In the lives of communities, as in the lives of men arise moments of almost overpowering difficulty and stress, the overcoming of which builds and strengthens the fibres of manhood and nationhood. From the crucible wherein the heated passions of sectionalism and the pressing need of communications reacted upon one another, where personal interest and unselfish idealism each played a part, emerged Canadian nationality. Dr. Tupper said of the union of British America, - "I believe that to be a question which far transcends in its difficulties the power of human advocacy to accomplish - I am not insensible to the feeling that the time may not be far distant when events which are far more powerful than any human advocacy may place British America in a position to render a union into one compact whole, not only practicable but absolutely necessary....." We are thrilled at the mention of thirty-three high minded patriots who guided the forces which made our Canada. Canadians of today have risen to the occasion in doing these men the honor they justly deserve. Yet the thirty-fourth Father of Confederation, though recognized by history, has not been sufficiently appreciated by the public mind. It is indeed a matter of conjecture, whether or not we would have celebrated the Diamond Jubilee of the Dominion of Canada had it not been for that peculiar set of circumstances - the problems underlying the achievement of Confederation....

During the last decade there has been a five fold increase in the numbers of beaver in the province of Manitoba. The ecological status of the beaver, the factors which brought about this population increase and the attendant game management problems form the subjects of the investigations reported in this thesis. Ecologically the beaver is a native of the aspen park and mixed wood areas of the province. Driven from this natural habitat by unregulated trapping and by the habitat reduction attendant upon the advances of agriculture, the species now exists, except for a few scattered colonies, in the northern coniferous forest which occupies most of the territory between the 54th and 57th parallels of latitude and which also extends southward on the east side of Lake Winnipeg to the Lake of the Woods. In this unfavorable district the beaver existed in small numbers until 1942 when, under the combined effects of habitat modification and a particularly well chosen plan of controlled trapping, the population began to increase sharply and within seven years rose to a number more than five times that shown by the 1942 census. The population now appears to be relatively stable under the influence of systematic trapping and it is the hope of the authorities concerned to maintain this level in the areas now in production and to increase the total by introducing the beaver to areas not presently occupied. The subsequent pages deal with the problems involved in achieving this aim...

The work consists of a study of the physical character of sands from different stratigraphical horizons of the Middle West... The Petrographic Analyses of the Heavy Mineral Content and the Shape and Surface Features of the Sands Considered in this Investigation. 1 Winnipeg Sandstone 2 Silurian Sandstone 3 Dakota Sandstone 4 Boissevain Sandstone 5 Estevan Sandstone 6 Beausejour Sandstone 7 Melbourne Sandstone 8 Smith Siding Sandstone 9 Grand Beach Sandstone ...

Observation has shown "that a major share of hospital admissions are referable to the repeaters." Because it has been found that repeaters contribute so heavily to the hospital population, it was felt that this was an aspect of public ward care in Winnipeg which would repay further study. The mounting costs of hospital treatment have concerned the patients and the medical profession, as well as private and public agencies providing hospital care. The presence of a group of patients requiring repeated care could seriously affect any plan. It was seen that a group such as this was a source of recurring expenditure and, therefore, any study which could clarify this problem would help to reduce the cost by better planning. As a result of interest in planning for hospital service, a survey of public ward patients was carried out on the public wards of the Winnipeg General Hospital during November, 1956. Patients discharged during the month were interviewed by the use of a prepared schedule. The schedule was designed to obtain a fairly broad socioeconomic picture of each patient... The aim of this project was to study the patients in the public wards of the hospital in the light of multiple admissions. The characteristics of the public ward patients were grouped for convenience into several areas: social, economic, and medical services. Within these areas, the patients were studied to learn if the frequency of admission could be related to any of the chosen items, for example, whether multiple admissions occurred more often with certain ages.

The writer was employed by the Geological Survey of Canada, during the summer of 1947, in mapping an area of Kisseynew gneisses north and west of Sherridon, Manitoba. This work was conducted under the supervision of Dr. J.M. Harrison of the Geological Survey. From him the writer learned about some of the unsolved problems concerning the origin of certain rocks in the Kisseynew series in the immediate vicinity of Sherridon. The Sherridon area had been mapped by Dr. J.D. Bateman in 1943, and using his map as a guide the writer spent a week in the autumn going over a small area in detail and collecting specimens for later examination. The results of this investigation are presented here.

Although co-operative marketing activities have continued to expand in Manitoba only limited information is available concerning the co-operative and financial characteristics of many of the local type co-operatives. The purpose of this study was to delve into the operations of four local co-operative creameries and outline their co-operative and financial characteristics. Consideration was given to the presence or absence of co-operative principles and business standards which are considered essential for success. Chapters II to V contain a review of co-operative development, laws and principles, an outline of creamery marketing functions and a description of the procedures followed in the analysis. The four co-operatives are outlined in chapters VI to IX. In the review of each co-operative consideration was given to special By-laws, type and financial results of operations, financial structure, equity accumulation and membership relations and support...

The pupils in the Province of Manitoba receive their high school education in various types of schools: Collegiate Institutes, Collegiate Departments, Two-Room High Schools, One-Room High Schools, Continuation Schools and Junior High Schools. Collegiate Institutes are organized in many parts of Manitoba. This type of school employs four teachers or more who hold university degrees and may teach Grades IX to XI or Grades IX to XII. Collegiate Departments are similar to Collegiate Institutes except that in the former three teachers may be employed to teach Grades IX to XI or Grades IX to XII. Next in order comes the Two-Room High Schools where two teachers are employed to teach three or four Grades, IX to XI or XII and the principal is required to be a university graduate and hold a principal's certificate for a Two-Room High School or higher. The assistant must hold at least a First Class A certificate. In the One-Room, High Grades IX to XI may be taught and the teacher in charge must hold at least a First Class B certificate and a principal's certificate for a One-Room High School. In addition to these types, Continuation High Schools may be found in many rural points where Grades VII to XI may be taught in the same room and the teacher qualifications are the same as those for a One-Room High School. Where the enrolment in a One-Room rural school is low and the teacher has the necessary qualifications, instruction in Grade IX work may be given. Pupils in remote parts of the Province and in areas where they are unable to receive regular classroom instruction, may receive their education in Grade IX and X subjects under the direction of the Correspondence Branch of the Department of Education. Another type of school organization found in the city and a few small town systems is the Junior High School. In this type Grades VII, VIII and IX are taught and the school is recognized as a Junior High School when there are at least three teachers or more employed for the teaching of these Grades...

Marks play such a significant role in our educational system that they are a never-ending field for investigation. From the time a child enters school, marks are with him until he graduates. They not only indicate present progress in school work but continue to affect a child, directly or indirectly, all his life, and have, consequently, a powerful social influence. Some system of measurement is essential in order to present, in a manner that indicates as exactly as possible, pupil progress. Learning involves psychological processes and it is impossible for any system to measure the working of the human mind with the accuracy that can be secured in measuring human efficiency in limited operations such as cutting down a tree, or measuring a quart of milk. As the secondary school becomes more complicated and demanding, the problem of establishing a highly valid system of measurement acquires even increasing importance. Such a system must not only be valid among educational bodies, but must also be acceptable in the economic world into which every child is eventually absorbed. The present marking system, is the answer presented by our educators to the need for measurement, and, accordingly, is subjected to constant study with a view to rendering it more adequate...

In the naturally fertile soils of the semi-arid regions of North America, especially those of clay and sandy texture, the physical properties are highly significant and have a profound effect upon the productive capacity of the soil. Favorable soil structure is essential in the maintenance of soil productivity. Under a system of intensive cultivation deterioration of soil structure occurs. In the Red River Valley the maintenance of desirable structural characteristics is essential if maximum crop yields are to be obtained. A natural degradation process similar to the classical "solonchak-solonetz-solod" series occurs in the Red River Valley. Structure in the "solonetz" of Europe and North America has been correlated with the existing physical and chemical conditions. The morphological conditions characteristic of "solonetz" as typified by European investigators are known to exist in the "valley". Under arable culture, deterioration of soil tilth has become a problem throughout much of the Red River Valley. In the alkalinized and degraded alkalinized phases of the Morris Soil associate, dispersion of the colloidal material of the soil apparently occurs. A massive structural condition has been developed, under which plough draft is doubled and soil made impervious to water. Both natural degration processes and cultural practices have been involved in the formation of undesirable physical properties in the heavy textured valley soils...

The average annual acreage sown to potatoes in Manitoba during the period 1937 to 1947 was 30,050. The average yield per acre during this period was 112.6 bushels. 0f the total acreage sown to potatoes, it is estimated that nearly fifty per cent was on the heavy Red River clay in the vicinity of Winnipeg. In certain areas of this soil region, the average yield in 1946 was reported to be as low as 60 bushels per acre. Undoubtedly there are many factors contributing to this low yield. Some of these factors are believed to be associated with the availability of, and the relationship between nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. While some data from fertilizer experiments are available, the information covers only a period of a few years. In 1944 and 1945, L. A. Yager conducted fertilizer trials at the University of Manitoba. These experiments yielded sonewhat inconclusive and inconsistent results. Thus, in an effort to obtain further experimental data on which to base fertitizer recommendations for potatoes in the Red River Valley of Manitoba, fertilizer trials were carried out over a period of two years as a continuation of Yager's work. Cooking quality of potato tubers is a factor that is of great importance wherever potatoes are grown. In the United States and in some European countries, evidence has been presented indicating that fertilizer applications have affected the quality of potatoes in Manitoba. In order to study these effects, an experiment was conducted to determine the relationship that might exist between applications of fertilizers and quality of potatoes. To evaluate the nutritional requirements of plants, a knowledge of the symptoms due to certain element deficiencies is a distinct advantage. It has been observed, that deficiency symptoms in one species frequently differ from those in another. Though considerable work has been carried out in determining these symptoms in various plants, very little has been done to determine the symptoms in potato plants in Manitoba. A study was conducted with the object of determining the major and some of the minor element deficiency symptoms in potato plants.