Body dimensions and swimming speeds of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were measured in order to try to explain some of the observed growth differences between the two species under similar husbandry conditions, and to find an accurate estimator of individual fish mass from body dimensions. Size distribution of individual Chinook salmon in sea cages was also examined. Data was collected using a pre-existing non-invasive underwater video imaging system (VICASS) based on the principles of stereoimagery. An existing database of physical measurements was also analyzed (consisting of 1539 Atlantic salmon ranging in size from 0.42 to 8.50 kg and 840 chinook salmon ranging in size from 0.009 to 4.91 kg). Average fish size varied significantly with position in six out of fourteen cages of chinook salmon. This result suggested the presence of a dominance hierarchy, in which the largest fish in the cage are found in the best apparent location in the cage. Swimming speeds for chinook salmon ranged from 0.37 to 1.06 m s⁻¹ or 0.72 to 2.04 body lengths s⁻¹ (bl s⁻¹). Atlantic salmon swam between 0.25 to 0.98 m s⁻¹ or 0.40 to 1.82 bl s⁻¹. The swimming speeds (in bl s⁻¹) were compared for fish between 1.0 - 3.5 kg in size, and chinook salmon were found to be swimming approximately 20% faster than Atlantic salmon on average. After testing several different models, M=BL²H was found to be the best estimator of mass. B varied from 39.58 to 73.86 in Atlantic salmon and 45.93 to 76.52 in chinook salmon. This model decreased the variability in calculating mass by between 38 and 44% as compared to the conventional fisheries model M=KL³. Chinook salmon were significantly taller and thicker than Atlantic salmon of similar mass, while Atlantic salmon were significantly longer than Chinook salmon of similar mass. The ratios of fork length to height and fork length to girth were also found to be significantly different for the two species. The drag forces acting on Chinook salmon were found to be approximately 40% higher than those for Atlantic salmon as a result of the above morphological and swimming speed differences, and the power needed to overcome these drag forces was found to be 53% higher. Due to this increased demand on the metabolic component of the energy budget of chinook salmon, their growth was decreased by 5.2 to 10.3% (depending on fish size) as compared to Atlantic salmon. This difference in growth explains over 50% of the observed difference in the FCRs of the two species. Results suggest that farmers should: a) choose chinook salmon stock that swim slower and/or have a body form that is more similar to that of Atlantic salmon, thereby decreasing the energetic demands of swimming in chinook salmon, or b) develop a higher energy feed for chinook salmon. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate

The following study evolved out of a pilot study which I conducted in the summer of 1995 at a correctional facility in eastern Ontario. The testimony of two volunteer inmates there led me to the present enquiry: How do inmates experience time, what are their perceptions of it, and to what extent art making has any impact on those perceptions? Using the temporal theories of two sociologists, Edward Hall (1983) and Victor Gioscia (1971), which I illustrated through relevant literary works concerning inmates of long-term institutions, I sought evidence of alternative temporal constructs in the behavior and testimonies of the volunteer inmates. The twelve week case study involved setting up a course of art similar to the one offered in 1995. This one took place in a medium security correctional facility for men in the lower mainland of British Columbia, during the summer of 1996. Unlike the pilot study, which operated during regular school time, the latter study was held during inmates' leisure time, two evenings a week, for three hours each evening. The following ethnographic methods of data collection were used: pre-program questionnaires, field notes, interviews, and document analysis. Thirteen men originally participated in the art course, of whom, six agreed to be interviewed. Because the art course was canceled midway through my research, I reconsidered my study, my double role as researcher-teacher, and the data that I had so far collected, to ponder the dynamics of research and volunteer programs within the prison bureaucracy. Evidence of Hall's temporal notions was scant; however, some of the inmates interviewed indicated negative effects of long-term incarceration that corresponded to Gioscia's definitions; these men also demonstrated resistance mechanisms through the practice and mentoring of art and hobbies. As well, prison staff, particularly administrators, are implicated in the failure of volunteer/adult education program delivery. Closing reflections support participatory strategies in qualitative research in the light of postmodern research theory and end with practical and theoretical recommendations. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Cost-effective noise control in industrial workrooms may be achieved by predicting and auralizing the soundfields generated by sources (e.g. equipment and fans) in the presence of candidate acoustical treatments. Prediction techniques available to noise-control practitioners range from computationally intensive but accurate ray-tracing and method-of-images models to simpler, but less accurate, models based on diffuse-field theory and empirical models. The auralization of industrial noise may be useful in demonstrating its negative effects. Auralization (acoustical virtual reality) systems range from cheap but grossly inaccurate stereo systems to very expensive but accurate digital-signal-processing engines. A combined noise prediction and auralization system for industrial workrooms - PlantNoise" - that bridges this cost-performance gap is presented here. New empirical noise-level and reverberation time prediction algorithms based on measured sound propagation curves and reverberation times are developed. Prediction accuracies approach those of the more complex models while calculation times are negligible. Auralization of the predicted noise levels is effected on an IBM-compatible PC equipped with a soundcard and headphones. Pink noise is generated at the same sound pressure level and frequency content as the predicted levels (in octave bands from 125 Hz to 4 kHz), and then presented to the system user over the headphones. The user experiences the predicted soundfield (updated in real-time) during a computer 'walk-through' of the virtual workroom. A graphical user interface enables visualization of the workroom floor plan, including sound sources and user position. Predicted octave-band reverberation times and noise levels are displayed on the screen. The total noise level at the user position is also displayed in dB or dBA. A contour map of the total noise levels is displayed on the workroom floor plan at the user's request. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mechanical Engineering, Department of / Graduate

A study was undertaken to investigate: (1) the kinetics of cell proliferation; (2) the activity of two protein kinases, MAPK and CK2, that are implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation; (3) the effect of a growth factor, EGF, on the proliferation of cultured quail palate mesenchymal cells (QPMC); and (4) the activity of MAPK and CK2 following E G F treatment of cultured QPMC. Initially, an in vivo/in vitro comparison of developing quail was performed to validate the whole embryo culture technique. The data showed that, on the basis of C R L and developmental staging method, the in vitro (whole embryo culture) embryos developed in a manner similar to their in vivo counterparts. The whole embryo culture was then used to analyze the cell proliferation kinetics by 3H-thymidine autoradiography during quail palate morphogenesis. The results indicated that the rate of cell proliferation declined with the advancing morphogenesis of quail palate. Subsequently, embryonic palates were dissected at 24 hour intervals between days 5 and 9 of incubation and homogenized. Isolated proteins from the homogenate were fractionated by FPLC, and analyzed by phosphotransferase assays, scintillation counting, and Western blotting to detect the presence and activation of two second-messenger independent protein kinases, MAPK and CK2, implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation. The results showed that phosphotransferase activity towards MBP showed a negative, whereas that towards phosvitin showed a positive correlation with proliferation of QPMC. Western blotting indicated that both MAPK and C K 2 were present during quail palate development. Finally, growth behaviour of QPMC in primary cell culture was analyzed. The results showed that the number of Q P M C increased faster in EGF-treated than in control cultures. E G F stimulated phosphotransferase activity towards MBP and phosvitin, and Western blotting indicated that both MAPK and CK2 were activated. It was suggested that both MAPK and CK2 may be involved in growth factor regulated cell proliferation during the palate development. / Dentistry, Faculty of / Oral Biological and Medical Sciences (OBMS), Department of / Graduate

A computer model was constructed and run to predict the thermal history of a Stellite alloy investment casting prone to the formation of microporosity. The thermal history of the casting was utilized to calculate the thermal gradient at a specified temperature, the rate of cooling during solidification, and the solidification velocity. These parameters were combined in a manner consistent with the formulation of two different criteria (Niyama and L.C.C. criteria) used to predict porosity. The Niyama and L.C.C. criteria successfully predicted the distribution of porosity found in the actual investment casting. Several new casting configurations were designed and modeled on computer until a configuration was constructed that predicted very little or zero porosity in the problematic areas. A new casting configuration, similar to the one designed in this study, was designed and cast by the industrial sponsor. The computer simulation of the casting configuration by the industrial sponsor predicted a small pocket of microporosity. Upon examination, some microporosity, consistent with the predictions by the model, was discovered. The finite element modeling software (ProCAST™) and the Niyama and the L.C.C. criteria served as excellent tools for predicting porosity in Stellite alloy castings. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Materials Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Throughout most of their range, Pacific white-side dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) inhabit pelagic waters, or the continental shelf and slope. In recent years, however, their abundance has increased markedly in the nearshore waters of British Columbia, and the species is likely the most numerous cetacean in the region. In this study I examined the timing of this increase, and ecological and population factors that may have contributed to it. No systematic population censuses of Pacific white-sided dolphins have been conducted in British Columbia. However, because the species is gregarious, active at the surface, and interacts with vessels, many mariners take note of it. I surveyed mariners on the timing and locations of their sightings, and received 165 written responses. They reported relatively few sightings between 1978 and 1984, and frequent sightings after 1985. I estimated life-history parameters for Pacific white-sided dolphins using data taken from animals that were killed accidentally or deliberately during fisheries, or for scientific reasons, or recovered as stranded carcasses. The average age at first reproduction was 8.5 years for females, gestation was 12.0-12.2 months, and the calving interval was 4.67 years (S.E.=1.81). The rate of population increase was estimated to be between 0.94-1.02/yr, reflecting a stationary population. This suggests that the increase in abundance in British Columbia cannot be explained by population growth alone, and must have resulted, at least partly, from a movement of dolphins from other areas. To examine the potential role of prey in the movement of dolphins, I examined their diet in inshore waters, using prey fragment sampling (n=64) and stomach content analyses (n=11). Prey consisted mostly of herring (Clupea harengus), salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), cod (Family Gadidae), and shrimp (Order Decapoda). Previous studies found that in offshore areas, dolphins feed on mesopelagic fish and squid, thus dolphins moving inshore may be exploiting new food resources. The inshore movement of dolphins appears to coincide with a 'regime shift', characterised by a change in water temperatures. It is suggested that this may have caused changes in the relative abundance of the prey of Pacific white-sided dolphins. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study is to explore the role of the rabbinical wife. I first utilized a number of historical studies to aid in situating the rabbinical wife at different points in Jewish history. Certain general characteristics of their role in the community were noted. Their activities extended beyond those traditionally associated with Jewish women. The differences in this role was linked, to an extent, to the shifting role of the rabbis themselves. Unfortunately, most of the primary historical documents have been written by men, and thus shed limited light on these women's actual experiences. The contemporary perspective was obtained through interviews. Six women married to congregational rabbis met with the researcher. The wives were asked to respond to a series of questions that addressed aspects of their lives as rabbinical wives. Two interviews were conducted. The initial interview was tape-recorded and transcribed. The transcripts were then used in a follow-up interview to clarify issues that arose during the initial interview. The results from these interviews allow us to hear from the women themselves. The wives of the rabbis expressed ambivalence about their leadership. People approach the rabbi's wife with a variety of questions. She herself has a strong Jewish education, but despite her knowledge she has no official status within the Jewish community. She can respond to only the most basic questions. In her private life, the rabbinical wife is gracious and attentive to the needs of the community and will frequently have people in her home for religious and social events. At the same time, her position inhibits deep relationships with the people around her. This research provides the detail on the role of the rabbinical wife, and contributes to a feminist re-reading of the history of religious leadership in the Jewish community. / Arts, Faculty of / Classical, Near Eastern and Religious Studies, Department of / Graduate

This study addressed women's experiences of power in the therapeutic relationship. A grounded theory method of investigation was used. Eight women were interviewed who had been, or were, in therapy with a woman therapist. The interviews progressed from a generalized discussion of the therapeutic relationship and concept of power to a more detailed examination of the women's experiences of power within therapy. The results highlight the individualistic nature of the experience of power in therapy and that empowerment is achieved through a woman's self-knowledge. Disempowerment occurred when a woman's self- expression was restricted or when she felt judged and rejected by the therapist. The implications for therapists are summarized by the need for therapist's to respond to the individual needs of the women in the therapeutic process. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Physical maps provide rapid access to any chromosomal region of interest, and serve as essential tools for the localization of genes. Of particular interest is the observation that gene clustering occurs in telomeric areas, although few genes have been mapped to the telomeric end of human chromosome 8p. In an effort to refine the physical map of 8pter-8p23, radiation hybrid mapping was used to determine the chromosomal order of ten sequence tagged sites (STSs) mapping to this interval. Four out of ten loci were positioned at 1,000:1 odds against order inversion, corroborating previously established linkage data. Secondly, STS content mapping in yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) aided in the identification of potentially overlapping YACs, and a preliminary YAC contig of the region was generated. Six YACs constituting a "minimum tiling path" were selected. As cosmids provide the necessary reagents for detailed positional cloning strategies and genomic sequencing, the primary objective of this project was to isolate bins of cosmids mapping to 8pter-8p23. To achieve this goal, Alu PCR products derived from the minimum tiling path YACs were used as hybridization probes against a chromosome 8 specific cosmid library. The initial screening identified an average of over 300 cosmids per YAC. However, when a subset of positive cosmids was digested with EcoRl, Southern blotted and re-probed with the Alu PCR products, a false positive rate of 55% was observed. Probing the blots with total human DNA detected numerous fragments containing repetitive DNA. As a final analysis to confirm the identity of specific clones, cosmid EcoRl fragments were hybridized onto Southern blots containing EcoRl digested YAC DNA. Fragments which clearly demonstrated sequence homology to the corresponding YAC were strongly positive with the YAC Alu PCR probe but negative with the total human DNA probe in the preceding experiment, suggesting that unique sequences were being isolated. In contrast, sequence homology was not demonstrated by fragments that were strongly positive with both the Alu PCR and total human DNA probes. A single cosmid was also identified which confirmed the overlap relationship between two YACs that was originally suggested by STS content mapping. / Medicine, Faculty of / Medical Genetics, Department of / Graduate

The distributions of Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and As in the water column, interstitial waters and associated solid phases in Balmer Lake, Ontario, were determined from samples collected in July and October of 1993, and March and May of 1994, in order to assess the seasonal biogeochemical controls governing trace metal behaviour and mobility. The basin has served as a repository for tailings pond effluents since 1967, and as a result, hosts elevated levels of contaminants in the sediments and lake waters. During the ice-free periods of summer, fall and spring, the water column is characterized by fully oxygenated bottom waters and homogeneous distributions of all measured parameters. However, reducing conditions develop in deeper areas during the period of ice cover in response to the high biological demand of the organic-rich sediments coupled with restricted atmospheric exchange. Trace metal profiles collected during winter exhibit considerable lakewide variation and appear to reflect variability in the duration and extent of bottom water anoxia, and the relative influence of metal-rich lateral inputs from the tailings circuits. Solid-phase profiles indicate that the top decimetre of the sediment column has received variable contributions of both organic matter- and feldspar-rich natural detritus, and carbonate-, chlorite- and metal-rich tailings inputs. High resolution profiles of porewater NO₃⁻, Fe, Mn and SO₄²- illustrate that the sediments in Balmer Lake become anoxic within a few centimetres of the sediment-water interface during well-mixed periods. Evidence for the precipitation of a Cu-bearing sulphide phase in the lowermost winter bottom waters suggests that the sulphate redox-cline migrates above the sediment-water interface at some point during ice cover. The seasonal porewater distributions of dissolved Ni, Cu and Zn exhibit pronounced consumption profiles at depths consistent with sulphate reduction zones, suggesting they are sequestered as metal-sulphide phases. Enrichments of dissolved Ni and Zn in the surficial sediments at most sites reflect the dissolution of labile particulates at the sediment-water interface. Diffusive influxes calculated for Zn, Ni and Cu suggest that diffusion mechanisms contribute insignificantly to the accumulation rates of these metals. Arsenic is remobilized at deeper sediment depths and appears to be largely governed by the redox geochemistry of Mn. The data collectively demonstrate that trace metal mobility in the Balmer Lake water column/sediment system varies significantly over the course of the four seasons. With the exception of arsenic, however, dissolved metal fluxes indicate that the underlying contaminated sediments are providing a significant and permanent sink for dissolved metals. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate