Correlations between single self-ratings of intelligence and IQ are rather small (.20-.25) in college samples. Possible improvements in traditional methods were investigated by employing (a) indirect questions and (b) aggregation. To evaluate these improvements, we compared the validity of aggregated and unaggregated versions of direct measures with four indirect measures: Gough's Intellectual efficiency scale, Hogan's Intellect composite scale, Sternberg's Behavior Check List, and Trapnell's Smart scale. We also compared the performance of a novel self-report measure, Paulhus' Over-Claiming Questionnaire, which shares properties of IQ tests and self-report measures. All measures were administered to two large samples of undergraduates (Ns = 310, 326), who also took an IQ test. Results with traditional self - reports showed that both direct and indirect measures can reliably predict IQ scores but the validity cap appears to be .30 in our competitive college sample. As a rule, the most valid of the traditional items were global characterizations of mental ability; Aggregation benefited indirect more than direct measures. The novel measure, the Over-Claiming Questionnaire, outperformed all other measures with a validity cap of about .50. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

This thesis explores the dynamics and complexities of the press-politician relationship in the context of the British Columbia Legislature and Press Gallery. The relationship is examined from theoretical, historical/institutional, practical, and political perspectives. The evidence presented suggests that although the press-politician relationship is necessarily symbiotic, it is also characterized by conflict and attempts by both press and politicians to achieve independence of each other. As such, the relationship is most accurately described as one of "adversarial symbiosis." The sources of strain and the constructive elements of the relationship work in tandem to move the province closer to the ideals of legislative democracy as the relationship evolves over time. Provincial press galleries are notoriously under-documented, both through independent research and through their own administration. To date, there has not been a comprehensive study of the British Columbia Press Gallery as an institution of the Legislature. As a result, this thesis relies heavily on oral history, provided through semi-structured interviews with current and former members of the Press Gallery, and published biographies of B.C. journalists and politicians. This thesis was also informed by a review of the existing literature on the Canadian, Australian and British Parliamentary Press Galleries, archival research at the B.C. Legislative Library and Press Gallery offices and personal observation and analysis afforded by the author's six-month Legislative Internship in the B.C. Legislature. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Understory vegetation in relation to coarse woody debris (CWD) was studied in six forest ecosystems which were located in six biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia. Sample plots were located in each ecosystem and transect lines were used to set vegetation sample quadrats. Size of CWD was measured and classified into three classes based on the degree of decay. Vegetation on each decay class of CWD and forest floor was sampled and compared within each ecosystem and among different ecosystems using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Effects of log size and canopy closure on the understory vegetation were also studied by regression analysis. The stands' structure in terms of species, DBH (diameter at breast height), and crown canopy was also measured. In total, 245 plant species were identified in this study, including 8 tree species seedlings, 30 shrubs, 58 herbs and grasses, 8 ferns, 54 mosses, 28 liverworts (hepatics), and 59 lichens. All together, 169 species inhabited CWD one third of which were confined to it. CWD is particularly important to non-vascular plants, especially lichens (in a dry forest) and liverworts (in a moist forest) for 95% of the lichens arid 96% of the liverworts were found on CWD. CWD is also important to mosses, but the number of species and the abundance were also high on the forest floor. Among wood inhabiting (lignicolous) plants, lichens and liverworts are more sensitive to light, moisture, as well as rooting substratum than mosses. Lichens prefer dry and open forests and are more abundant on relatively fresh logs. Liverworts, in contrast, prefer moist and dense forests and are more abundant on medium or well decayed logs. As a habitat, CWD is an important site for tree seedling regeneration, especially well decayed ones. Results also showed that the abundances of different plant types (basically functional groups) were related to the degree of log decay. CWD has effects on the distribution and abundance of bryophyte growth-forms, e.g. mat type growth-forms and short turfs were more richly represented as wood-inhabiting species whereas weft type growth-forms were widely distributed on both CWD and forest floor, and their abundance increased as wood decay increased with the peak appearing on the forest floor. Analyses showed that vegetation/plant communities on CWD were significantly different from those on the forest floor in each of the six ecosystems. In general, forest floor vegetation was more different from each other than CWD vegetation among the study ecosystems. Evidence showed that log size and canopy closure had impact on species richness/diversity (number of species per unit area in this context) and the number of species was logarithmically correlated with log size and quadratically correlated with canopy closure. Usually, the larger the logs the more species were found, and there was a trend that this increase of species number diminished and then nearly leveled off when logs reached a certain size. However, the canopy - species relationship is different. The highest number of species was found under canopy closures of 65 - 75% and this number decreased with increase or decrease of canopy closure. It is concluded that CWD is an important functional element in forest ecosystems. It is important to understory vegetation, especially to non-vascular plants. Therefore, in forest operations, maintaining certain amounts of CWD in different decay stages is essential to maintain biodiversity in forest ecosystems. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

This thesis examines how Neo-traditional Planning has been formed and influenced by European Rationalism and why Christopher Alexander's "New Theory of Urban Design" should be referred to in the literature pertaining to Neo-traditional Planning. There are two rationales for conducting a literature review of Rationalism, Neo-traditional Planning, and " A New Theory of Urban Design". The first rationale is that the current literature is inadequate in explaining the important influence that European Rationalism has had on North American Neo-traditional Planning. The second rationale is that the literature is deficient in that it does not cite Christopher Alexander's "New Theory of Urban Design" as an alternative to Neo-traditional 'Master Planning.' The thesis provides the theoretical basis of Rationalism, Neo-traditional Planning , and " A New Theory of Urban Design" by examining the main proponents of the various theories: Leon Krier and Aldo Rossi with regard to Rationalism; Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater -Zyberk and Peter Calthorpe with regard to Neo-traditional Planning; and Christopher Alexander with regard to a "New Theory of Urban Design." Academic literature in planning, architecture, and urban design were sources used to gather information on the above theorists. The thesis shows how Neo-traditional Planning has been formed and influenced by Rationalism by examining four specific topics: the influence of Leon Krier and Aldo Rossi, mixed-use development, Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk's traditional neighborhood development codes, and Aldo Rossi's typological theory. Lastly, after describing Christopher Alexander's "New Theory" and its basis in both Rationalist and Empiricist theory, the thesis compares Alexander's work with that of the Rationalists/Neo-traditionalists. With an ever increasing number of Neo-traditional developments being built, this thesis suggests that if the planning and design literature made planners more aware of all the influences and theories that Neo-traditional planning is based on, as well as all the alternatives to Neo-traditional Planning, more informed decisions could be made as to what is the appropriate design strategy for a particular community. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The relationship between moral commitment and marital stability is examined within Johnson's (1991) commitment framework using two religious populations. Beliefs and internal factors are emphasized over external constraints and barriers. Johnson's model of commitment is discussed and modified to incorporate beliefs and Johnson's construct of moral commitment assumes central importance in the study. Moral commitment is hypothesized to directly effect marital stability, and moderate the effects of personal and structural commitment on stability. Self-administered questionnaires are distributed to two Brethren churches (fundamentalist) and two United churches (liberal). These Protestant churches are matched by geographic location to control for ethnic and economic differences. Sixty-three participants return the 10-page survey. Bivariate and multivariate analyses are performed on the variables in the commitment model using logistic and multiple regression. The results indicate that both beliefs and moral commitment are significant factors in the study of marital stability. Moral commitment was related to both structural and personal commitment. Despite there being no direct effect between moral commitment and marital stability, moral commitment is related to the other factors of personal and structural commitment which are in turn related to marital stability. Moral commitment did not moderate the effects of personal and structural commitment on marital stability. The results also suggest that gender is an important control variable in commitment theory, with respect to religious populations. Religious beliefs were highly correlated with moral commitment. The age distribution of the participants and small sample size were among the limitations that prevent generalizability of the results to other religious populations. Limited variation in the marital stability scores may have restricted the number and strength of significant findings. It is suggested that future research include both religious and non-religious groups in the study of beliefs as they related to marital stability. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

An important question with respect to radiation therapy is to what degree of accuracy, dose delivery can be achieved in clinical practice. It is well understood that accurate delivery of a specific radiation dose to a target volume is critical to the success of radiation therapy. The use of portal imaging in radiotherapy for verification of field size, shape, orientation and patient setup is of vital importance in delivering successful radiation treatment. One of the modalities used in improving tumor localization and geometric verification of field sizes is the on-line electronic portal imaging device (EPID). In this thesis, the dosimetric characteristics of a scanning liquid - filled ionization chamber electronic portal imaging device (SLIC-EPID) have been investigated. To assess the system's response in relation to radiation beam intensity, a series of characteristic curves were obtained for various field sizes and energies. It was shown that the response of the imaging system was dependent on incident radiation intensity and could be characterized by a square root function to within 1% accuracy. Exit dose measurements with the SLIC - EPID on the central axis of the beam using homogeneous attenuating phantom materials revealed that the Portal Vision™ is capable of measuring the transmission dose to within 3% of standard dosimeters, such as the ionization chamber. For dosimetry applications, additional build-up material on top of the detector cassette of the portal imager is required to calibrate the system prior to dose measurements. Open field and wedged dose profiles of the portal imager show an accuracy of better than 3.5% when compared with those obtained using an ionization chamber in regions near field edges. SLIC-EPIDs, when configured appropriately have the potential of being used as exit dosimeters. They are capable of determining the relative dose at the exit surface of the patient with an accuracy of better than 3.5%. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

The three-dimensional seismic dynamic behaviour of reinforced concrete buildings has not been studied as extensively as their planar behaviour. Experimental studies, although limited, demonstrate that there is significant interaction of torsional response with the response of a building along its two principal axes. In order to gain better understanding of this interaction, a recently developed computer program called CANNY - E was used in this study to evaluate the three-dimensional response of a reinforced concrete structure subjected to prescribe seismic excitations. The purpose of this research was to study the seismic behaviour of a well-instrumented seven story reinforced concrete building in Van Nuys, California. This building has been subjected to ground motions from several earthquakes since 1971 and sustained severe structural damage during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The lateral force resistance of the building is provided by both interior column-slab and exterior column-spandrel beam frames. Typical floor plan dimensions are 19 by 49 meters. The behaviour of the building during three earthquakes having different levels of demand was investigated. The first strong ground excitation that the building experienced was in 1971, during the San Fernando earthquake. The 1987 Whittier and the 1994 Northridge earthquakes were the other two recorded ground excitations used in this study. Detailed time and frequency domain analyses of the recorded motions from these three earthquakes were conducted to determine the dynamic characteristics of the system at the beginning and during each event. Then, three-dimensional, linear and nonlinear dynamic time history analyses of the building were conducted for each earthquake. The results of this study showed that by performing a nonlinear analysis, even based on material properties obtained from the design specifications rather than on material properties determined from core samples, one can effectively predict the real response of a building during an earthquake. The state and sequence of damage could also be predicted. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

In Canadian conflict of laws there is a long-standing rule that foreign penal and tax judgments are excluded from enforcement within Canada (treaties and conventions aside). It is uncertain whether this "penal and tax rule" also extends to "other public law" as pronounced by some English judgments and scholars. Under Swiss law there is a similar rule; however, it extends, with certain limitations, to the whole body of foreign public law. In view of the ongoing trend towards internationalization and globalization, which will require courts to deal more and more with judgment enforcement, the uncertainties that go along with the concept of the exclusionary rule are problematic. Furthermore, the increasing interrelation between private and public law creates considerable doubts with respect to the scope of the exclusionary rule. In the introduction, I discuss the general requirements of judgment enforcement and put some emphasis on the concept of public policy (ordre public). In the following chapters this thesis undertakes a comparative analysis of Canadian and Swiss law with regard to the enforcement of foreign judgments which are based on foreign penal, tax and other public law. Although the legal roots of the "exclusionary rule" of the two jurisdictions are quite different, the analysis shows that there are striking similarities with respect to the results in individual cases. Several justifications for the exclusionary rule have been given. Mostly, courts have simply stated that the rule is about 200 years old and therefore so well established that it cannot be given up. Another explanation for the exclusionary rule holds that the flat refusal to enforce certain categories of judgments causes less embarrassment at the international level than scrutinizing the foreign judgment under the public policy doctrine. Some judges and scholars argue that the enforcement of penal, tax and other public law is prohibited under the principle of territorial sovereignty. After critically reviewing the different justifications, I conclude that none of them is actually convincing. Given the lack of an adequate justification for the exclusionary rule, I attempt to outline how the scope of enforceable judgments could be expanded, considering the peculiarities of both the Canadian and the Swiss legal systems. With respect to Canadian law, I conclude that the principle of comity can serve as an apt basis for a more generous attitude towards foreign tax claims and judgments. With regard to Swiss law, I am of the opinion that the exclusion of all public law judgments is much too broad. However, in the field of enforcement of tax judgments, Swiss courts would have to be empowered by either a treaty or domestic legislation. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to determine whether exercise-induced neutrophil accumulation into striated muscle could be assisted by locally produced myogenic factors. It is hypothesized that a relationship exists between the processes of calpain-mediated muscle injury and the recruitment of neutrophils to the injured sites. To test this hypothesis, male Sprague-Dawley rats (-325 g) were randomly assigned to either a control (n = 10) or an experimental (n = 10) group, where the experimental protocol involved 1 hour of -14% grade running at 25 m/min on a motorized treadmill. Neutrophil chemotaxis assays were conducted on extracts of whole tissue samples of the heart, soleus, and plantaris; processed in phosphate buffered saline for the membrane soluble and cytosolic protein fractions. Chemotaxis was quantified in triplicate across all conditions and normalized to the maximal chemotactic response at 10"7M/MLP. In the membrane soluble fraction, neutrophil chemotaxis was increased in the skeletal muscles following exercise: Condition Control (% max chemotaxis) Exercise (% max chemotaxis) Significance Soleus 9.03 ± 3.03 46.70 ±1.91 p < 0.05 Plantaris 9.31 ± 1.25 22.31 ±4.06 p < 0.05 Heart 7.74 ± 2.73 4.28 ± 1.83 p > 0.05 However, all muscle extracts from the cytosolic fraction reflected a significant decrease in neutrophil chemotaxis following exercise: Condition Control (% max chemotaxis) Exercise (% max chemotaxis) Significance Soleus 31.79 ±14.41 9.26 ±4.63 p < 0.05 Plantaris 16.16 ±4.68 4.97 ± 2.49 p < 0.05 Heart 47.14 ±13.69 10.92 ± 4.74 p < 0.05 These results indicate that there exists a neutrophil chemoattract(s) in muscle. It is plausible that this chemoattactant(s), initially contained within the cytoplasm, could feasibly leak out into the interstitium/circulation mainstream during exercise. To investigate a relationship between calpain-like activity (Ca2+-stimulated proteolysis) and neutrophil accumulation as measured by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, these activites were compared in cardiac and plantaris muscles from male Wistar rats (n = 10) completing 1 hour of running exercise (25 m/min). Exercise promoted increases (p < 0.05) in both calpain-like and MPO activities; ranging from 2.79 to 58.9 U/g wet wt and 0.03 to 4.88 U/g wet wt respectively. Pearson's correlational analysis (r) on calpain-like and MPO activities for cardiac and plantaris data were 0.97 (p < 0.001) and 0.68 (p < 0.05) respectively; with a combined r = 0.83 (p < 0.001) for both muscles across all conditions. To further investigate the extent to which calpain-like activity may promote neutrophil accumulation, another exercise group (n = 5) was pre-injected with the cysteine protease inhibitor, E64c, 1 hour before exercise. Administration of E64c lowered calpain-like and MPO activities by 66% and 56% respectively (average from cardiac and plantaris muscles). From these results it is concluded that: 1) a relationship exists between Ca2 + - stimulated proteolysis and neutrophil accumulation into striated muscle with exercise; and 2) the calpain system is involved in localizing the neutrophilic response associated with exercise. / Education, Faculty of / Kinesiology, School of / Graduate

The classification of forest cover types in the Pacific Coastal Rainforest is a difficult task. The complexity and variability of species compositions and sites makes various cover types arduous to define and identify. This study utilised multitemporal TM satellite data and a combined classification approach to determine if it is possible to discriminate forest cover types of the Carmanah Valley. Landsat TM data from June and September were used to investigate whether seasonal variability can aid in the discrimination. Due to the huge dataset involved, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to reduce data dimensionality to a level that could be easily handled or processed with available image analysis software and enhance the meaning. Results from PCA were used in visual analysis and supervised classification. Classification accuracies for three temporal data sets, June-early summer, September-late summer and a multitemporal set, were compared. Finally, TM data were assessed for their potential to provide information regarding forest age and stocking classes. Results indicated that the degree of correlation between any two bands was related to the amount of spectral contrast. The higher the correlation, the less the spectral contrast and the lower the correlation, the more the spectral contrast. A trend was observed between stand age and digital values. With an increase in stand age, digital values decreased in all TM bands considered. However, the main funding was that the specific forest cover types of the Carmanah Valley can be identified and that time of the year can significantly affect cove-type classification accuracy. Comparison of the classifications of forest cover type showed that the multitempoal approach was significantly better than the single-date classifications. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate