenuated by application of ionotropic Glu receptor antagonists in the VTA. Thus, the neurochemical mechanisms regulating feeding-evoked DA release are consistent with those regulating cortical stimulation-evoked DA release. These results demonstrate that Glu receptor mechanisms in the VTA mediate increases in DA transmission in the NAc evoked by a variety of stimuli. Secondary to this effect, local Glu receptors inhibit basal and evoked DA release in the NAc. / Medicine, Faculty of / Graduate

This study is a qualitative investigation of a person-centered support option called micro boards. A micro board is a small non profit society comprised of family and friends who assist persons with disabilities to develop individualized housing and support options. Defining features of the micro board project include direct funding to individuals with disabilities to secure housing and support options, freedom to choose where and with whom to live, and autonomy in hiring and defining the nature of personal care and support. Three persons with severe disabilities were the primary focus of this study. These individuals required extensive supports in all aspects of daily living including feeding, dressing, and mobility. They resided in three separate subsidized or cooperative living arrangements in a large urban centre in the Province of British Columbia. Two organizations central to the micro board project were also a focus of study. The study period was eighteen months. Qualitative techniques were employed to collect and analyze data regarding lifestyle quality in the micro board project, and organizational assumptions and characteristics inherent in this support paradigm. Results indicated that all three participants with disabilities experienced positive lifestyle gains as a result of the micro board project. Direct funding and the freedom to choose accommodation and individualized support structures were identified as axial to lifestyle quality. Participants also experienced increased community participation and expanding networks of social support as a result of the micro board project. An analysis of the characteristics and themes embedded in the multiple case studies identified five responsive organizational characteristics which contributed to the development of the micro board project, and assisted in the achievement of a quality life in the community for the three participants in this study: willingness to change; inclusion of persons with disabilities and their families in organizational policy; small, flexible support structures; collaborative planning; and a holistic view of support grounded in social justice. These results are discussed in relation to previous research done in this area. Inferences are made about how factors such as lifestyle planning, empowerment, personal perceptions of disability, and responsive support systems influenced lifestyle quality. Parallels are drawn to related health care fields, and a restructuring of disability support is explored. Limitations of the research are identified, and potential areas for further research are suggested. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

An important aspect of causal inference is assessing the contingency between antecedents and outcomes. Research on how people integrate contingency information has focused on identifying the "best" rule to descriptively model the information integration process. In contrast to this ruleanalytic approach, the present feature-analytic approach asks the question, "What features are important in describing the information integration process?" Five key propositions of the present account are that (a) people prefer strategies that involve contrasting data with conflicting implications to strategies that involve seeking only confirmatory or marginal-frequency data, (b) people weigh positive information more heavily than negative information, (c) people are biased toward testing sufficiency rather than necessity, (d) people are biased toward strategies that cohere with the perceived direction of time (input tests) rather than those that violate this perception (outcome tests), and (e) people are biased toward probability strategies that enable comparability across data contexts rather than frequency strategies that do not. In three experiments, subjects received contingency information on two, temporally sequenced, binary variables in numeric summary format. Subjects were asked to rate the direction and magnitude of the causal relation between the two variables based on the contingency information provided. Results of Experiments 1-3, corroborated by a reanalysis of data from two published experiments employing a discrete-trial method for presenting stimuli, strongly supported the first four propositions. To test the fifth proposition, I reanalyzed data from five published experiments in addition to an analysis of data from Experiment 3. Results indicated that within each data context preferences for either frequency, conditional-probability, or joint-probability strategies emerged, but across contexts consistent preferences for one type of combination method was lacking. Taken together, the findings indicate that invariant properties of the information integration process in causal inference can be isolated but these consist of systematic feature preferences rather than stable rankings of rules in terms of their predictive utility. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

