雖然早年的研究已證明了表達性書寫有助促進身體及心理健康，但其整體效果很小，而且影響並不一致。因此，新的原素應加入現有的書寫指引，以提升表達性書寫對健康的正面影響。本研究特意探討自我關懷的概念可如何補充現有表達性書寫指引的不足。除探討自我關懷日記對身體及心理健康的影響外，本研究亦會探討表達性書寫及自我關懷日記的機制，以及自我批評的個性將如何調節表達性書寫及自我關懷日記對健康的影響。 / 在本研究中，所有參加者均被隨機分為三組：（1）自我關懷日記（2）表達性書寫，（3）時間管理書寫（對照組）。在完成基線評估後的一周後，參加者須根據他們的組別，依特定的書寫指示書寫三天，每次二十分鐘。參加者於完成最後一天書寫後即填寫第一份後續問卷；並在四個星期後填寫第二份後續問卷。研究結果顯示，自我關懷日記及表達性書寫有助舒緩壓力及減少身體症狀。在對照組別中，參加者的身體症狀沒有改變。相反地，在自我關懷日記及表達性書寫組別中，參加者的身體症狀有明顯的減少。研究結果亦指出，相對於表達性書寫，自我關懷日記對減少身體症狀更為有效。另一方面，據文字分析結果顯示，相對於對照組，自我關懷日記及表達性書寫組別的參加者使用較多正面及負面情緒詞語，以及第一人稱代名詞。這些結果間接地支持情緒管理及建立良好的個人概念乃表達性書寫及自我關懷日記影響健康的機制。另外，研究亦發現在表達性書寫組別中，情緒管理能力是依據二次模式而改變；而在自我關懷組別中，則發現自我仁慈也是依據二次模式而改變。而較多負面情緒詞語的使用及自我仁慈的提升與第二次後續問卷中身體症狀的減少相關。因此，情緒管理及建立良好的個人概念於自我關懷日記及表達性書寫中可能有著不同的運作。另外，在表達性書寫組別中，傾向自我批評的參加者有較明顯的得益。表達性書寫及自我關懷日記對自我介入的應用將於結論部分討論。 / Expressive writing has been demonstrated to be successful in promoting physical and psychological health in previous research. However, the overall effect is inconsistent and small. Thus, new ingredients should be added to the existing writing paradigm, to enrich its beneficial effects on health. In particular, the present study proposed and examined self-compassion as a potential supplement of the existing expressive writing paradigm. In addition to examining the effect of self-compassion journaling on physical and mental health, the mechanisms of expressive writing and self-compassion journaling, as well as the moderating role of self-criticism on the effect of expressive writing and self-compassion journaling on physical and mental health were also examined. / In the study, all participants were randomized into 3 groups: (1) self-compassion journaling, (2) expressive writing, and (3) time management writing as control. On 3 days within one week following the baseline assessment, participants wrote according to writing instructions specified for their assigned conditions, and engaged in a 20-minute writing session. Participants then completed the post-writing assessment immediately after the final writing session, and the follow-up assessment 4 weeks after the final writing session. Results of the present study suggested both expressive writing and self-compassion journaling were effective in reducing physical health problems. No change in physical symptoms at the follow-up assessment was observed in the control group. However, significant reduction in physical symptoms was observed in both the expressive writing and the self-compassion journaling groups, with the self-compassion journaling group showed a larger effect on physical symptoms reduction than the expressive writing group. On the other hand, results of text analysis showed both the expressive writing group and the self-compassion journaling group wrote more positive and negative emotion words, first person singular and plural pronouns than the control group, which provided indirect evidence to support emotion regulation and resilient self-concept construction as the underlying mechanisms of expressive writing and self-compassion journaling. In addition, unique quadratic pattern of change in mood regulation ability in the expressive writing group and unique quadratic pattern of change in self-kindness in the self-compassion journaling group were observed. In addition, more use of negative emotion words and increase in self-kindness were found to be associated with decrease in physical symptoms at the follow-up assessment, suggesting emotion regulation and resilient self-concept construction may work differently in expressive writing and self-compassion journaling. Also, self-critical individuals were found to benefit more than counterparts who are low in self-criticism in expressive writing condition. Applications of expressive writing and self-compassion journaling in self-help interventions were also discussed. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wong, Ching Yee. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Chinese Abstract --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / The Development of Expressive Writing Research --- p.2 / Expressive Writing and Its Health Benefit --- p.3 / The Mechanisms of Expressive Writing --- p.4 / Self-Compassion and Its Health Benefits --- p.11 / Association between Self-Compassion and Emotion Regulation --- p.12 / Association between Self-Compassion and Resilient Self-concept --- p.13 / Self-Compassion Journaling --- p.13 / Potential Moderator: Self-Criticism --- p.15 / Aims of the Present Study --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Method --- p.19 / Pilot Test --- p.20 / Participants --- p.21 / Procedures --- p.22 / Experimental Conditions --- p.23 / Measures --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results --- p.28 / Immediate Effects of Writing on Mood --- p.29 / Effects of Expressive Writing on Psychological Health over Time --- p.31 / Effect of Expressive Writing and Self-Compassion Journaling --- p.on / Physical Health over Time --- p.32 / Writing Content across Three Writing Conditions --- p.35 / Effects of Expressive Writing and Self-Compassion Journaling on Cultivating Emotion Regulation and Resilient Self-Concept --- p.37 / Correlations between Changes in Health Indicators, and Changes in Proposed Attributing Factors --- p.44 / Moderating Role of Self-Criticism on the Effect of Expressive Writing and Self-Compassion Journaling --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussion --- p.47 / Limitation and Future Research Directions --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Conclusion --- p.55 / References --- p.57

本論文包括對 Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard (JCH) 系統的研究。在這個系統中，每個耦合光學腔之內都放置了一顆雙態原子，偶極相互作用導致系統有激發光子和原子的自由度。對量子電動力學系統的研究，使我們對光子與原子間的相互作用以及量子相變有更深的認識。 / 我們研究了一維JCH系統中有兩個激發子的本徵態。我們發現當真空拉比頻率與腔間穿隧率之比超過某一臨界值，兩個激發子的束縛態就會出現。 / 我們還為兩個腔的JCH系統之演化作出研究，並指出系統的量子態在一定條件下可演變成薛丁格貓態。從相干態演化到薛丁格貓態所需的時間亦被估計。 / 最後，我們使用主方程來探討驅動JCH系統的去相干。在這篇論文中，我們提出了一些低激發量的穩態的例子。許多不同的穩態系統的光子統計將被討論。 / This thesis comprises of an investigation of the Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard (JCH) system. In such a system, single two-level atoms are embedded in each coupled optical cavity, and the dipole interaction leads to dynamics involving photonic and atomic degrees of freedom. The investigation of quantum electrodynamics in the system provides insight about the behaviour of strongly interacting photons and atoms and quantum phase transition. / We examine the eigenstates of the one-dimensional JCH system in the two-excitation subspace. We discover that two-excitation bound states emerge when the ratio of vacuum Rabi frequency to the tunnelling rate between cavities exceeds a critical value. / We also study for the time evolution of a two-cavity JCH system, and indicate that the evolved state can be a Schrödinger's cat state under certain conditions. The time required for evolving a coherent state into a Schrödinger's cat state is also estimated. / Finally, we investigate the decoherence of a driven JCH system by using the master equation. In this thesis we present several examples of steady state when the total number of excitation is low. The photon statistics of the steady state of the system will be discussed. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wong, Tsz Ching Max = Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard模型的課題 / 黃子澄. / "November 2012." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-84). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Wong, Tsz Ching Max = Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard mo xing de ke ti / Huang Zicheng. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Basic Description of the Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard Model --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Jaynes-Cummings Model --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Hamiltonian --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Energy Eigenstates --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Coupled-cavity System without Atoms --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- A One-dimensional Coupled-cavity Chain --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Normal Modes --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard Model --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Eigenstates of Single Excitation --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Dynamics of Single Excitation --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Single Excitation in the Weak Coupling Limit --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Single Excitation in the Strong Coupling Limit --- p.16 / Chapter 3 --- Solution of the JCH Model with Two Excitations --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1 --- Two-particle Bound States in the Bose-Hubbard Model --- p.17 / Chapter 3.2 --- Two-polariton Bound States in the JCH Model --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Bound State Eigenvectors --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Bound State Eigenvalues --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Critical Coupling --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Analytic Approximations in Strong Coupling Regime n≫k --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3 --- Dynamics of Two Excitations in Strong Coupling Regime --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Initial Condition: --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Initial Condition: Superposition of j2; gin in Gaussian Distribution --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Initial Condition: Superposition of j1; gin j1; gim in Gaussian Distribution --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Initial Condition: Superposition of j1;+in j1; ¡im in Gaussian Distribution --- p.39 / Chapter 4 --- JCH Model in a Two-cavity Con¯guration --- p.41 / Chapter 4.1 --- Generation of SchrÄodinger's Cat State: Numerical Simulation --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2 --- Generation of SchrÄodinger's Cat States: Analytic Solution --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Estimation of Optimum Parameters --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3 --- Coherent States as Initial Conditions --- p.55 / Chapter 5 --- Decoherence of a Weakly Driven JCH Model --- p.60 / Chapter 5.1 --- Master Equation --- p.60 / Chapter 5.2 --- Driven JCH Model: N-cavity Configuration --- p.61 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- One-excitation Approximation --- p.63 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Simple Harmonic Oscillator Limit --- p.66 / Chapter 5.3 --- Driven JCH Model: Two-cavity Configuration --- p.69 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.76 / Bibliography --- p.79

全光信息處理被認為是其中一種改善當今計算機網絡性能的方法。而高效率的全光信息處理需要使用可用低強度的控制激光來控制的全光學開關。最近有人提出利用橫向光學圖案製造低強度全光學開關，並已通過原子蒸氣系統的實驗證明這個計劃的可行性。此外，相關的研究正在半導體量子阱微腔中進行。 / 這篇論文以微觀多體理論研究被激光正向入射的半導體量子阱微腔系統中產生的自發性橫向光學圖案。入射光會在一定條件下於半導體量子阱微腔中發生極化子場之間的自發四波混頻，並產生橫向光學圖案。我們分別以半分析和數值模擬的方法研究這些圖案的形成和選擇方式。本論文亦研究了如何用離軸激光和腔的各向異性來控制這些圖案。 / 我們分別用「多- / Processing information all-optically is thought to be one way to improve the performance of present-day computational network. Low intensity all-optical switches are desirable for effective all-optical information processing. Recently, low intensity all-optical switching schemes utilizing transverse optical patterns have been proposed. One such scheme was successfully demonstrated experimentally in an atomic vapour system, and a similar scheme is being studied both theoretically and experimentally in semiconductor quantum well micro-cavities. / In this thesis, we present our theoretical studies on the spontaneous transverse optical patterns produced by a semiconductor quantum well microcavity, pumped by a normally incident laser, using a microscopic many-body theory. Far field transverse optical patterns are formed under certain conditions by spontaneous four-wave mixing of the exciton-photon polariton field. The formation and the selection of these patterns are studied by both semi-analytical calculations and numerical simulations. The controls of transverse patterns using anisotropy in the microcavity and an o-axis control beam are also being studied in this thesis. / Two reduced models, the ‘multi- / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Luk, Ming Ho = 對半導體量子阱微腔中橫向光學圖案的控制 / 陸名浩. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-141). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Luk, Ming Ho = Dui ban dao ti liang zi jing wei qiang zhong heng xiang guang xue tu an de kong zhi / Lu Minghao. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Pattern formation and nonlinear optics --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- All-optical switching --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Semiconductor quantum well microcavity --- p.9 / Chapter 2 --- Semiconductor quantum well microcavity --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1 --- The structure of semiconductor quantum well microcavity --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- Coupling between the cavity mode and external fields --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Microscopic theory in the microcavity --- p.22 / Chapter 3 --- Linear stability analysis and reduced models --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1 --- Pump only system - steady state solution --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2 --- Pump only system - stability analysis --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Off-axis stability studies --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Stability analysis without phase-space filling --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Linear stability analysis with phase-space filling --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4 --- Reduced models --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- The multi- --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- The ring model --- p.68 / Chapter 3.5 --- Effects of system parameters --- p.71 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Radiative loss --- p.72 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Incident laser field/intensity --- p.73 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Fluctuations/weak constant sources --- p.78 / Chapter 4 --- Single-hexagon model --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1 --- Numerical results of single-hexagon model --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2 --- Pattern and time scale variations with parameters --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Anisotropy in the cavity mode energy --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Control beam intensity --- p.90 / Chapter 5 --- Dynamical analysis and interplay of wave-mixing processes --- p.93 / Chapter 5.1 --- Dynamical analysis --- p.93 / Chapter 5.2 --- Interplay of wave mixing processes --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3 --- Switching between hexagons --- p.103 / Chapter 6 --- Full two-dimensional simulation --- p.111 / Chapter 6.1 --- Convolution theorem and Fast Fourier Transform --- p.112 / Chapter 6.2 --- Simulation result and difficulties --- p.114 / Chapter 7 --- Other approaches --- p.119 / Chapter 7.1 --- Real Space Simulation --- p.119 / Chapter 7.2 --- Mode competition model --- p.121 / Chapter 7.3 --- Transfer Matrix --- p.123 / Chapter 8 --- Conclusion and outlook --- p.125 / Chapter 8.1 --- Future work --- p.128 / Chapter 8.1.1 --- Double Cavities --- p.128 / Chapter 8.1.2 --- The Gross-Pitaevskii Equation and Bose-Einstein Condensation --- p.131 / Bibliography --- p.136 / Chapter A --- Dispersion of cavity photon --- p.142

