Traditional phylogenetic inference assumes that the history of a set of taxa can be explained by a tree. This assumption is often violated as some biological entities can exchange genetic material giving rise to non-treelike events often called reticulations. Failure to consider these events might result in incorrectly inferred phylogenies, and further consequences, for example stagnant and less targeted drug development. Phylogenetic networks provide a flexible tool which allow us to model the evolutionary history of a set of organisms in the presence of reticulation events. In recent years, a number of methods addressing phylogenetic network reconstruction and evaluation have been introduced. One of suchmethods has been proposed byMoret et al. (2004). They defined a phylogenetic network as a directed acyclic graph obtained by positing a set of edges between pairs of the branches of an underlying tree to model reticulation events. Recently, two works by Jin et al. (2006), and Snir and Tuller (2009), respectively, using this definition of phylogenetic network, have appeared. Both works demonstrate the potential of using maximum likelihood estimation for phylogenetic network reconstruction. We propose a Bayesian approach to the estimation of phylogenetic network parameters. We allow for different phylogenies to be inferred at different parts of our DNA alignment in the presence of reticulation events, at the species level, by using the idea that a phylogenetic network can be naturally decomposed into trees. A Markov chainMonte Carlo algorithmis provided for posterior computation of the phylogenetic network parameters. Also a more general algorithm is proposed which allows the data to dictate how many phylogenies are required to explain the data. This can be achieved by using stochastic search variable selection. Both algorithms are tested on simulated data and also demonstrated on the ribosomal protein gene rps11 data from five flowering plants. The proposed approach can be applied to a wide variety of problems which aim at exploring the possibility of reticulation events in the history of a set of taxa.

碩士 / 國立政治大學 / 保險學研究所 / 83 / Group Insurance and some Legal Questions

Submitted by EDISON AMERICO HUARSAYA TITO (edison.tito@gmail.com) on 2016-06-23T14:02:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EdisonMscFGV(20160619).pdf: 2366030 bytes, checksum: 231be2cde1e7f8e01331fddff3f227a1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2016-06-23T14:36:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 EdisonMscFGV(20160619).pdf: 2366030 bytes, checksum: 231be2cde1e7f8e01331fddff3f227a1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2016-06-24T12:51:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 EdisonMscFGV(20160619).pdf: 2366030 bytes, checksum: 231be2cde1e7f8e01331fddff3f227a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T12:06:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdisonMscFGV(20160619).pdf: 2366030 bytes, checksum: 231be2cde1e7f8e01331fddff3f227a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-03 / This work has the objective to address the problem of asset allocation (portfolio analysis) under a Bayesian perspective. For this it was necessary to review all the theoretical analysis of the classical mean-variance model and following identify their deficiencies that compromise its effectiveness in real cases. Interestingly, its biggest deficiency this not related to the model itself, but by its input data in particular the expected return calculated on historical data. To overcome this deficiency the Bayesian approach (Black-Litterman model) treat the expected return as a random variable and after that builds a priori distribution (based on the CAPM model) and a likelihood distribution (based on market investor’s views) to finally apply Bayes theorem resulting in the posterior distribution. The expected value of the return of this posteriori distribution is to replace the estimated expected return calculated on historical data. The results showed that the Bayesian model presents conservative and intuitive results in relation to the classical model of mean-variance. / Este trabalho tem com objetivo abordar o problema de alocação de ativos (análise de portfólio) sob uma ótica Bayesiana. Para isto foi necessário revisar toda a análise teórica do modelo clássico de média-variância e na sequencia identificar suas deficiências que comprometem sua eficácia em casos reais. Curiosamente, sua maior deficiência não esta relacionado com o próprio modelo e sim pelos seus dados de entrada em especial ao retorno esperado calculado com dados históricos. Para superar esta deficiência a abordagem Bayesiana (modelo de Black-Litterman) trata o retorno esperado como uma variável aleatória e na sequência constrói uma distribuição a priori (baseado no modelo de CAPM) e uma distribuição de verossimilhança (baseado na visão de mercado sob a ótica do investidor) para finalmente aplicar o teorema de Bayes tendo como resultado a distribuição a posteriori. O novo valor esperado do retorno, que emerge da distribuição a posteriori, é que substituirá a estimativa anterior do retorno esperado calculado com dados históricos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o modelo Bayesiano apresenta resultados conservadores e intuitivos em relação ao modelo clássico de média-variância.

碩士 / 國立屏東師範學院 / 國民教育研究所 / 85 / The purpose of this study was to analyze technical efficiency in Pingtung elementary schools by using quadriform economic efficient model, and to investigate the common factors identified by the model. 　　Stratified random sampling method was used to collect data from 48 elementary Schools in Pingtung area. Five-step statistical analysis was employed to identity technical efficiency school, and to explore a optimal school size for management as well. Based on the statitical analysis of the results, conclusions were drawn as follows: 　　1.The quadriform economic effcient model was applicable in search of technical efficiency schools, but it had some inevitable restrictions. 　　2.The common background factors did not have significant contribution to technical efficiency. 　　3.In high technical efficiency school, the optimal scale for management of elementary school size was 600 students. 　　Suggestions for educational policy and future researches were also provided in this study.

碩士 / 中臺科技大學 / 文教事業經營研究所 / 103 / The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the instructional problems and professional development needs of arts and humanities domain teachers in Taichung junior high school. A self-developed questionnaire servey, “Questionnaire of teacher’s instructional problems and teachers professional development needs among the teachers of junior high schools” was the main research tool. Samples are 330 related teachers in total. The numbers of valid samples are 264. The effective received questionnaires are 80%. The acquired data was analyzed by using statistical methods of descriptive statitics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s product-moment correlation, and multiple regression. The conclusions of this study are: 1. The level of perceiving teacher’s instructional problems is above the average. 2. The level of perceiving teacher’s professional development needs is above the average. 3. The effects of different schools’ scales in teacher’s instructional problems were significant. 4. The effects of different senority and schools’ scales in teacher’s professional development needs were significant. 5. The correlation between teacher’s instructional problems and professional development needs was positive. 6. Teacher’s instructional problems show a positive prediction power to teacher’s professional development needs. According to the conclusions above, the research offers some suggestions for educational administrative institutions, junior high school curriculum leadership, teachers and future research.

碩士 / 國立嘉義大學 / 輔導與諮商學系研究所 / 106 / The research was aimed at developing a mental toughness scale for athletes that appropriate to athlete in Taiwan. This research was based on the research of Chung-Ju Huang(2004) which related to sport mental toughness evaluation. Based on literature of mental toughness development, researcher made factors for “Sport Mental Toughness Scale”. There were 1097 valid subjects selected from stratified random sampling. The statistic methods applied to this research were descriptive statitics, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for identifying the item qualities of test, and the reliability and validity. The findings in this research were as follows: 1. There were 27 questions in SMTS. 3 factors were confirmed after verification, they are Self-affirmation, Transcend of Physical Fitness, Desire of Victory. 2. After tested by internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct reliability. SMTS reveal good reliability. 3. SMTS has been confirmed that it has good quality through content validity, discriminant validity, convergent validity. 4. The national norm of the original score was established based on the sex, age and sports years of athletes. 5. The results show that, overall, men were more resilient than women in sport mental toughness; Male athletes scored significantly higher on self-affirmation and desire of victory scales than women; Those over the age of 23 scored above their self-affirmative and transcend of physical fitness scores by 19 to 22 years; sport years in 6 to 10 years and 11 years above the score was significantly higher than 1 year and 1 to 5 years. According to the findings, several concrete suggestions were provided to atheles and coach or researchers for further usage.

碩士 / 國防醫學院 / 公共衛生學研究所 / 103 / Background: In recent years, the population of aging people with intellectual disability is growing rapidly. Aging is become an important issue in this group, but there are many researches focus on the physical and mental health. Social health is also a key point of health, so the study uses the participant and security dimension of active aging model to invest the caregivers who works at the institutions. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the degree of importance and the implement on social participation and security environment services in the institutions. Methods: There are 920 caregivers who were collect from 16 institutions in Taiwan. The study used the structure questionnaire to invest the important and effect on participant and security services. The data will analyze by SPSS Statitics 20.0. Results: Caregivers think the important of the social participant services’ score is 8.8, and the implement of the social participant services’ score is 7.5. The important of the living security services’ score is 9.1 and the implement score is 7.8. The factors affect the implement of the social participant services are education level (β=-0.12), the important of the social support (β=0.29), leisure activity (β=0.31), aging education (β=0.18) and job participant (β=0.21). The factors affect the implement of the living security services are working years in disability service (β=-0.03), the important of the social support (β=0.18), social protection (β=0.01), safe enviorment (β=0.26) and safe housing (β=0.21). Conclusions: The institutions should to solve the housing issues first. Lots of the caregivers think it is the most important service but have a little implement. In addition, when the caregivers have more positive cognitive on services and the degree of the implement will become higher. Key words: intellectual disability, active aging, social participant, living security

碩士 / 國立成功大學 / 都市計劃學系 / 105 / This study aims to evaluate the “Rural Rejuvenation Plan” implemented by the rural rejuvenation communities in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. The study used mixed methods to evaluate the program by evaluating the plan quality of the community rejuvenation plan and the conformance of plan implementation. First, plan quality was examined by coding the content of the plan and compare with the progam goals to evaluate its quality and community performace. Second, descriptive statitics were used to evaluate the conformace of plan implementation. Finally, this study examined the factors that influence plan implementation through direct observations and in-depth interviews with the stakeholders. The study found that (1) the communities’ Rural Rejuvenation Plans were written based on the guildelines of the Rural Rejuvenation Act. The plan focused on economic development and put less emphasis on the social dimensions of the rejuvenation, including the community organizations and the residents’ sense of belonging. (2) Plan quality did not affect plan implemtation, which means communities’ certain needs were different from their annual implementation projects. (3) Factors affected plan implementation came from both internally and externally. Internal factors included: the mixmatch between plan and actual needs, the level of residents’ participation, the copmplexity of land tenure in the rural area, the continuaity of community leaderships, the lack of financial and planning knowledge.External factors contended: administrative loadings, strick project specifications, instutional arranegemnts and coordination, and resource allocations from the program administration offices. The results of this study wish to provide empirical evaluation results for the Rural Rejuvenation and offer recommendations for the policy makers and planners to manage the performace of Rural Rejuvenation policy.

博士 / 國立屏東教育大學 / 教育行政研究所 / 97 / The purpose of this study was to analyze education efficiency and adequacy in Pingtung Elementary Schools in Pingtung elementary schools by using quadriform economic efficient model and Odden-Picus adequacy index, and to investigate the common factors identified by the model. In order to achieve the goal, the researcher collected data from 122 elementary schools in Pingtung area. Five-step statistical analysis was employed to identity education efficiency school, and three-step statistical analysis was employed to identity education adequacy school. Based on the statitical analysis of the results, conclusions were drawn as follows: 1. The quadriform economic efficient model was applicable in search of technical efficiency schools (economic efficient schools). 2. The Odden-Picus adequacy index was applicable in search of education adequacy schools. 3. The common background factors did not have significant contribution to technical efficiency and adequacy schools. 4. The school scale was the major cause for the difference of unit cost and adequacy of educational funding. Suggestions for educational policy and future researches were also provided in this study. The Suggestions were drawn as follows: 1.The government should to adjust the funding of the elementary schools, The central government should to pay the teacher salary of the elementary schools. 2.The special-need weighting should be taken into the aided formula when allocating school annual budget.

碩士 / 臺北市立大學 / 體育學系體育教學碩士學位班 / 106 / Abstract 　　The purposes of this research were: first, to understand the current situation and the differentiation of academic pressure and School Adaption among elementary school table tennis team in Taipei city. Second, to analyze the differences between academic pressure and School Adaption among elementary school table tennis team in Taipei city. Third, to discuss the correlation between academic pressure and School Adaption among elementary school table tennis team in Taipei city. The main method, random sampling, was used for this research to collect data. There were 264 copies of questionnaires dispatched during this research. The valid rate of these questionnaires was 221 out of 264, which was approx. 83.71%. Descriptive statitics, independent smaple T-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson Product-Moment correlation and LSD are used to process data in this research. The results were: (1) The satisfaction level of Academic Pressure among school table tennis players in Taipei city was middle towards low. The highest level of Academic Pressure was from the candidate’s own expectation; the mid-range was from their parents and the lowest was from peers and teachers. (2) The levels of School Adaption among table tennis team in Taipei City were from middle toward high, i.e., adaption in learning, in the interaction with teachers, peers, and at school work respectively. (3) Academic Pressure was significantly influenced by practice time per week and candidates’ academice performance. Levels of School Adaption vary differently because of candidates’ grade and academic performance. (4) The correlation was negative between Academic Pressure and School Adaption. Key words: elementary School Table Tennis team, Academic Pressure, School Adaptation.