Agricultural activities in the Pampanga river Basin (PRB) are threatened by the increasing population and development thrusts of the Philippine government. This study was conducted to develop a framework by which problems, initiatives, and interactions among land-use changes, water quality and governance issues may be assessed employing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. Stream stations were sampled for nitrate, phosphate, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand and pH. Land-use changes were analyzed through GIS, while land-use planning was investigated through workshop participation and review of government plans. Agricultural land increased 0.6% annually from 1953 to 1980 due to conversion of grasslands, wetlands and forests to agriculture, and declined 0.5 % annually from 1980 to 1993 due to expansion of settlements. A provincial land-use plan would accelerate conversion rather than protect agricultural lands. Water quality in the Pampanga river and its tributaries is deteriorating in both the spatial and temporal dimensions. The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo was responsible for increased levels of ortho-phosphate, TDS, and temperature in streams, but the low DO during the start of the rainy season and the high nitrate-N concentrations are indicators of human influence on water quality. Streams with catchments having the same predominant land-use classification exhibited similar trends in water quality. Animal species in different area classifications also affected water quality at different flow periods. Buffer analysis on 500 metre zone along the streams gave best values. The effect of runoff is altered by the type of land-use, specifically the presence of rice fields. The management of nitrate-N based on a nitrogen budget revealed that animal manure and inorganic fertilizer are major sources of nitrogen in the basin. The hotspot areas are catchments with large settlement areas, and/or with a very high animal population. Alternative scenarios revealed no significant changes in water quality even with a three-fold increase in animal production or 10 % agricultural land conversion. A cautious optimism is anticipated in involving the barangay captains in the overall management of the environment, in particular, the control of stream pollution that endangers the fishing industry. / Science, Faculty of / Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for / Graduate

"Nineteenth-Century Archaeology and the Retrieval of the Past: Carlyle, Scott, Bulwer-Lytton, Pater, and Haggard" shows that the recovery, analysis, and interpretation of material history was a model for investigating, re-creating, and reinventing the past in Thomas Carlyle's "Past and Present" (1843), Walter Scott's "The Antiquary" (1816), Edward Bulwer-Lytton's "The Last Days of Pompeii" (1834), Walter Pater's "The Renaissance" (1873) and "Greek Studies" (1895), and H. Rider Haggard's "She". (1887). Through the self-conscious use of archaeological language and methodology, the authors of these fictional and nonfiction texts composed what I term "narratives of continuity," in which the retrieval of artifacts is a tangible means of drawing connections between past and present. These narratives illustrate teleological interpretations of history espoused by archaeologists, who themselves sought prefigurements of modern culture as they studied archaeological records. This thesis in part examines philosophic, scientific, and political thought underlying the penchant in these texts to link past and present as a means of sustaining historical identity and thereby validating present institutions. To the Victorians, archaeology was an authenticating medium for the material consolidation of tradition. The archaeological themes and language in these texts have a counterpart in their form. Devices such as editorial "framing" and narrative "stratification" contribute to the sense of text as archaeological site. These texts are "sites" for the recovery and substantiation of the past. They also chart developments in archaeology over the course of the nineteenth century. The archaeological trope evolves with archaeology's maturation from amateur antiquarianism (reflected in Scott's 1816 novel The Antiquary) to the first glimpses of professional and scientific archaeology at the end of the century depicted in Haggard's "She" (1887). Narratives of continuity, moreover, emanate from several fields of Victorian archaeology. The writings of Carlyle, Scott, Bulwer-Lytton, Pater, and Haggard depict a range of archaeological activity spanning domestic excavation to foreign archaeology in the Middle East, Egypt, Greece, Italy, and South Africa. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

In mammalian hibernators, metabolism varies dramatically between deep hibernation and arousal. This change is reflected in tissue glycolytic and oxidative capacities. This thesis investigated cellular and tissue metabolism in the different stages of hibernation in ground squirrels. Total liver ATP content was not different between deep hibernation, arousal, and summer euthermia. In vivo 31P-NMR spectroscopy showed no change in liver and skeletal muscle high energy phosphate content during arousal. This observation indicates that metabolism is well regulated, and ATP consumption must be reduced to a similar degree as ATP production in hibernation. I predicted a reduced metabolic rate (Vo2) in hepatocytes isolated from animals in deep hibernation relative to cells from euthermic squirrels. At 37°C, Vo2 was 20% - 25% higher in hepatocytes from hibernating, aroused and summer cold acclimated animals than in cells from summer euthermic controls. Na+/K+ ATPase, considered an important ATP consumer in mammalian tissues, accounted for only around 15% of cellular Vo2 at 37°C, and this proportion did not change with hibernation state. When measured at 7°C, no difference in hepatocyte Vo2 was found between hibernation states. A CO2 induced intracellular acidification of 0.1 - 0.2 pH units did not affect Vo2 at 37°C or 7°C. I hypothesized that the higher metabolic capacities of hepatocytes from hibernating and aroused animals may permit higher rates of biosynthetic functions, important during periodic arousals. At 37°C gluconeogenic rates from lactate/pyruvate were 63% higher in hepatocytes from hibernating squirrels than those from summer control animals. With glycerol, these rates in the hibernating, aroused and cold acclimated states were twice that of summer state. No differences in activities of key gluconeogenic enzymes or oxidative efficiencies between hibernation states were found. Endogenous rates of ketone body production were higher in hepatocytes from hibernating S. lateralis, but with 3mM palmitate as substrate, no differences were evident. From these studies I conclude that metabolism remains well regulated, balanced and flexible throughout the hibernation cycle. This unique metabolice organization may permit energetic savings by allowing for a reduced Vb2 in deep hibernation, and an elevated VO2 during arousal to support high biosynthetic rates, thereby minimizing arousal durations and their attendant thermogenic demands. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

This thesis describes double-resonance solid-state NMR connectivity experiments involving quadrupolar and spin-1/2 nuclei. Cross-polarization, transferred-echo double-resonance (TEDOR), rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR), and dipolar-dephasing difference experiments were used to determine connectivities via the heteronuclear dipolar-couplings between quadrupolar and spin-1/2 nuclei. Two-dimensional extensions of the cross-polarization and TEDOR experiments reveal connectivities between specific resonances in two-dimensional correlation spectra. Cross-polarization experiments were performed between 27Al and 31P nuclei in the aluminophosphate molecular sieves VPI-5 and AIPO4-8, and an experimental investigation of the parameters controlling the efficiency of the transfer is presented. REDOR, TEDOR, and dipolar-dephasing difference experiments are also demonstrated. Increased efficiency in cross-polarization experiments involving quadrupolar nuclei is obtained between 27Al and 31P spins in VPI-5 by carrying out the cross-polarization step with the spinning axis parallel to the applied magnetic field. After the cross-polarization step, the spinning axis is rapidly switched to the "magic angle" for detection of the high-resolution signal. The experiments developed for 27Al and 31P nuclei were extended to 27Al and 29Si nuclei for a series of representative zeolite frameworks, in which there is a relative enhancement of a given Si resonance which is approximately linear with the number of aluminum atoms in the neighbouring tetrahedral sites. Further extensions of the techniques to include 11B, 23Na, and 29Si nuclei are demonstrated for borosilicate glasses. The 27Al/ 31P and 27Al/29 Si connectivity experiments were used to determine the method of silicon substitution and reveal the presence of three types of aluminum environments in the sihcoaluminophosphate molecular sieve SAPO-37. The experiments. were also applied to the aluminophosphate AIPO4-5, confirming that the octahedral aluminum formed upon hydration remains bonded in the framework. For the first time, INEPT and DEPT experiments were performed in the solidstate. These experiments utilize coherence-transfer based on heteronuclear J-couplings to detect through-bond connectivities. Examples presented show that the experiments are applicable to both quadrupolar and spin-1/2 nuclei, and that only the +1/2 energy levels of the quadrupolar nuclei are involved in the coherence transfer. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

A serious drawback in the use of the anticonvulsant agent valproic acid (VPA) is the drug associated liver toxicity characterized by microvesicular steatosis frequently accompanied by necrosis. The main objective of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that the hepatotoxicity of VPA is due to the formation of reactive toxic metabolites. Firstly, metabolic activation of VPA was investigated by detection and characterization of drug-related thiol conjugates. Combined LC / MS / MS and NMR evidence clearly identified 5-GS-3-ene VPA-glucuronide I in the bile of rats dosed with (E)-2,4-diene VPA which is suspected to play a key role in VPA hepatotoxicity. Sufficient on-line LC / MS / MS data were obtained to indicate the presence of the NACglucuronide di-conjugate of (E)-2,4-diene VPA in both rat bile and urine. The amount of biliary 5-GS-3-ene VPA-glucuronide I was 7-fold greater than 5-GS-3-ene VPA, the sum of the two metabolites accounting for 6.6% of the dose. Incubation of 2,4-diene VPA-glucuronide with GSH in the presence of glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme led to the formation of the GSH-glucuronide di-conjugate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first recorded instance in which glucuronide formation activates a drug to further conjugate with GSH via a Michael addition reaction. In other experiments, LC / MS / MS analysis of bile samples collected from rats dosed with 4-ene VPA, an analogue of the known hepatotoxicant 4-pentenoic acid (4PA), indicated the presence of the GSH, cysteinylglycine, cysteine and NAC conjugates of 4,5-epoxy VPA and (E)-2,4-diene VPA , respectively. Quantitatively, the biliary thiol conjugates accounted for 5% of the dose. This observation is novel for 4- ene VPA metabolism in terms of the degradation of GSH conjugates possibly occurring within the liver as opposed to an inter-organ process which involves the kidney. The GSH - and NAC-glucuronide di-conjugates of (E)-2,4-diene VPA were also identified as metabolites with 5-GS-3-ene VPA-glucuronide I representing 0.03% of the 4-ene VPA dose. Taken together, these data clearly indicate that reactive metabolites of VPA can react with hepatic GSH via several different metabolic pathways, the subsequent depletion of GSH having potential toxic consequences. Additionally, (E)-2,4-diene VPA, in its esterified forms, was demonstrated to be capable of alkylating reduced oxytocin at the free cysteine residues, implicating a direct modification of critical proteins by the diene metabolite of VPA . The role of GST in the conjugation of GSH with (E)-2,4-diene VPA was investigated using rat liver subcellular fractions as the source of GST enzymes. The GST mediated conjugation of GSH with (E)-2,4-diene VPA A/-acetylcysteamine thioester, a structural mimic of the corresponding CoA thioester, resulted in two isomeric products via either 5,6- or 1,6-addition, in agreement with in vivo observations. Only the 1,6-addition product was found for the spontaneous reaction of GSH with the unsaturated thioester (control). Quantitatively, GSH conjugates formed in the presence of the cytosol and sonic disrupted mitoplasts were 23- and 2-fold that of control, respectively. No reaction could be detected upon a mix of GSH with the free acid form of (E)-2,4-diene VPA. The results indicate that GST enzymes enhance the addition of GSH to (E)-2,4-diene VPA with the esterified diene being essential for the reaction. To further examine the metabolic activation hypothesis, oc-fluoro-4-ene VPA which was expected to be inert to p-oxidative metabolism was synthesized and its effect on rat liver studied in comparison with 4-ene VPA . Following treatment of rats for 5 days, 4-ene VPA, but not a-fluoro-4-ene VPA, induced severe hepatic microvesicular steatosis (> 8 5% affected hepatocytes) and alterations in mitochondria. Similar results were obtained when 4-pentenoic acid and 2,2-difluoro-4-pentenoic