Lo Ho Yin. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 142-149). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

by Mong Kwok Kong Tony. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-101). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

by Vincent Sau Yan Yiu. / "April 2000." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-131). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Chit-Kwong Kong. / "February 2000.' / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 158-170). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

背景：纤维化是各种因素导致肾脏慢性损伤的最终病理过程，是决定肾功能转归的关键因素。肌纤维母细胞作为构成肾脏纤维化组织的主要细胞成分，其来源尚不清楚。本研究认为骨髓来源的巨噬细胞向肌纤维母细胞转分化（MMT）可能是肾脏纤维化中肌纤维母细胞的主要来源。我们分别在慢性肾脏病患者的肾活检组织和小鼠单侧输料管梗阻模型（UUO）中验证这一假说。 / 方法：我们用激光共聚焦技术和流式细胞染色的方法检测小鼠UUO肾脏和患者肾活检组织中的MMT细胞(F4/80⁺α-SMA⁺或CD68⁺α-SMA⁺)。为了验证骨髓来源的MMT在肾纤维化中的重要作用，UUO模型分别在以下小鼠进行：1）去除骨髓的C57BL/6J小鼠，给予或不给予绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）标记的骨髓细胞移植；2）GFP⁺骨髓的嵌合体小鼠；3）巨噬细胞敲除或不敲除的lysM-Cre/DTR小鼠；4）GFP⁺Smad3⁺/⁺ 或GFP⁺Smad3⁻/⁻骨髓的嵌合体小鼠。我们用实时定量PCR和Western blot检测小鼠肾组织collagen-I和α-SMA水平。另外，我们观察MMT细胞和PDGFR-β⁺ pericytes, CD45⁺collagen I⁺ fibrocytes的关系。最后，通过观察GFP⁺Smad3⁻/⁻骨髓嵌合体小鼠UUO模型肾纤维化程度和TGF-β1刺激下TGF-β受体II或Smad3敲除的骨髓巨噬细胞MMT的不同进一步探索TGF-β/Smad3通路对MMT的影响。 / 结果：去除骨髓后，肾脏collagen-I沉积和α-SMA⁺肌纤维母细胞生成显著受抑制，骨髓细胞移植可以恢复肾脏纤维化，免疫荧光染色显示嵌合体小鼠中多数（80-90%）肌纤维母细胞来自于骨髓巨噬细胞转分化。同时，在白喉霉素诱导的巨噬细胞敲除小鼠中，50-60%巨噬细胞被去除，伴有纤维化明显减少，并且和MMT细胞显著减少相关。进一步验证巨噬细胞通过MMT直接参与肾脏纤维化过程。患者肾活检组织亦可见不同数目MMT细胞，纤维化活跃组织中MMT细胞可占到肌纤维母细胞总数的80%。另外，我们发现无论在小鼠模型还是患者肾活检组织中，多数MMT细胞表达pericyte（PDGFR-β⁺）和fibrocyte（CD45⁺collagen-I⁺）标记物。Smad3⁻/⁻骨髓嵌合体小鼠肾纤维化程度明显低于Smad3⁺/⁺骨髓嵌合体组，TGF-β1刺激下TGF-β受体II或Smad3敲除的骨髓巨噬细胞MMT明显低于不敲除组，提示TGF-β/Smad3通路在MMT过程中起重要作用。 / 结论：骨髓来源的MMT是肾纤维化组织中肌纤维母细胞的主要来源，TGF-β/Smad3 通路在MMT 过程中起重要作用。 / Background: Fibrosis is the ultimate pathological feature and determinant process for chronic kidney disease (CKD) regardless of the underlying etiology. Myofibroblasts are a key cell type in renal fibrosis by producing excessive collagen matrix. However, the origin of myofibroblasts during renal fibrosis remains largely controversial. This thesis tested the hypothesis that bone marrow (BM)-derived macrophage myofibroblast transition (MMT) may be a key pathway leading to renal fibrosis in patients with CKD and in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstructive nephropathy (UUO). / Methods: Renal fibrosis was assessed by expression of fibrotic marker collagen I and α-SMA using real-time PCR and western-blot analysis. MMT was determined in both mouse and human kidneys by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry with α-SMA⁺F4/80⁺ (or CD68⁺). The critical role of BM-derived MMT in renal fibrosis was examined in a mouse model of UUO, with various conditions: 1) BM depletion followed by BM transplantation (BMT) with GFP⁺ BM cells; 2) in GFP⁺ BM chimeric mice; 3) in lysM-Cre/DTR mice with or without inducible macrophage deletion; 4) in GFP⁺Smad3⁺/⁺ or GFP⁺Smad3⁻/⁻ BM chimeric mice. In addition, MMT was also validated in renal biopsy tissues from patients with different forms of CKD. Further more, we also studied the relationship between MMT and PDGFR-β⁺ pericytes or CD45⁺collagen I⁺ fibrocytes in both human and mouse fibrotic kidneys. Finally, mechanisms of MMT was examined in the UUO kidney induced in GFP⁺Smad3⁻/⁻ BM chimeric mice and in BM macrophages lacking TGF-β receptor II or Smad3. / Results: As described in Chapter III, mice with BM deletion were protected from renal fibrosis as demonstrated by blocking α-SMA⁺ myofibroblasts and collagen I accumulation. In contrast, BMT restored renal fibrosis in UUO kidney, demonstrating the critical role for BM cells in renal fibrosis. Importantly, the majority (85-90%) of α-SMA⁺ myofibroblasts were derived from BM macrophages as identified by GFP⁺F4/80⁺α-SMA⁺ revealing BM-macrophages given rise to myofibroblasts via MMT during kidney fibrosis. Similarly, MMT appeared as a major pathway of myofibroblast origin in patients with CKD, accounting for up to 80% of total myofibroblasts in the active stage of tissue fibrosis and fibrocellular crescents. To test the function role of macrophages in renal fibrosis via MMT, macrophages were conditionally deleted from the UUO kidneys in lysM-Cre/DTR mice as shown in Chapter IV, deletion (50-60%) of macrophages resulted in inhibition of MMT and renal fibrosis. Unexpectedly, most MMT cells (80-90%) were shown to co-express the pericyte marker (PDGFR-β⁺) and fibrocyte markers (CD45⁺collagen I⁺) in both human CKD and UUO (Chapter V), suggesting a BM macrophage origin for pericytes and fibrocytes during renal fibrosis. Finally, TGF-β/Smad3 appeared to be a mechanism driven MMT because mice and BM macrophages lacking either Smad3 or TβRII were protected against MMT and progressive renal fibrosis in the UUO kidney and in vitro. / Conclusions: MMT is derived from BM macrophages and regulated by TGF-β/Smad3. MMT is a major pathway of myofibroblast origin during renal fibrosis in both human and animal model of CKD. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wang, Shuang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-179). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Chapter ABSTRACT --- p.ii / Chapter DECLARATION --- p.viii / Chapter ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ix / Chapter TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.xi / Chapter LIST OF ABBREVIATION --- p.xv / Chapter LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES --- p.xvii / Chapter CHAPTER I --- p.1 / INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1. 1 --- Renal fibrosis and myofibroblasts --- p.2 / Chapter 1. 1. 1 --- Pathology of renal fibrosis --- p.2 / Chapter 1. 1. 2 --- The generation and modulation of myofibroblasts. --- p.3 / Chapter 1. 1. 2. 1 --- EMT and EndMT --- p.5 / Chapter 1. 1. 2. 2 --- Pericytes --- p.8 / Chapter 1. 1. 2. 3 --- Fibrocytes --- p.16 / Chapter 1. 2 --- Role of macrophage in fibrogenesis --- p.21 / Chapter 1. 3 --- TGF-β signaling pathway in renal fibrosis --- p.23 / Chapter 1. 3. 1 --- TGF-β superfamily --- p.23 / Chapter 1. 3. 2 --- TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway --- p.24 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- p.29 / MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.29 / Chapter 2. 1 --- Materials --- p.30 / Chapter 2. 1. 1 --- Regents and equipments --- p.30 / Chapter 2. 1. 1. 1 --- Regents and equipment for mouse genotyping --- p.30 / Chapter 2. 1. 1. 2 --- Regents and equipments for real-time PCR --- p.30 / Chapter 2. 1. 1. 3 --- Reagents and equipments for immunohistochemistry staining --- p.31 / Chapter 2. 1. 1. 4 --- Reagents and equipment for flow cytometry --- p.32 / Chapter 2. 1. 2 --- Buffer --- p.32 / Chapter 2. 1. 2. 1 --- Buffers for immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining --- p.32 / Chapter 2. 1. 2. 2 --- Buffers for western blot --- p.35 / Chapter 2. 1. 3 --- Sequences of primers for genotyping and real-time PCR --- p.41 / Chapter 2. 1. 4 --- Antibodies --- p.42 / Chapter 2. 2 --- Methods --- p.44 / Chapter 2. 2. 1 --- Generation of gene modified mice --- p.44 / Chapter 2. 2. 2 --- Bone marrow transplantation --- p.45 / Chapter 2. 2. 3 --- Conditional macrophage deletion --- p.45 / Chapter 2. 2. 4 --- Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse model --- p.46 / Chapter 2. 2. 5 --- Histology and immunohistochemistry --- p.46 / Chapter 2. 2. 5. 1 --- Processing paraffin sections --- p.46 / Chapter 2. 2. 5. 2 --- Deparaffinization and hydration --- p.47 / Chapter 2. 2. 5. 3 --- Blocking endogenous peroxidase --- p.47 / Chapter 2. 2. 5. 4 --- Antigen retrieval --- p.48 / Chapter 2. 2. 5. 5 --- Antigen and antibody reaction --- p.48 / Chapter 2. 2. 5. 6 --- Detection of target signals --- p.49 / Chapter 2. 2. 5. 7 --- Quantification of immunohistochemistry staining --- p.49 / Chapter 2. 2. 6 --- Immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy analysis --- p.49 / Chapter 2. 2. 6. 1 --- Processing tissue for immune-fluorescent (IF) staining --- p.49 / Chapter 2. 2. 6. 2 --- Serum blocking --- p.50 / Chapter 2. 2. 6. 3 --- Antigen antibody reaction --- p.50 / Chapter 2. 2. 6. 4 --- Signal detection --- p.51 / Chapter 2. 2. 7 --- Flow cytometry --- p.52 / Chapter 2. 2. 7. 1 --- Preparation of single cell suspension --- p.52 / Chapter 2. 2. 7. 2 --- Cell fixation and permeabilization --- p.53 / Chapter 2. 2. 7. 3 --- Staining --- p.53 / Chapter 2. 2. 7. 4 --- Signal detection and analysis --- p.54 / Chapter 2. 2 .8 --- Real time PCR --- p.55 / Chapter 2. 2. 8. 1 --- Total RNA extraction --- p.55 / Chapter 2. 2. 8. 2 --- Reverse transcription --- p.56 / Chapter 2. 2. 8. 3 --- Real-time PCR --- p.57 / Chapter 2. 2. 8. 4 --- Analysis of real-time PCR --- p.57 / Chapter 2. 2. 9 --- Western blot --- p.58 / Chapter 2. 2. 9. 1 --- Protein extraction from tissue --- p.58 / Chapter 2. 2. 9. 2 --- Protein concentration measurement --- p.59 / Chapter 2. 2. 9. 3 --- SDS-PAGE electrophoresis --- p.59 / Chapter 2. 2. 9. 4 --- Protein transfer --- p.60 / Chapter 2. 2. 9. 5 --- Blocking --- p.61 / Chapter 2. 2. 9. 6 --- Antibodies incubation and signal detection --- p.62 / Chapter 2. 2. 9. 7 --- Stripping --- p.62 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- p.63 / EVIDENCE FOR MMT AS A NEW PATHWAY OF MYOFIBROBLAST ORIGIN IN RENAL FIBROSIS --- p.63 / Chapter 3. 1 --- Introduction --- p.64 / Chapter 3. 2 --- Materials and methods --- p.65 / Chapter 3. 2. 1 --- Human renal biopsy tissues --- p.65 / Chapter 3. 2. 2 --- Experimental design --- p.65 / Chapter 3. 2. 3 --- Bone marrow transplantation and GFP⁺ BM chimeric mice --- p.66 / Chapter 3. 2. 4 --- Immunohistochemistry --- p.66 / Chapter 3. 2. 5 --- Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy analysis --- p.67 / Chapter 3. 2. 6 --- Real-time PCR --- p.68 / Chapter 3. 2. 7 --- Western blot analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 3. 2. 8 --- Flow cytometry --- p.68 / Chapter 3. 3 --- Results --- p.69 / Chapter 3. 3. 1 --- BM-derived myofibroblasts play a key role in renal fibrosis in a mouse model of UUO --- p.69 / Chapter 3. 3. 1. 1 --- α-SMA⁺ myofibroblasts are derived from BM and determine renal fibrosis in a mouse model of UUO --- p.69 / Chapter 3. 3. 1. 2 --- BM as a major source of collagen production in a mouse model of UUO --- p.73 / Chapter 3. 3. --- 2 Evidence for BM derived macrophage-myofibrobalst transition (MMT) in a mouse model of UUO --- p.77 / Chapter 3. 3. 2. 1 --- Characterization of GFP⁺ BM chimeric mice --- p.77 / Chapter 3. 3. 2. 2 --- Evidence for bone marrow-derived MMT is the major source of myofibroblast origin in the UUO kidney --- p.79 / Chapter 3. 3. 3 --- Evidence for MMT in human fibrotic kidney tissues --- p.84 / Chapter 3. 3. 4 --- M2 macrophage is the predomimant phenotype of macrophages in the fibrotic kidney of UUO mouse model. --- p.88 / Chapter 3. 4 --- Discussion --- p.90 / Chapter 3. 5 --- Conclusion --- p.93 / Chapter CHAPTER IV --- p.94 / Chapter GE --- CONDITIONAL MACROPHA DELETION INHIBITS MMT AND RENAL FIBROSIS --- p.94 / Chapter 4. 1 --- Introduction --- p.95 / Chapter 4. 2 --- Materials and methods --- p.98 / Chapter 4. 2. 1 --- Generation of lysM-Cre/DTR mice --- p.98 / Chapter 4. 2. 2 --- Conditional deletion of macrophage --- p.98 / Chapter 4. 2. 3 --- Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO) mouse model --- p.98 / Chapter 4. 2. 4 --- Real-time PCR --- p.99 / Chapter 4. 2. 5 --- Western blot analysis --- p.99 / Chapter 4. 2. 6 --- Immunohistochemisty --- p.99 / Chapter 4. 2. 7 --- Immunofluorescence --- p.99 / Chapter 4. 3 --- Results --- p.100 / Chapter 4. 3. 1 --- Characterization of lysM-Cre/DTR mice --- p.100 / Chapter 4. 3. 2 --- Conditional deletion of macrophage in a mouse model of UUO --- p.101 / Chapter 4. 3. 3 --- Conditional deletion of macrophage suppresses α-SMA⁺ myofibroblast accumulation in a mouse model of UUO --- p.104 / Chapter 4. 3. 4 --- Conditional deletion of macrophage inhibits collagen I production in a mouse model of UUO --- p.106 / Chapter 4. 3. 5 --- Conditional deletion of macrophage inhibits renal fibrosis through reducing MMT cells in a mouse model of UUO --- p.108 / Chapter 4. 4 --- Discussion --- p.111 / Chapter 4. 5 --- Conclusion --- p.113 / Chapter CHAPTER V --- p.114 / MMT CELLS SHARE PERICYTE AND FIBROCYTE PHENOTYPES --- p.114 / Chapter 5. 1 --- Introduciton --- p.115 / Chapter 5. 2 --- Materials and methods --- p.116 / Chapter 5. 2. 1 --- Human renal biopsy tissues --- p.116 / Chapter 5. 2. 2 --- Animals and UUO mouse model --- p.116 / Chapter 5. 2. 3 --- Immunofluorescence (IF) --- p.116 / Chapter 5. 2. 4 --- Flow cytometry --- p.117 / Chapter 5. 3 --- Results --- p.119 / Chapter 5. 3. 1 --- Evidence for MMT cells co-expressing pericyte marker in the fibrotic kidney of UUO model --- p.119 / Chapter 5. 3. 2 --- Evidence for MMT cells co-expressing pericyte marker in the fibrotic kidney from patients with chronic kidney diseases --- p.124 / Chapter 5. 3. 3 --- Evidence for MMT cells co-expressing fibrocyte marker in the fibrotic kidney of UUO model --- p.126 / Chapter 5. 3. 4 --- Evidence for MMT cells co-expressing fibrocyte marker in the fibrotic kidney from patients with chronic kidney diseases --- p.129 / Chapter 5. 4 --- Dscussion --- p.131 / Chapter 5. 5 --- Conclusion --- p.133 / Chapter CHAPTER VI --- p.134 / SMAD3 MEDIATES MMT DURING RENAL FIBROSIS --- p.134 / Chapter 6. 1 --- Introduction --- p.135 / Chapter 6. 2 --- Materials and methods --- p.137 / Chapter 6. 2. 1 --- Generation of Smad3⁺/⁺ and Smad3⁻/⁻ BM-Chimeric mice --- p.137 / Chapter 6. 2. 2 --- Generation of TbRII disrupted BM macrophages and Smad3⁻/⁻ BM macrophages --- p.137 / Chapter 6. 2. 3 --- UUO mouse model --- p.138 / Chapter 6. 2. 4 --- Cell culture --- p.138 / Chapter 6. 2. 5 --- Real-time PCR --- p.139 / Chapter 6. 2. 6 --- Western blot analysis --- p.139 / Chapter 6. 2. 7 --- Immunohistochemistry (IHC) --- p.139 / Chapter 6. 2. 8 --- Immunofluorescence (IF) --- p.139 / Chapter 6. 2. 9 --- Flow cytometry --- p.140 / Chapter 6. 3 --- Result --- p.141 / Chapter 6. 3. 1 --- Genotyping of Smad3 WT and Smad3 KO mice --- p.141 / Chapter 6. 3. 2 --- Smad3 knockout inhibits TGF-β1 induced MMT in vitro --- p.142 / Chapter 6. 3. 3 --- Disruption of TbRII inhibits TGF-β1 induced MMT in vitro --- p.145 / Chapter 6. 3. 4 --- Deletion of BM Smad3 inhibits α-SMA expression in the UUO kidney --- p.147 / Chapter 6. 3. 5 --- Deletion of BM Smad3 inhibits collagen-I production in the UUO kidney --- p.149 / Chapter 6. 3. 6 --- Inhibition of MMT is a mechanism by which BM Smad3 deficiency inhibits renal fibrosis in a mouse model of UUO --- p.150 / Chapter 6. 4 --- Discussion --- p.153 / Chapter 6. 5 --- Conclusion --- p.154 / Chapter CHAPTER VII --- p.155 / SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF THE MAJOR FINDINGS --- p.155 / Chapter 7. 1 --- Summary and discussion --- p.157 / Chapter 7. 1. 1 --- MMT is a major pathway of myofibroblast origin in renal fibrosis --- p.157 / Chapter 7. 1. 2 --- MMT cells shares both pericyte and fibrocyte phenotypes in renal fibrosis --- p.157 / Chapter 7. 1. 3 --- TGF-β/Smad3 is a key mechanism of MMT in renal fibrosis --- p.158 / Chapter 7. 2 --- Conclusion --- p.160 / Chapter REFERENCES --- p.161

暗物質乃構成宇宙的主要部分。而暗物質，即自身為不可見之物，無論自我湮滅與否，皆可能於各方面影響天體的特性。 / 在本論文中，我們首先研究一個混入非自我湮滅費米子暗物質的核心，並藉二流體方法，探討它如何影響中子星的靜態平衡結構。我們發現若達到足夠大的暗物質質量比重時，便可產生一種新型的致密星一顆由暗物質支配、半徑有數公里的中子星。然後，我們研究該核心導致中子星的線性變化，並應用此星體模型解釋已觀測的特細中子星，也考察此暗物質對中子星的冷卻過程的影響，和不同粒子質量的暗物質的效果。最後，我們討論該核心的徑向震動，從中發現新一種震動模式。 / 接下來，我們集中討論混入暗物質的核心如何干涉主序星的星體演化。一般而言，此核心皆縮短主序星的壽命，並改變演化間唯量，譬如氫融合及氦融合的最低所需質量。但就一個擁有可觀質量的暗物質核心而言，我們發現幾種唯象的改變包括主序星壽命的延長，高質量恆星的橫向分支的消失，以及星體演化的新路徑。由此我們得出，把暗物質放入考慮之列，能令星體演化的討論變得更有系統，也是不可或缺的。再者，我們論證前述的星體，即由暗物質支配的中子星，亦可能從類近的演化中產生。 / 最後，我們轉向研究，在牛頓水動力學中的球體對稱情況下，一個點質量的暗物質核心如何改變白矮星徑向運動的特性。於可行的模擬運算下，此核心的額外引力只局部改變星體的特性，如初始靜態平衡下的密度分佈的外型，而星體的徑向震動模式及震動頻率則不受影響。 / Dark matter constitutes a large proportion of matter in the universe and it is believed that dark matter, self-annihilating or not, can bring observational change to astrophysical objects in different aspects, even though it cannot be observed directly. / In chapter 2, we first study the effect of an admixed dark matter core, consisted of non-self-annihilating fermionic dark matter particles, to the equi-librium structure of a neutron star using the two-fluid formalism. We find that a new subclass of compact star, dark matter dominated neutron star, is formed for a sufficiently large mass fraction of dark matter, which has only a few-kilometer-sized visible radius. Also, we study the linear response of a neutron star towards a dark matter core; we apply the model to explain several observed neutron stars with extraordinary small radii and we study how the dark matter core affects the cooling properties of neutron stars. We examine the effects caused by the choice of dark matter particle mass. Then, we study the radial oscillation modes of a dark matter admixed neutron star, in which a new class of modes is present due to the admixture of dark matter. At last, we extend our study from neutron stars to strange stars, in which we discover that the response of a strange star to the presence of an admixed dark matter core is qualitatively different from a neutron star. / In chapter 3 we focus on the effect of the dark matter core to the stellar evolution of main-sequence stars. We find that in general the existence of a dark matter core reduces the stellar lifetime and quantitative change in the stellar evolution, such as the decrement of the threshold mass for hydro¬gen and helium fusion. But for sufficiently massive dark matter core, several qualitative changes are observed: they include an extension in main-sequence lifetime, absence of horizontal branch for high-mass stars and some new paths in the stellar evolution. From the study we find that the consideration of dark matter is indispensable in a systematic discussion of stellar evolution. Also we argue that dark matter dominated neutron star can be formed following similar stellar evolution processes. / In chapter 4 we turn to the impact of a point-mass dark matter core on the radial oscillation of a white dwarf by doing Newtonian hydrodynamical simulations in spherically symmetric scenarios. We find that, within feasible simulations, the effects of an extra gravity from the dark matter core is highly local. It creates a change in the initial static equilibrium density profile, but its radial oscillation patterns and oscillation frequencies remain unchanged. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Leung, Shing Chi = 非自我湮滅暗物質對致密星及主序星的影響 / 梁成志. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-131). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Leung, Shing Chi = Fei zi wo yan mie an wu zhi dui zhi mi xing ji zhu xu xing de ying xiang / Liang Chengzhi. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Dark Matter: The mysterious piece in the Universe --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- The puzzle of missing mass --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Dark Matter in Particle Physics --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Alternatives to Dark Matter --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- Probing the Nature of Dark Matter --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Neutron Star Astrophysics --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Equilibrium Structure and Radial Oscillation Modes --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Non-radial Oscillation Modes --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Use of NS as a DM probe --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Rotating Neutron Stars --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- Hydrodynamical Simulation --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Algorithm --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Applications in Astrophysics --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5 --- Structure of the thesis --- p.15 / Chapter 2 --- Astrophysical Properties of DANS --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1 --- Formalism --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Static Equilibrium Structure of DANS --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Choice of EOS --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Moment of inertia --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Equations for radial oscillations --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Equations for NS cooling --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- EOS for strange quark matter --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2 --- Static Equilibrium Properties of DANS --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- General Properties of DANS --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Linear Response of DANS --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Effects of DM particle mass --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- Radial Oscillations of DANS --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- One-fluid limit --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Oscillation modes of DANS --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Effects of DM particle mass --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4 --- Neutron Star Cooling --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Numerical Result in Neutrino Emission --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Time-dependent calculation --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Discussion --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5 --- Strange Star --- p.59 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Introduction --- p.59 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Strange Star Properties --- p.60 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Discussion --- p.63 / Chapter 2.6 --- Chapter Summary --- p.65 / Chapter 3 --- Effects of Non-self-annihilating Dark Matter on Stellar Evolution --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1 --- Formulation --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Effect of Dark Matter --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Convergence test --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- High mass stars --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Intermediate mass stars --- p.76 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Low mass stars --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Brown Dwarfs --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3 --- Discussion --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Absence of Horizontal Branch --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Extended Main-sequence Lifetime --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Lower Mass Thresholds for Hydrogen Fusion and Helium Fusion --- p.88 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- New Stellar Evolution Path --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4 --- Chapter Summary --- p.91 / Chapter 4 --- Dynamical Simulation of Hybrid White Dwarf --- p.93 / Chapter 4.1 --- Formalism --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2 --- Convergence Test --- p.94 / Chapter 4.3 --- Numerical Results --- p.96 / Chapter 4.4 --- Chapter summary --- p.98 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.101 / Chapter A --- DANS as an Alternative to Strange Stars --- p.105 / Chapter B --- Verification of separated TOV equations --- p.107 / Chapter C --- Code for numerical evolution --- p.109 / Chapter D --- Notation Convention and Units --- p.111 / Chapter E --- Discussion on the smearing of DM core --- p.113 / Chapter F --- Unit conversion --- p.118 / Bibliography --- p.119

當絶熱地改變哈密頓量的參數時，波函數會獲得一個幾何相位，既 Berry相。它可以表示為參數空間內一個局域的規範場，叫作 Berry曲率。Berry曲率在凝聚態物理的許多領域的研究中起著至關重要的作用，例如量子霍爾效應以及拓撲絶緣體。因此它已成為固體的最基本的性質之一。在量子霍爾效應中，霍爾電導可以表示為 Berry曲率在布里淵區上的積分。這個積分是一個量子化的 Chern數，並且反映了系統的拓撲結構。然而由於時間反演對稱性，拓撲絶緣體的霍爾電導等於零。因此對時間反演不變絶緣體的 Berry曲率的直接以及非破壞性的測量已經成為凝聚態物理中的重要問題。 / 在這篇論文中，我們提出標準的非線性光譜學可以用來探測時間反演不變絶緣體的性質，而且非線性光譜學的實驗比直流實驗更可控。通過計算，我們發現當遠紅外光和 THz光入射到樣品上時，系統的三階光學響應不為零，這與輸運實驗的結果相比形成了鮮明的對比。更重要的是響應函數正比於能帶的非阿貝爾 Berry曲率。這個結果提供了直接測量時間反演不變系統的 Berry曲率的可能性。 / 對具有(近似的 )空間旋轉對稱性的時間反演不變絶緣體，我們發現三階光學響應與等能球面的 Berry曲率通量直接相關。由於 Berry曲率通量給出了能帶簡併點處的奇異單子的拓撲電荷，因此人們可以利用這種方法直接測量能帶的拓撲結構。作為一個例子，這個方法被應用於 III-V族化合物半導體的八帶模型，並給出了一個拓撲電荷為 3的非線性響應。 / Berry phase, a geometric phase acquired by a wave function by adiabatically varying the parameters of the Hamiltonian, can be expressed in terms of a local gauge field in parameter space, called Berry curvature. The Berry curvature plays an essential role in many fields of condensed matter physics, such as the quantum Hall eect and in the study of Topological insulators (TI) and hence it has become one of the most fundamental properties of solids. In Quantum Hall eect, the Hall conductance can be expressed as an integral of the Berry curvature over the Brillouin zone, which is a quantized Chern number and reflects the topology of the system. However in TI, the Hall conductance is equal to zero as a result of the time-reversal (TR) symmetry. Thus, the direct and nondestructive measurement of the Berry curvature of a TR invariant insulator is an important issue in condensed matter physics. / In this thesis, we show that the standard nonlinear optical spectroscopy, being more experimentally controllable than DC experiments, can be used to detect the bulk properties of TR invariant insulators. Through a general calculation, we nd that, when optical and terahertz light fields are employed, the third order optical eect is nonzero compared with the transport method. And the susceptibility is exactly proportional to the non-Abelian Berry curva-ture of the energy band, which provides the possibility of determining Berry curvature directly. / For the TR invariant insulator with (approximate) rotational symmetry, the third order optical susceptibility is related to the the Berry curvature flux through the iso-energy sphere, which gives the topological charge of the monopole at the degeneracy point. Hence it enables one to measure the topo¬logical property of the energy band explicitly. As an example, the method is applied to the eight-band model of III-V compound semiconductors and gives a quantized susceptibility with topological charge equal to 3. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Yang, Fan = 時間反演不變絶緣體的Berry曲率的非線性光學測量 / 楊帆. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-[80]). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Yang, Fan = Shi jian fan yan bu bian jue yuan ti de Berry qu lu de fei xian xing guang xue ce liang / Yang Fan. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction of Berry phase --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Basic concepts of the Berry phase and Berry curvature --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Degeneracy and monopole --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Berry phase in Bloch bands --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Non-Abelian Berry curvature --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2 --- Quantum Hall effect and topological insulator --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Anomalous velocity and Quantum Hall effect --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Topological insulator --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3 --- Introduction of nonlinear optics --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Nonlinear optical susceptibilities --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Density matrix formalism --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Diagrammatic analysis of nonlinear optical processes --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4 --- Polarization operator of band electrons --- p.24 / Chapter 1.5 --- Outline of this thesis --- p.26 / Chapter 2 --- Third-order Optical Response of a General Insulator --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2 --- Microscopic mechanism --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3 --- Third-order nonlinear susceptibility --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- A general model --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Perturbative calculation I --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Perturbative calculation II --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Total response --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4 --- Diagrammatic calculation of the third-order response --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5 --- Application to topological insulators --- p.56 / Chapter 2.6 --- Summary --- p.59 / Chapter 3 --- Nonlinear Optical Measurement of Topological Charge --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2 --- Third-order response with resonant interband transitions --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3 --- Third-order response and topological charge in a rotationally symmetric insulator --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4 --- Quantized susceptibility of III-V compound semiconductors --- p.70 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.74 / Chapter 4 --- Summary and Conclusions --- p.75 / Bibliography --- p.77 / Chapter A --- Calculation of equation (2.32) --- p.81 / Chapter B --- Proof of formula (3.20) --- p.89 / Chapter C --- Third-order response with multiple conduction and valence bands --- p.92

利用超瑞利散射，我們能夠得知有機分子的超極化率，從而幫助我們對其在液態時的結構及相互作用加深認識和了解。在此研究項目，我們將通過測量對-硝基苯胺溶劑或硝基苯之稀釋混合物的超瑞利散射退極化比，分別提取當中的相干以及非相干散射訊號，並對分子間互相的位置以及方向相關性進行研究。同時，我們將針對分子間的短程和長程相互作用，利用其分別衍生的局域相干散射與離域相干散射進行深入探討。研究顯示，退極化比會受分子間的平均距離所影響，而實驗中將利用對-硝基苯胺在溶液中的濃度或硝基苯的稀釋率對平均距離進行調整。粗略估算當分子間的相互作用能與熱能的強度可比時，退極化比將會有明顯的變化。研究中我們運用簡單的偶極硬球模型，假設分子間為經典的電偶極子相互勢能，同時只考慮一對分子之間的直接相互作用，並以球直徑作為唯一參數擬合實驗結果。另一方面，通過觀察實驗中違反局域散射的對稱性，我們證實硝基苯分子間存在著長程相關性。而以不同溶劑進行稀釋，例如甲醇和丙酮時，會破壞其長程相關性，但當其與苯類溶劑，如對-二甲苯混合時，則會保持其長程相關性。因此，分子之間的長程相關性曾被認為是來自苯環之間的π-π相互作用。過往曾經有研究提出一項將液體中的集體震動模式以震動子(libron)表示的模型，能夠解釋觀察到的不對稱性，但此模型的擬合結果與此實驗中硝基苯以甲醇稀釋，並將其相關性破壞的結果並不相符。另外，以苯甲醇稀釋的結果與純硝基苯之間的不對稱現象相反，令π-π相互作用的假設受到質疑。直至現在，仍未有一項合理的模型能解釋得到實驗中所觀察到分子間的長程相關性。 / Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering (HRS) can be used to determine the first hy-perpolarizability β and examine the structure of organic compounds in liquid states. In this research project, by studying the HRS depolarization ratios of solutions of para-nitroaniline (PNA) or diluted mixtures of nitrobenzene, coherent and incoherent scattering signals were extracted for investigation of the spatial and angular correlations between molecules in a liquid state. Both the localized coherent light scattering, which is controlled by the strength of short-range intermolecular interaction, and the delocalized coherent scattering, which is related to the long range correlation between molecules, were revealed. The depolarization ratios were found to depend on the intermolecular distance, which varied with the concentration of the PNA in the solution or the dilution ratio of pure nitrobenzene in various solvents. A rough estimation shows that significant depolarization ratio variation should occur when the interactionenergy becomes comparable to the thermal energy. With the pair correlations calculated by a dipolar hard sphere model that assumed a classical dipolar interaction potential, the experimental results can be accounted by the theory using the hard sphere diameter as the only fitting parameter. The long range correlation between molecules was confirmed to exist even in the liquid state of pure nitrobenzene by observing a deviation from the local scattering symmetries. The long range correlation between nitrobenzene molecules was found to be easily destroyed by mixing with various solvents such as methanol and acetone, but was maintained by mixing with p-xylene, which is a solvent with benzene-like molecules. The π-π inter-action between the molecules was proposed to be the origin of the long range correlations. A model of delocalized collective mode (libron) that coexists with localized orientational diffusion mode in the solution was previously introduced to explain the observed phenomena. However, break downof the long range correlation by dilution using methanol showed a disagreement with the fitting of the libron model. Furthermore, use of benzol alcohol as a dilutant gives an opposite effect on the long range correlations of the nitrobenzene molecules, which makes the π-π interaction model for long range correlation between nitrobenzene molecules questionable. Presently, there is no satisfactory model on the long range correlation between molecules that can explain all our experimental results. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Chan, Yan Chun = 有機溶液之相干超瑞利散射研究 / 陳恩進. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-132). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Chan, Yan Chun = You ji rong ye zhi xiang gan chao rui li san she yan jiu / Chen Enjin. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Basic Theory --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction to nonlinear optics --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Harmonic generation --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Nonlinear optical phenomena --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4 --- Frequency dependent susceptibility --- p.13 / Chapter 2.5 --- Classical model to susceptibility --- p.14 / Chapter 2.6 --- Calculation of the Nonlinear Processes using Schrödinger Equation --- p.18 / Chapter 2.7 --- Densitymatrix formulation. --- p.20 / Chapter 2.8 --- Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering (HRS) --- p.23 / Chapter 3 --- Experimental Setup and Procedures --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1 --- Experimental Setup --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Instruments --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Laser System --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Sample cells --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Camera Lens --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Numerical Aperture --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Monochromator --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Photomultiplier --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Photon counter --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3 --- Experimental procedures --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Focus point calibration --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Measurement of depolarized intensities and ratios --- p.41 / Chapter 4 --- Instrumental calibration and error analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 4.1 --- PMT applied voltage and photon counter discrimination level --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2 --- HRS wavelength and spectral width --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3 --- Polarizations --- p.50 / Chapter 4.4 --- Slit width --- p.52 / Chapter 4.5 --- Pulsed laser repetition rate --- p.53 / Chapter 4.6 --- Gate width and gate delay --- p.55 / Chapter 4.7 --- Statistical error --- p.57 / Chapter 4.8 --- Photon counting error --- p.61 / Chapter 4.9 --- Numerical aperture collimation --- p.63 / Chapter 4.10 --- Depolarization ratio bias --- p.65 / Chapter 4.11 --- Laser focusing point deviation --- p.69 / Chapter 5 --- Measurement and results of localized coherent Hyper-Rayleigh scatterings --- p.74 / Chapter 5.1 --- Modeling of localized coherent scattering --- p.76 / Chapter 5.2 --- Localized coherent scattering of PNA --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3 --- Localized coherent scattering of Nitrobenzene --- p.91 / Chapter 5.4 --- Study with absorption spectrum --- p.96 / Chapter 5.5 --- Non-zero hyperpolarizability off-diagonal elements --- p.101 / Chapter 6 --- Study of delocalized coherent Hyper-Rayleigh scattering --- p.105 / Chapter 6.1 --- Delocalized coherent scattering of PNA --- p.106 / Chapter 6.2 --- Delocalized coherent scattering of nitrobenzene --- p.110 / Chapter 6.3 --- Libronmodel --- p.115 / Chapter 6.4 --- Long range correlations of PNAmolecules --- p.118 / Chapter 6.5 --- Ionic contaminations --- p.120 / Chapter 6.6 --- Long range correlations of other liquids --- p.123 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.125 / Bibliography --- p.129

如何在納米結構中控制的光的傳播，一直是物理和應用技術方面被廣泛研究的其中一個課題。在這篇論文中，我們從理論上探討在納米結構中表面等離子體激元(Surface plasmon polariton) 的特性以及其雜化。我們研究的納米結構包括金屬電介質金屬平板導波(chirped metaldielectric wave-guides) ，慘入納米金屬球的金屬電介質平板導波(metal dielectric waveguides with metallic narnoparticle doped)與光子晶體(photoniccrystals) 。 / 金屬-電介質-金屬平板導波由三層的金屬及電介質平板所組成，原本各自獨立存在於兩層金屬-介電介面的表面等離子體激元在兩層介面相距足夠近的情況下，會產生稱合作用而導致雜化表面等離子體激元(Hybridizedsurface plasmon polariton) 的產生，並且能在色散關係中被一條接近平坦、位於中頻附近的帶所表示。 / 同樣地，透過在金屬介電介面附近的電介質平板部份中加入納米金屬球，我們也能引起納米金屬球上的表面等離子體與平面金屬-介電介面上的表面等離子體激元之間的耦合作用，從而在色散關係產生另一條分支帶。 / 這些由雜化作用所導致的平坦的分支帶，其特性很容易透過操縱模型參數所改變。因此，我們可以在模型中引入一個介電常數(或厚度)的漸變梯度，從而達成表面等離子體激元的定域化，或多頻率表面等離子體激元(SPP rainbow) 的誘捕。 / 另外，透過轉移距列(transfer matrix)及哈密頓光學(Hamiltonian opticsapproach) 的應用，我們同時研究了表面等離子波在一維二元光子晶體中的斜入射色散關係及其傳播。結果證明，它可以用來引起波長尺度級別的表面等離子波的軌跡彎曲。 / Controlling the light propagation in nanostructures is one of the extensively studied topics in physics and technology. In this thesis, we theoretically investigate the behaviours of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) and the hybridized nanostructures, which include chirped metal-dielectric waveguides, metal-dielectric waveguides with metallic nanoparticle doped and photonic crystals. / In the system of chirped metal-dielectric waveguides which compose of metal-dielectric-metal multilayers, the evanescent coupling of the SPP waves at the two interfaces in the dielectric layer lead to a new hybridized surface plasmon polariton (HSPP) branch with a nearly flat dispersion at intermediate frequencies. / Similarly, by adding metallic nano-particles into the dielectric media, we can also achieve another HSPP branch which is caused by the coupling between the surface plasmon (SP) on the nanoparticles and SPP at the waveguide interface. Moreover, the nearly flat branch is tunable through changing the system parameters. Therefore by imposing a gradual variation of per-mittivity (or thickness), it is possible to achieve a localization of SPP wave, which is useful for achieving trapped SPP rainbow. / We also study at oblique incidence the dispersion relation and the propagation of SP in one dimension binary photonic crystals by using methods of transfer matrix and Hamiltonian optics approach. The result shows that it can be used to achieve a superbending of SP waves in wavelength scales. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Chau, Cheung Wai = 表面等離子光學及納米光學中的雜交化電磁極化子 / 鄒長威. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-86). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Chau, Cheung Wai = Biao mian deng li zi guang xue ji na mi guang xue zhong de za jiao hua dian ci ji hua zi / Zou Changwei. / Abstract --- p.i / 概要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Plasmonics and nanophotonics --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Surface plasmon polaritons --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- History of SPP --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Investigations and applications of SPPs --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objective of thesis --- p.3 / Chapter 2 --- Basic principles --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Drude model --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- SPP formalism --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- SPP excitation --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Level repulsion phenomenon --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Simple coupled oscillator --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Diatomic elastic chain --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Summary --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4 --- Transfer matrix method --- p.14 / Chapter 2.5 --- Hamiltonian optics approach --- p.16 / Chapter 2.6 --- Maxwell Garnett approximation --- p.17 / Chapter 3 --- Thomson plasmonics --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2 --- Model and scheme --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3 --- HSPP formalism --- p.22 / Chapter 3.4 --- HSPP bands with varying inclusions of metallic nanospheres --- p.23 / Chapter 3.5 --- Confinement scheme --- p.25 / Chapter 3.6 --- HO simulation and localization --- p.26 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Center excitation --- p.28 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Off center excitation --- p.30 / Chapter 3.7 --- Tunability and fabrication --- p.31 / Chapter 3.8 --- Complications and loss --- p.33 / Chapter 3.9 --- Summary --- p.33 / Chapter 4 --- Chirped metal-dielectric waveguides --- p.41 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.42 / Chapter 4.2 --- Model and scheme --- p.42 / Chapter 4.3 --- SPP formalism --- p.43 / Chapter 4.4 --- HSPP bands with varying permittivity and thickness --- p.45 / Chapter 4.5 --- Confinement scheme --- p.46 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Varying permittivity --- p.47 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Varying thickness --- p.47 / Chapter 4.6 --- Ho simulation and localization --- p.48 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Varying permittivity --- p.49 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Varying thickness --- p.51 / Chapter 4.7 --- Summary --- p.53 / Chapter 5 --- Dispersion and mirage of surface plasmon waves in metallic photonic crystals --- p.60 / Chapter 5.1 --- Photonic crystal --- p.60 / Chapter 5.2 --- Introduction --- p.61 / Chapter 5.3 --- Dispersion relation formalism --- p.61 / Chapter 5.4 --- Graded material --- p.64 / Chapter 5.5 --- Ho simulation --- p.65 / Chapter 5.6 --- Results --- p.66 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Lowest band excitation --- p.66 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Second lowest band excitation --- p.69 / Chapter 5.6.3 --- Multiangle incidence --- p.71 / Chapter 5.7 --- Summary --- p.72 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.82 / Bibliography --- p.84

本論文包含四個部分。每一部分我們演示一個在共同演化網絡中的個體為本(agent-based)模型。第二章是不滿適應雪堆博奕(DASG)的廣泛化。第三章是自省適應(self-questioning adaptive)雪堆博奕。第四章是共同演化選民模型的廣泛化。第五章是有三個互相克制的角色的適應性石頭-布-剪刀(ARPS)模型。在這些模型中，適應行為導致共同演化過程發生。我們以電算模擬及理論方法研究這些模型。我們的目標是建立一個可應用於不同共同演化網絡的一般分析框架。 / 在第二章及第四章，我們將Gräser等人的DASG及Vazquez等人的共同演化選民模型從一個控制參數推廣到二個獨立的控制參數。在他們的工作中，根據網絡的結構定義了一些相，而且發展了平均場理論。而在廣泛化的情況下，在已伸延的相空間上，我們也定義了一些相及發展了一些廣泛化的平均場理論。在廣泛化DASG中，我們以考慮在相邊界附近的最終生存形態(last surviving patterns)以解釋相邊界的電算模擬結果。 / 在第三章，我們提出及研究一個以誘惑驅動的雪堆博奕。該更新機制被稱為自省機制(self-questioning mechanism)。我們給出模擬及理論結果，也討論了該些結果的物理意義。 / 在第五章，我們推廣我們的研究至有三個策略的遊戲。我們提出及研究了一個ARPS模型，其中每個個體採用三個互相克制的策略的其中之一。每個個體以概率 p來重連不理想的連結或以概率 (1 - p)改變自身的策略以適應其周遭環境。我們研究了網絡於不同的 p值在穩定態的行為及定義 了一些相。我們研究兩個選取重連對象的方法，分別對應於隨機選取及刻意選取重連對象，也解釋了得出的結果。我們在有關穩定勝利、平手及失敗概率的研究中及哪種個體可以有更高的勝利概率的研究中得出了有趣的結果。我們也研究了結果如何取決於初始條件。 / 在不同的模型中，理論方程均建立於相似的想法上。理論結果得出模擬結果的主要特性，包括出現了不同的相。該分析方法被證明了在本論文中對不同的模型也有效，而該方法也可被應用於很多其他共同演化網絡上。 / This thesis consists of four parts. In each part, we present results of an agent-based model of co-evolving network. Chapter 2 deals with a generalization of the Dissatisfied Adaptive Snowdrift Game (DASG) and Chapter 3 covers the self-questioning adaptive snowdrift game. Chapter 4 discusses a generalization of a co-evolving voter model. Chapter 5 gives the results on a cyclic three-character Adaptive Rock-Paper-Scissor (ARPS) game. The adaptive actions give rise to co-evolving processes in these models. These models are studied both numerically and analytically. An objective here is to establish a general analytic framework that is applicable to different models of co-evolving networks. / In Chapters 2 and 4, we generalize two existing models -the DASG of Gräser et al. and the co-evolving voter model of Vazquez et al. -from a single control parameter to two independent parameters. Different phases were identified according to the network structure and mean-field theories were developed in the previous work. With the expanded phase space in our generalized models, we identified different phases and provided a generalized mean-field approach. The phase boundaries in the generalized DASG can be explained by considering the last surviving patterns in the vicinity of the transition between two phases. / In Chapter 3, we propose and study a co-evolving snowdrift game in which the adaptive actions are driven by the desire to enhance winning. The updating scheme is called the self-questioning mechanism. We present simulation and theoretical results, and provide physical meaning to the results. / In Chapter 5, we extend our study to three-strategy games. An ARPS model in which each agent uses one of three strategies that dominate each other cyclically is proposed and studied. Each agent adapts his local environment by rewiring an un-favourable link with a probability p or switching his strategy with a probability 1-p. As p varies, the behaviour of the network in the steady state is studied and dierent phases are identified. Two dierent schemes corresponding to selecting the rewiring target randomly and intentionally are studied and the results are explained. Interesting results are also found in the probabilities of winning, losing and drawing in the steady state; and the type of agents that have a higher winning probability. The dependence on the initial distribution of the three strategies among the agents is also studied. / The analytic equations presented for each model in the thesis are established on similar ideas. The analytic results capture the main features in the simulation results, including the emergence of dierent phases. The analytic approach, proven to be useful through different models in this thesis, can be applied to a wide class of other co-evolving network models. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Choi, Chi Wun / 個體為本共同演化網絡的研究 / 蔡至桓. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-116). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Choi, Chi Wun / Ge ti wei ben gong tong yan hua wang luo de yan jiu / Cai Zhihuan. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Review --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Network and basic graph properties --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Two-person games --- p.6 / Chapter 2 --- Generalization of Dissatisfied-Adaptive Snowdrift Game (DASG) --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Dissatisfied-Adaptive model --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Previous work --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4 --- Generalized Dissatisfied-Adaptive model --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5 --- Simulation results --- p.17 / Chapter 2.6 --- Theoretical analysis --- p.19 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Mean-Field approach --- p.19 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Theoretical results --- p.22 / Chapter 2.7 --- Last surviving patterns --- p.25 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Observing the last surviving patterns --- p.25 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Applying the theory using extracted information from simulations --- p.26 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Further development of the theory --- p.28 / Chapter 2.7.4 --- Results of the theory --- p.30 / Chapter 2.8 --- Dependence on initial conditions and mean degree --- p.32 / Chapter 2.9 --- Conclusion --- p.34 / Chapter 3 --- Self-questioning Adaptive SG --- p.36 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2 --- Self-questioning adaptive SG with control parameter r --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Model --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Results --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3 --- Self-questioning adaptive SG with control parameters r and h --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Model --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Results --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusion --- p.45 / Chapter 4 --- Generalization of co-evolving voter model --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2 --- Co-evolving voter model --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3 --- Previous work --- p.50 / Chapter 4.4 --- Simulation results --- p.52 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Results of macroscopic quantities --- p.52 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Results of trajectories by simulations --- p.54 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- The largest component --- p.55 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Short Summary --- p.56 / Chapter 4.5 --- Theoretical analysis --- p.57 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Mean-Field approach --- p.57 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Theoretical results --- p.59 / Chapter 4.6 --- Dependence on initial conditions and mean degree --- p.60 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Results for different mean degrees --- p.60 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Results for different initial conditions --- p.61 / Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.63 / Chapter 5 --- Adaptive Rock-Paper-Scissors games --- p.64 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.64 / Chapter 5.2 --- Adaptive Rock-Paper-Scissors Model --- p.67 / Chapter 5.3 --- Simulation results --- p.70 / Chapter 5.4 --- Theoretical analysis --- p.73 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Simplifications by threefold-symmetry --- p.73 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Changes in local quantities --- p.74 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Mean-Field approach --- p.75 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Theoretical results --- p.80 / Chapter 5.5 --- Dependence on mean degree --- p.82 / Chapter 5.6 --- Oriented rewiring method --- p.83 / Chapter 5.7 --- Probabilities of winning, drawing and losing --- p.85 / Chapter 5.7.1 --- Average probabilities of winning, drawing and losing in the steady state --- p.85 / Chapter 5.7.2 --- Degree distribution and the distributions of the probabilities --- p.86 / Chapter 5.7.3 --- Brief explanation --- p.88 / Chapter 5.7.4 --- Results for a larger μ --- p.89 / Chapter 5.7.5 --- Short summary --- p.90 / Chapter 5.8 --- Results for general initial conditions --- p.92 / Chapter 5.8.1 --- Coupled dynamical equations --- p.92 / Chapter 5.8.2 --- Trajectories of the macroscopic quantities --- p.94 / Chapter 5.8.3 --- Phases and theoretical ternary phase diagrams --- p.96 / Chapter 5.9 --- Conclusion --- p.98 / Chapter 6 --- Summary --- p.100 / Chapter A --- Coupled dynamical equations for Self-questioning adaptive SG --- p.104 / Chapter B --- Theoretical results for Self-questioning adaptive SG with control parameters r and h --- p.106 / Chapter C --- Derivations of Mean-Field equations in ARPS model --- p.108 / Chapter D --- Derivations of Mean-Field equations for the oriented rewiring method in ARPS model --- p.111 / Bibliography --- p.114