This work deals with the notion of hybridity; an ideal moment of cultural negotiation which results, in the words of Homi Bhabha, in the creation of a 'third space.' This theoretical plateau is formed by two parties whose agendas, while ostensibly conflicting, overlap enough so that each informs the space but neither dominates it . In this case I examine a specific site of hybridity, the "Arrivals Passengers Only" area of the Vancouver International Airport. Here, the space is informed by the presence of works, created by the Coast Salish Musqueam people, in the Airport Terminal, created by the Vancouver International Airport Authority. While this sort of negotiation can be described using positive and progressive terms, and the creation of a third space represents a compelling ideal, I argue that the moment of hybridity within the airport is ultimately undermined by other areas of the building in which no negotiation has taken place. The airport's role as a business necessitates marketing strategies aimed mainly at tourists and other business interests. Since virtually the entire building is devoted to that market, the negotiated hybrid space becomes hidden so that its potential impact is lost. Although participating in the creation of a working model of culture with the Musqueam people, the Airport ends up destabilising that model and the space, the ‘third space,’ which contains it. This particular example points to a site specific aspect of contemporary North American culture by drawing on the local community as a source for investigating that discourse. The thesis, then, has two points of entry; the ephemeral discourse of cultural negotiation and the locally grounded freeze-frame view of one site in contemporary Vancouver. / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate

During the last century, studies of diving physiology and biochemistry made great progress in mechanistically explaining the basic diving response of aquatic mammals and birds. Key components of the diving response (apnea, bradycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, redistribution of cardiac output) were generally taken to be biological adaptations, but the evolution of the diving response has not been seriously examined. This study compares several key characters of the diving response in the pinnipeds using phylogenetically independent contrasts. As the traits examined are known to be functionally important for diving, I expected them to correlate positively with diving ability. Instead, some physiological/biochemical characters considered adaptive for diving do not correlate with diving ability. These traits are similar in phocids (true seals) and otariids (sea lions and fur seals) and include diving apnea and bradycardia (and probably also include tissue hypoperfusion, and hypometabolism of hypoperfused tissues). This finding contradicts the generally accepted theory that these traits are adaptations for extending dive time in pinnipeds. The key components of the diving response are more appropriately seen to be ancestral (plesiomorphic) characters. Another group of physiological/biochemical characters was more variable among the taxa examined. These included body weight, spleen weight, whole body hemoglobin content, and blood volume. Increases in these characters correlate with increased diving capacity (defined as maximum recorded diving duration). This correlation of characters, along with functional knowledge of current utility, leads to the conclusion that changes in two traits - spleen size and whole body oxygen carrying capacities - may have been driven by selection for increased diving duration in pinnipeds. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Real Time Threads (RT Threads) is a threads package which provides real time scheduling semantics, application portability to a variety of host operating systems and hardware architectures, and support for distributed application programming via location transparent message passing between threads in distinct address spaces. RT Threads was initially designed as a programming environment for the development of the Continuous Media File System (CMFS), a distributed multimedia application requiring real time scheduling of asynchronous tasks. In particular, real time scheduling is required for timely disk reading and network transmission of continuous media data at the server nodes, as well as for synchronization of multiple media streams at clients. The goal of this thesis is to show that RT Threads has performance characteristics making it practical for use both as a general purpose threads package, and as a platform for developing applications requiring real time scheduling. In fact, it will be shown that RT Threads peforms acceptably well (for non-critical applications), even in a non-real time operating system environment. / Science, Faculty of / Computer Science, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of a feminist postmodern deconstruction is to reveal the gender ideology and hidden political context embedded within the language of the text. This research project applies this methodology to a body of selected texts concerning women and men in policing as contained in The Journal of Police Science and Administration . This journal is representative of the type and focus of traditional empirical studies on police officers. The deconstruction of these texts reveals how the lives of women and men are inadequately theorized or described in traditional empirical psychology, as feminist criticisms of psychology have noted. Also revealed is the establishment of police psychology as an adjunct of policing and together they convey the masculine as normative. In this way, psychology and policing adhere to the dominant discourse of patriarchy that marginalizes women's transforming contributions to both these fields. This analysis indicates how using the perspectives of feminist postmodernism can help design and implement research that achieves an emancipatory psychology. In turn, the results of this study influence recommendations for counselling psychology. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