acid were compared. The p-oxidation product of 4-ene VPA, namely (E)-2,4-diene VPA , and the ^-acetylcysteine (NAC) conjugate of the diene could not be detected in rats administered oc-fluoro-4-ene VPA . In a separate acute study, mitochondrial GSH was determined to remain unchanged in rats treated with cc-fluoro-4-ene VPA but was reduced to 68% of control in those administered 4-ene VPA . These data are consistent with results derived from metabolic studies, suggesting that formation of a reactive intermediate is a key step in the events leading to 4-ene VPA, and possibly VPA, induced liver injury with depletion of mitochondrial GSH as one of the causative factors. A subsequent investigation was carried out to compare 4-ene VPA and a-fluoro- 4-ene VPA for their pharmacokinetic and protein binding properties. The serum concentration-time profiles of 4-ene VPA and a-fluoro-4-ene VPA were observed to resemble one another during the initial 200 min within which differences were apparent for the drug effects on mitochondrial GSH . The major phase II metabolites were the L-glutamine conjugate for cc-fluoro-4-ene VPA and the glucuronide ester for 4-ene VPA . The toxic metabolite (E)-2,4-diene VPA and its NAC conjugate were again detected only in 4-ene VPA treated rats. Despite differences in metabolism, the disposition to rat liver, the serum peak and free concentrations were comparable for 4-ene VPA and ocfluoro- 4-ene VPA. Thus, the apparent distinction between the two drugs in producing liver toxicity in rats is unlikely to be associated with pharmacokinetic differences. Finally, because of the apparent nonhepatotoxic property of a-fluoro-4-ene VPA , a-fluoro VPA was evaluated for anticonvulsant activity in mice. The ED50 of the drug was determined to be 1.7 mmol/kg with the peak activity occurring at 45 - 60 min following the dose, in contrast to 10 min for VPA . Subsequent kinetic studies revealed that the brain uptake of a-fluoro VPA was slower, the peak brain concentration arriving 45 min later than in the serum, whereas the peak brain level of VPA coincided with the peak serum level occurring within 15 min of the dose. On the other hand, a-fluoro VPA appeared to persist in the general circulation, resulting in its apparent slow elimination from the brain. a-Fluoro VPA was demonstrated to have anticonvulsant activity in the pentamethylenetetrazole seizure test in mice and to be capable of increasing brain synaptosomal GABA, although the connection between these two events remains to be clarified. These results suggest that a-fluoro VPA has potential as a new anticonvulsant drug. / Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of / Graduate

Four studies were conducted with the aim of developing a measure of narcissism that, unlike previous measures, is not inherently pathological. In Study 1, the NPI—the closest approximation to such a measure—was administered to a large-scale sample. Two separate Principal Component Analyses (PCAs) failed to replicate its reported structure, and revealed further psychometric problems. Use of an alternative item format (Likert ratings) was shown to yield much higher reliabilities than the original forced-choice format. Using the Likert item-format, the Profile of Narcissistic Dispositions (POND) was developed in Study 2. The items were based on a comprehensive analysis of the literature on "normal" narcissism. Five reliable subscales emerged from an oblique factor analysis. All five loaded substantially on the first unrotated principal component. The relationship of the POND to established self-report measures was also explored. In Study 3, the POND's structure was replicated and empirical relations were expanded: In particular, the POND showed negative correlations with various self-reports of psychopathology. In Study 4, the POND was shown to predict peer ratings of narcissism. Further peer-ratings elaborated the character of normal narcissism, that is, an interpersonal style that is marked by a dominant and secure but disagreeable social presence. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

Cell division in higher eukaryotes is mainly controlled by p34cdc2, a serine/ threonine protein kinase, and/or related kinases, and by other components of these kinase complexes. I present evidence that CDC2-like kinases also occur in the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia. The protein encoded by the isolated Paramecium cdc2 homologue did not bind to pl3sucl , was localized in the macronucleus, its associated kinase activity was high at the initiation of macronuclear DNA synthesis, and it was active as a monomer. To study the relationship between the cellular and molecular events of cell cycle regulation, synchronous cultures are essential. However, in Paramecium, the only reliable technique for obtaining synchronous cell populations has been hand-selection of dividing cells. This technique is only useful for small samples and impractical for biochemical analysis. In this thesis, centrifugal ehxtriation, which fractionates the cell population on the basis of sedimentation properties with minimal perturbation of metabolic function, was applied to the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia. Only the smallest cell fractions were well synchronized and exhibited synchrony and cell cycle duration equivalent to hand-selected samples. These small cell fractions consisted of a highly synchronous G1 cell population, which was easily obtained by this technique and used for all subsequent molecular and biochemical analysis. With a combination of various polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, a cdc2 homologous sequence was isolated from Paramecium which is referred to as cdc2PtA. The genomic Paramecium cdc2PtA gene contained two short introns near the 5'-end. The corresponding amino acid sequence exhibited about 50 % identity to the cdc2 proteins of other eukaryotes. The Paramecium cdc2PtA gene-encoded protein was 11 amino acids longer than that of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. It had most of the catalytic sites required for CDC2 kinase activity, especially those phosphorylation sites which regulate CDC2 kinase activity in other organisms. There was one amino acid change in the highly conserved PSTAIRE region and other changes in regions which are required for interaction with other regulatory proteins, especially the pl3*"e / binding sites. Southern blot analysis as well as isolation of a second incomplete cDNA sequence from the 3'-end indicated that Paramecium has multiple cdc2 genes. Northern blotting results showed that the Paramecium cdc2PtA gene was much more strongly expressed in actively dividing cells than in starved stationary phase cells in which cdc2PtA mRNA was almost undetectable. There was no significant change in cdc2PtA mRNA level throughout the vegetative cell cycle. Polyclonal antibodies were produced against both a synthetic peptide from the C-tenninal region and a GSTCDC2PTA fusion protein which contained a third of the Paramecium cdc2PtA protein from the N-terminal region. Both antibodies recognized a 36 kDa polypeptide on Western blots. The antibodies did not cross-react with protein extracts from Tetrahymena or S. pombe, nor with the Paramecium 34 kDa polypeptide which was detected by anti- PSTATJRE antibody. The Paramecium CDC2PTA protein level decreased slightly when cells entered stationary phase and was invariant throughout the cell cycle, similar to its transcription pattern. Indirect immunofluorescence results showed that Paramecium CDC2PTA protein was located in the macronucleus, but not observed in the micronuclei or cytoplasm Upon starvation, the strength of the fluorescence signal in the macronucleus dropped slightly, consistent with the result from Western blotting. Native Paramecium CDC2PTA kinase was immunoprecipitated with the Paramecium CDC2PTA specific antibody. The precipitated CDC2PTA kinase phosphorylated both bovine histone HI and casein in vitro, but not retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Using histone HI as substrate, CDC2PTA kinase activity was assayed in the ehitriation synchronized samples. Histone HI kinase activity was high during the early stages of the cell cycle and reached a peak at around 2.5 hr after ehitriation, which corresponded approximately to the time of the initiation of macronuclear DNA synthesis. This suggests that the isolated Paramecium CDC2PTA kinase may be associated with the regulation of macronuclear DNA synthesis. When Paramecium extracts were probed with anti-PSTAIRE antibody, two polypeptides were detected. The major one migrated at 36 kDa was apparently recognized by anti-CDC2PTA antibody. The minor one migrated at the same position as S. pombe p34cde2 protein. Only the faster migrating one showed affinity for p 13™c7 protein. The phosphotransferase activity of the p13sucl / precipitable protein was very low at early stages and increased at around 1.5 hr before cell division. This kinase activity increase corresponded to the point of commitment to division in Paramecium. Immunoprecipitation results showed that Paramecium CDC2PTA kinase occurred principally as monomers. This was further confirmed by glycerol density gradient centrifugation and gel filtration. These monomers were active as a histone HI kinase in vitro. These observations indicate that isolated Paramecium CDC2-like kinase differs from typical CDC2 kinases in terms of interaction with and regulation by other cell cycle regulatory components. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate