This work might be said to comprise one principal study - the lieutenant-governorship - and several secondary studies - the aftermath of the Red River Insurrection, and the broad lines of Manitoba's social and economic development from 1870 to 1882. The latter aspects, which occupy the fifth, eighth, and tenth chapters, were judged necessary as essential background material which has not yet received adequate treatment by Canadian historians. Their inclusion accounts for the perhaps unusual length of this thesis...

The Red River of the North rises in a small lake in Minnesota, 1550 feet above sea level, thirteen miles west of Lake Itasca, the source of the Mississippi. From here it flows south, passing through Elbow, Many Point, Round, Height of Land, Little Pine, Pine and Rush Lakes to Ottertail Lake. In this distance, sixty miles as the crow flies, the river has descended to 1315 feet above sea level. Locally this stream is called the Ottertail River until its junction with the Bois des Sioux River at Wahpeton, forty-two miles west of Ottertail Lake. The descent of this distance is 372 feet, most rapid in the vicinity of Fergus Falls. The Pelican River, a stream nearly fifty miles long, is the only tributary of note to the Red between Ottertail Lake and Wahpeton. From Wahpeton the Red River flows north 285 miles, measured in a direct line, to Lake Winnipeg; if, however, its meanderings were taken into account the distance would be about 700 miles. Above its junction with the Bois des Sioux, because of its numerous lakes, the volume of the river is not greatly affected by heavy rains or snow. North of Wahpeton, however, the range between low and high water increases thirty-two feet at Fargo, fifty feet at Belmont, nearly forty feet from Grand Forks to Winnipeg, Lower Fort Garry thirty-five feet, and beyond that point it rapidly diminishes in approaching Lake Winnipeg. On the east side of the Red River, the important tributaries, from south to north, are the Buffalo, Wild Rice, Marsh, Sand Hill, Red Lake, Snake, Tamarack, Two Rivers, Joe, Roseau, and Rat Rivers; and on the west the Bois des Sioux, Wild Rice, Sheyenne, Elm, Goose, Turtle, Forest, Park, Pembina, Marsiis, Boyne, La Salle and Assiniboine Rivers... Referring to the geological character of the areas drained by the Red and Assiniboine Rivers, Dr. G.M. Dawson says: "The Red River, flowing from south to north, runs probably for its whole length over deposits of late date. These are, either the fine silty material laid down in the bed of the southward extension of Lake Winnipeg, which previously occupied the valley, or clays and sandy clays due to the glacial period. Long and important streams, however, join the Red River, both from the east and the west, and the character of the river water is doubtless due to the nature of the country occupied by the springs and the sources of these, rather than to the composition of the bed of the...

The geology of the Precambrian rocks of the California Lake Area was mapped in 1953. The area is mainly of granitic Rocks which surround a northern and southern volcanic-sedimentary belt. The metamorphism of the northern belt (Bigstone Lake group) has been studied and it is found that regional metamorphism of the grade of the garnet zone is general throughout. The Merritt formation which in the main part was probably a greywacke, is the most highly metamorphosed, reaching the grade of the sillimanite zone in part. The volcanic rocks (Greenstone formation) are in the amphibolite facies. The argillite and impure quartz-feldspar sandstone on Utik Lake (Utik Lake formation) has reached the grade of the garnet zone. Cordierite is present in part of the Merritt and Utik Lake formations. The area is characterized by deficient shearing stress during the regional metamorphism.

The area under discussion in this report comprises a small section in the heart of the Flin Flon Mining District, nearby the town of Flin Flon and the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Company. These are located approximately on the Manitoba-Saskatchewan boundary at latitude 54o 45'. Communication is by a branch line of the Canadian National Railway from The Pas, Manitoba, where a Recording Office is located. The Sherritt-Gordon Copper Mine is reached by a spur from this Flin Flon line. The area of the volcanic centers occurs on the north-west side of Flin Flon Lake and is therefore on the Saskatchewan side of the boundary. This territory has been extensively burnt, thus making detailed geological work possible. From the lake the larger of the volcanic centers, termed the Road Volcanic Center, is clearly visible, standing out above the neighboring formations. This center is reached within a few minutes from Flin Flon Lake, by a portage trail running to a lake further west. Approaching the center this way, it rises up quite abruptly from a low grassy area. It borders are equally distinct on the west and north, but on the south it interfingers with many types of explosive breccias, tuffs and flows. The Club Lake Volcanic center lies due north of the Road Volcanic center, and south of Club Lake. Its western border rises up very abruptly but elsewhere it interfingers with explosive materials and flows. The area of these volcanic centers affords about the most fascinating geology that one could conceive. A remarkable amount of data which dovetail to an amazing degree tend to prove that a major granitic intrusion reached to within a few hundred feet of the surface and then broke through a series of lavas and sediments to form two or more centers of volcanic activity. About these is a series of explosive breccias, tuffs and flows which in their field relationships and in their lithology are clearly related not only to the necks of the volcanic centers but also to the granitic intrusive....

Extensive areas in the vicinity of Clangula Lake are covered by a reddish brown to greyish brown soil. This soil overlies a narrow zone of serpentinized peridotite which extends eastward from Clangula Lake for several miles. The most prominent exposure occurs at the serpentine quarries about half a mile east of the lake. It has been suggested that this soil is a residual weathering product of the underlying serpentine rock. If this assumption is correct, certain controversies arise regarding the origin of the soil and the nature of the weathering. The lack of a glacial drift mantle over much of the area would suggest either post-glacial denudation of the drift, followed by considerable chemical weathering of the serpentine rock, or pre-glacial weathering which was subsequently modified by glacial and post-glacial phenomena. The problem, therefore, is resolved into 1) a study of the weathering products to verify their residual character, and to determine the processes by which they were formed, and 2) a study of the Pleistocene geology of the area to determine the local effects of glaciation. The field work on the problem was done in September, 1948, while the writer was employed by the Manitoba Mines Branch as a student assistant on a geological survey party in the English Brook area. Samples of soil profiles were taken from surface to "unweathered" bedrock from the quarries east of Clangula Lake. The area surrounding the quarries was mapped by pace and compass with the object of preparing a large-scale topographic and geologic map...

In conducting a soil survey of the Swan River Area of Manitoba in 1950 and 1951 it was found that many of the dominant soil types presented a complex classification problem. The main reason for this problem was that the soils in two of the main landscape areas appeared to be in a state of transition and were not climax types of soil. In one area the soils showed certan morphological characteristics normally found only in soils developed under prairie-grassland conditions but where the dominant native vegetation was trees. The soils in this area showed some blackearth characteristics and some grey-wooded characteristics. The soils in the other landscape area appeared to resemble blackearths and yet, on closer inspection it became apparent that such factors as drainage and parent material may have had a profound influence on the type of soils that had developed within this area. As the reconnaissance survey of the soils in the Swan River Area progressed it became obvious that a more detailed study was necesssary before these soils could be properly understood and classified. Therefore the study herein reported was undertaken. The results have clarified the concept of the soils and enabled the author to offer a classification of some of the soils in the Swan River Area of Manitoba...

I. Quantitative Inheritance in Tomato Fruits Not a great deal of work has been done on the inheritance of size in tomatoes. The following brief reviews summarize what are, as far as can be ascertained, the most important papers on the subject. The earliest paper considered is that of Price and Drinkard which deals with inheritance of shape and color of fruit, and foliage characters... II. A Preliminary Record of the Lichens of Manitoba The following list comprises over seventy lichens which have been collected in different parts of Manitoba. There has been up to the present no published information concerning the lichens which are to be found in the province, and it was thought advisable to make this preliminary record even though it must represent only a small percentage of the large number that most probably occur, The collection has ?een made by the writer during the last three years and permanent specimens of each are now in the herbarium of the University. The various localities are fairly representative of the different parts of the province and include: Indian Bay, which is in southeastern Manitoba, Victoria Beach, Carberry, Treesbank, Norway House, and all the districts in the vicinity of Winnipeg...The genera are listed in alphabetical order, not according to the families to which they belong. This seemed the wiser plan in view of the incompleteness of the list A short description of the macroscopic characters of each lichen is given, together with a short ecological note.

During 1945 Sherritt Gordon Mines announced the discovery of nickel bearing sulphides on the shore of Lynn Lake in Northern Manitoba. This disclosure caused a staking rush to the Lynn-Barrington Lakes Area during the years l946 to l948. Interest centered upon the basic intrusives of the area, as the Sherritt Gordon ore occurs within such rocks. Despite intensive exploration by geophysical and geological methods no other nickel deposit of commercial size was found, although most of the basic intrusives seem to be of a nature favorable to such deposits. The object of the present study was to carry out a petrological investigation of certain of these basic bodies to ascertain the controlling factors in the occurrence or non-occurrence of the nickel deposits. The Lynn-Barrington Lakes Area comprises five fifteen minute map-areas between longitudes 100 degrees 00 minutes and 101 degrees 15 minutes west and between latitudes 56 degrees 45 minutes and 57 degrees 00 minutes north. The total area enclosed by the five sheets is about 800 square miles. The topography of the area is similar to much of the Precambrian shield; muskegs and lakes fill depressions between rounded hills or steep ridges few of which have a relief of more than one hundred feet...

The Winnipeg formation is the lowermost Ordovician formation in Manitoba. It is underlain by Precambrian rocks and overlain by the Ordovician Red River formation. The Winnipeg formation outcrops along a narrow band on the shores and islands of Lake Winnipeg, which forms part of the trade and travel route of the early settlers and explorers of Manitoba. Thus the Winnipeg formation, generally exposed as sandstone cliffs, has been on view from the time of the voyageur to the present. Early geological parties did not fail to examine the Winnipeg formation in its outcroppings along the lake, but their attentions were centered on the overlying more fossiliferous, and, at first appearance, more interesting Red River limestone rather than on the Winnipeg formation. Although the sandstone sections along the lake have been described several times, and some fossils have been collected and identified, the information has always been presented in minor sections of reports dealing with the Red River formation. Consequently no detailed study of the Winnipeg formation has yet been made, and no reports have been published concerning it alone. This paper attempts to organize, enlarge upon and interpret the existing information...

The Jurassic system extends from the Williston basin into Manitoba where it unconformably lies on Paleozoic rocks and below Cretaceous sediments. It is divided into four formations, which are from the base upward; Amaranth, Piper, Rierdon, and Swift. An assemblage of gypsiferous red beds, anhydrite, and dolomite are included in the Amaranth formation. The remainder of the Middle Jurassic shales, argillaceous and oolitic limestones is placed in the Piper formation. The Upper Jurassic strata consist of the Rierdon formation which contains varicoloured shales and thin bands of limestone and the Swift formation which contains sand and shale beds. Depositional conditions and correlation problems related to the basal red beds, to the division between Middle and Upper Jurassic sediments, and to the upper limit of the Jurassic system are discussed.