This thesis is concerned with the analysis and evaluation of adaptive silence deletion as a means to compress telephone voice signals bandlimited to the range 200-3400 Hz. Speech is accompanied by noise arising from various environmental factors such as poor reception, interference of radio signals from mobile or cordless units, audible mechanical or social activities in the surroundings, and the conventional crosstalk and hum in the telephone system. A speech compression system based on significant modifications to an existing silence deletion algorithm has been implemented. Effects of the various system parameters on the operation of the system, as applied to telephone speech samples, are studied and analyzed graphically. Quality of the speech compression is assessed with subjective listening tests. With minimal algorithmic complexity and delay, the application of silence coding together with 4-bit ADPCM speech coding can compress uncoded telephone speech from an original bit rate of 128 kbps down to 16 kbps. Analysis of system performance shows that a processing frame size of 8 to 16 milliseconds yields the best combination of speech quality and compression efficiency. A set of system parameters is found to give robust performance in a wide range of operating environments, with different or varying speech and noise levels. Good playback quality resulting from compressed speech recorded in quiet and also in noisy environments is achieved at 50 percent compression, equivalent to half the bit rate of ADPCM. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Nonspecific adsorption of protein to interfaces is pervasive in nature and has both positive and negative consequences which are of interest to scientists and engineers. Previous studies on protein adsorption have indicated that adsorption is driven by a complex set of subprocesses rather than a single effect, and that the overall process is usually irreversible as verified by the lack of traceability between the ascending isotherm (increasing bulk protein concentration) and the descending isotherm (decreasing bulk protein concentration). These irreversible energetic effects have been neglected in current models describing protein adsorption which are entirely based on reversible thermodynamics. The objective of this thesis is to develop a thermodynamic framework describing the energies associated with nonspecific adsorption of protein to a liquid/solid interface, incorporating both the apparently reversible (quasi-equilibrium) and irreversible components of the process. To demonstrate the theory, a model system was chosen: the adsorption of hen egg-white lysozyme, to particulate silica in 50-rnM KC1 at pH 7 and 37°C. Isothermal titration calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and isotherm measurements are combined with our thermodynamic framework and a theory by Everett to show that two major subprocesses, restructuring of the protein upon adsorption and formation of multiple contacts between the protein and sorbent surface, are the major contributors to the irreversibility of the process. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Database designers usually spend much time integrating database views created by different users. This is because different users have different perceptions of the real world. Therefore, conflicts exist between database views. The most common conflicts found are naming and structural ones. Wagner (1989) suggests four characteristics (name, meaning, construct and context) that can be used to identify and distinguish database elements. He also provides a complete solution for the inter-view conflicts. Finally, he derives some heuristic rules that are used to determine similar database elements. However, Wagner's approach does not provide database designers with an efficient conflict analysis procedure. Moreover, no direction is given to database designers for the comparison of different database elements. So, database designers have to compare unnecessary elements. The objective of this research is to lessen the requirement of the view integration system to interact with database designers during a conflict analysis. A more efficient method of conflict analysis is outlined which compares elements in the following order: 1) entities, 2) relatedness, 3) relationships and 4) attributes. Fuzzy logic is also used to provide database designers with some numerical analysis of the degree of similarity between entities. This concept is used at the stage of entities and relatedness identification. The improved view integration system reduces much of the database designers' workload by comparing fewer elements during the conflict analysis. / Business, Sauder School of / Management Information Systems, Division of / Graduate

The present study identifies some particular concepts in moral education, namely self-respect and respect for persons, clarifies the meaning of these concepts through the analysis of philosophical literature and synthesizes the characteristics of persons that are said to possess the virtues or values in question. The second major objective of the study was to pursue the argument that just as it is the case with science concepts, for example, moral concepts must be clearly understood and the components that bear upon them clearly identified before they are implemented in the curriculum. The second objective was facilitated by examining educational literature on the subjects of self-respect and respect for persons, comparing the philosophical and the educational usages of the constructs and pointing out problems of curricular implementation which could be attributed to lapses between them. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

In the last twenty years there have been various studies that have examined physiologic demands of rowing for the competitive athlete, however most of the literature focuses on male rowers. Now with the growing popularity of women's rowing programs at both collegiate and national levels, there is a need for research that evaluates the physiological profiles of highly conditioned oarswomen. The significant contribution of aerobic work to a rower's performance has been substantiated in past research (Hagerman, F.C., 1984 ), however, fewer studies have specifically looked at anaerobic energy release during a simulated 2,000 meter rowing race in female rowers. This is partly due to the difficulty in quantifying anaerobic energy capacity in the laboratory. Studies by Medbo et al. (1988,1993) have validated the linear extrapolation method of accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) to determine anaerobic energy release during exercise. Data on AOD suggest that 2 minutes of exercise to exhaustion is required to use anaerobic sources fully (Medbo et al., 1988). It has also been concluded by Gastin et al. (1995) that an "all-out" protocol provides a valid estimate of maximal AOD (mAOD). Therefore the objectives of the present study were to measure both the maximal anaerobic capacities of highly conditioned oarswomen by the AOD method and compare this to the AOD of each rower during a 2K race simulation (RS) on the Concept II rowing ergometer (RE). Sixteen highly trained female rowers volunteered for the study. The protocol consisted of 4, four minute submaximal V02 rowing bouts (20-80% max), a 2 minute all-out test, and a 2K RS. Each test was performed on the RE with V02 and power output (PO) recorded every 15 sec. Positive linear correlations between V02 and PG for each subject were all greater than 0.99. The mAOD (2 minutes) averaged 3.40L± 0.68 which was not significantly different than the AOD for the 2K RS (3.50L±1.40). These results indicate that the subjects maximally taxed their anaerobic energy systems in the RS. Total time for 2K RS averaged 7.5 min±0.2 and the relative contribution of the anaerobic energy sources during RS equaled approximately 12% of total as determined via the AOD method. / Education, Faculty of / Kinesiology, School of / Graduate

The Acute Pain Service (APS), a multi-disciplinary team responsible for acute postoperative pain management, has been a recent development in hospitals. The purpose of this study was to increase our understanding regarding the effectiveness of APSs, to evaluate the impact of the implementation of an APS on pain management within an acute care hospital, and to make recommendations for the improvement of the APS under study. A program evaluative method guided the study design that consisted of three phases. The objective of the first phase was to describe the implementation of the APS. Interviews and a document review provided data that was then analyzed to identify the forces and challenges that shaped three eras in the historical development of the service. The objective of the second phase was to assess the nursing and medical staff satisfaction with the APS through surveys and interviews. Analysis of the data revealed that while the staff was generally satisfied with the program, there were several areas identified for improvement. The objective of the third phase was to assess the impact of the APS on the control of acute pain. A retrospective chart review comparing two groups of abdominal surgery patients using patient-controlled analgesia failed to show any significant difference between acute pain outcomes before and after the implementation of the service. The development of an APS, and its ultimate effectiveness, is dependent upon a number of resources: education, clinical support and adequate communication structures. Control issues surrounding pain management may arise as a result of the implementation of an APS. Immediate recommendations for this program included increasing the visibility of the APS, decreasing the workload associated with the APS modalities, establishing an effective communication network and increasing clinical support to the program. Recommendations for future improvement included strengthening collaboration with the surgeons, promoting more efficient bed utilization by expanding the epidural local anesthesia program and repeating the program evaluation once changes are implemented. Several areas for further research surrounding acute pain outcomes and patient-controlled analgesia were identified. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Nursing, School of / Graduate