The formation of a customs union is an act of commercial policy, it is therefore relevant to a study of customs unions, to examine the two basic approaches to commercial policy, namely, free trade and protection. My sympathies lie in the free trade camp, for protection implies a benefit to one country at the expense of the outside world, or of one group within a country, often at the expense of the rest of the country.

For many years it has been implied by business men in the Press and in trade journals that price competition is "ruinous", "unethical", “cutthroat". The term loss leader is used often as a designation of disapproval rather than as a description of a readily recognizable phenomenon. To control and to develop a defense against this "unfair" competition, through trade associations and the policy of price maintenance has been a major objective of business policy. C. Wright Mills emphasized this point in the following quotation…

The purpose of this research is the construction of a model suitable for forecasting year to year conditions in the Canadian econorny. A great deal of this type of research has been carried out already in this country, mainly in economic research units of the Dominion government. In 1947, Dr. L.R. Klein, working for the Canadian government, constructed a model of the Canadian economy for purposes of analysis and forecasting. [...]

The betterment of living conditions in what are lengthily and sometimes inadequately (since the underdevelopment of some is not limited to the economic field) described as the economically underdeveloped countries has come to be regarded within the last years not only as an aim, but to some extent a responsibility of the more advanced nations. It is also more consciously than ever one of the more important preoccupations of the governments of the economically backward countries. [...]

The subject of this thesis is "Economic Analysis of Pricing Problems in the Transportation Industry." The thesis is concerned completely with overland transportation, and thus with railway transport. In it, we are concerned with the making of individual railway rates, and not with the broader problem of the general rate level. There are two major aspects to the subject. They are rate making from the viewpoint of railway management, and rate making as a subject of public policy. So far as the latter is concerned, we shall not in this thesis concern ourselves with freight rates as an aspect of national economic policy.

Towards the end of the nineteenth century Canada might in all fairness have been considered a backward country. She had not yet experienced any very substantial transition from an agricultural to an industrial way of life. In a sense she was still asleep, she was not truly in equilibrium. The world over farmers appeared to be relatively less affluent than industrial workers. The world over, therefore, there seemed to be a relative growth of industry accompanied by a resultant decline in agriculture.

Texte remanié de Thèse 3e cycle Droit et économie des pays étrangers Paris I 1975. / Bibliogr. p. 169-172.

Published by the students of the College of Agriculture, University of Arizona.

Prace zahrnuje strategickou analyzu spolecnosti vyrabejici cistirny odpadnich vod a pusobici na domacim i zahranicnim trhu. Hodnoti spolecnost z jejiho makrookoli, mikrookoli a analyzuje vnitrni zdroje podniku.

Magistro darbe yra analizuojamos veiklos ir priežąstys skatinančios elektroninės komercijos plėtrą Lietuvoje, vertinamos tendencijos, perspektyvos ir vartotojų nuomonė. Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių teoriniai ir praktiniai elektroninės komercijos plėtros tyrimai, pateikti ir įvertinti interneto tyrimus atliekančių bendrovių gauti rezultatai, nustatytos tendencijos. Patvirtinta darbo autoriaus suformuluota mokslinio tyrimo hipotezė, kad Lietuvos elektroninės komercijos rinka artimiausiais metais sparčiai tobulės ir ims konkuruoti su tradicinėmis verslo formomis. / This master‘s final paper analyse effects ant reasons of e-commerce development in Lithuania. Estimate tendency perspectives and user oppinion. It analyzes and systemizes theoretical and practical e-commerce development researches conducted by various Lithuanian and foreign authors. It is produced and analysed results of internet research companys estimated tendencys. The paper presents a detailed analysis of scientific problems of Lithuanian e-commerce market which in the future will become perfect and will compete with tradicional forms of business.