徐渭《四聲猿》由《狂鼓史漁陽三弄》、《玉禪師翠鄉一夢》、《雌木蘭替父從軍》和《女狀元辭凰得鳳》四個雜劇組成，對明清雜劇的影響深遠。《四聲猿》從問世到清代，文人雅士通過序跋、評點、刊刻和擬作紛紛顯示出對《四聲猿》的關注。究竟《四聲猿》有甚麼獨特之處吸引著明清二代的文人？他們所關注的又是甚麼呢？又明清文人對其接受有何不同？雖然關於《四聲猿》的研究已經非常豐富，但卻集中文本內部的討論，加上資料的缺乏，對《四聲猿》在明清的接受概況缺乏全面的分析。因此，筆者致力於搜集《四聲猿》在明清時期的評點本及與《四聲猿》聯繫的雜劇創作，欲勾勒出明清文人對《四聲猿》接受的情況；且有幸發現一些未被學界引用的評點善本及戲曲創作，尤其是當中新發現上海圖書館所藏的明天放道人評點善本，展示了《四聲猿》更多元化的接受方向。 / 本文主要從兩方面分析《四聲猿》在明清的接受概況，第一，從《四聲猿》的版本流傳及演出紀錄、傳播者、戲曲批評、戲曲創作四方面分析明清文人對《四聲猿》的接受；第二，則以時間為軸線，從明中葉、晚明清初、清中期及清末四個階段分析文人對其接受重心的轉變。本文共分七章，第一章為緒論部分，首先簡介徐渭的生平及《四聲猿》、研究概況、本文的研究動機及方法；第二章為《四聲猿》與民間文化、文人文化的關係，分析作品對民間文化的吸收及當中所體現的文人對自身及社會的關注；第三章介紹《四聲猿》的明清版本流傳及演出紀錄；第四章為《四聲猿》的明清評點與批評，從對《四聲猿》起傳播作用的重要人物袁宏道、澂道人及其他戲曲批評家分析《四聲猿》在明清接受的面貌，當中更會引用新發現的天放道人評點本如何將《四聲猿》擴展至社會功用的價值；第五章為晚明至清中葉戲曲家對《四聲猿》的仿寫與續作，通過對沈自徵《漁陽三弄》、張韜《續四聲猿》、桂馥《後四聲猿》的擬作分析探討明清不同時期對《四聲猿》接受的重心轉變；第六章為猿啼五聲──清末戲曲家洪炳文《懸嶴猿》研究，分析在時局動盪、國家危難之時，劇作家如何深化《四聲猿》猿啼之悲的意象，以此鼓勵人心，圖以救國；最後第七章則總結明清以來，《四聲猿》在戲曲批評、戲曲作品以致詮釋上方面的轉變。 / Xu Wei（徐渭） sisheng yuan（《四聲猿》） is very important in the Ming and Qing Dynasty. It includes four short plays, they are Kuang gushi yuyang san nong（《狂鼓史漁陽三弄》）, Yu chanshi cuixiang yimeng（《玉禪師翠鄉一夢》）, Ci Mulan tifu congjun（《雌木蘭替父從軍》）and Nu zhuangyuan cihuang defeng（《女狀元辭鳳得凰》）. During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, literti paid a lot of attention on sishengyuan accroding to the criticism, preface, ed his works and simulated drama creation（擬作）, why did they attach great importance to sishengyuan? What were their concern? Also, what is the difference of reception between the Ming and Qing Dynasties? The research on the sishengyuan has already got many achievement, but most of them were based on the textual study. The previous research lack of a comprehensive analysis of sishengyuan reception. Therefore, this paper is aim to sketched out the image of recognition process of Xuwei ’s Sishengyuan in the Ming and Qing Dynasty. / This paper is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter is the introduction of xuwei sishengyuan, research review and method. In the second chapter, we will analysis sishengyuan’s vulgar culture and xuwei’s concern about the society. The third chapter is sishengyuan’s versions and performance record in the Ming and Qing Dynasty. In the chapter four, we will analysis sishengyuan’s criticism in the Ming and Qing Dynasty. It included Yuan hongdao（袁宏道）, Daoist Cheng（澂道人） and other important literati, Also we will use the new discovered details of Daoist Tianfang’s(天放道人) criticism, to find how did he extened the sishengyuan’s value to the social function. The chapter five is the simulated zaju（擬作）during the late Ming the the early Qing. They are Shen zizheng’s（沈自徵） yuyang sannong（《漁陽三弄》） Zhan Tao’s（張韜） xu sishengyuan（《續四聲猿》）, Gui Fu’s（桂馥） hou sishengyuan（《後四聲猿》）. In this chapter we will find the difference of sishengyuan’s reception between them. The chapter six is a study on the Hong bingwen’s（洪炳文） yuan aoyuan（《懸嶴猿》） in the late Qing. It will focus on how did he deepen the imagery of sisheng yuan to encourage people to save their country. The last chapter is an summary of the sishengyuan’s reception in the Ming and Qing Dynasty. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 楊培紅. / "2013年1月". / "2013 nian 1 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 212-219). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Yang Peihong. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 / Chapter 第一節： --- 明清雜劇發展史視野下的徐渭《四聲猿》 --- p.P.1 / Chapter 第二節： --- 研究述評 --- p.P.4 / Chapter 第三節： --- 研究動機 --- p.P.10 / Chapter 第四節： --- 研究方法及範圍 --- p.P.11 / Chapter 第二章 --- 《四聲猿》與民間文化、人的關係 / Chapter 第一節： --- 徐渭的戲曲觀 --- p.P.14 / Chapter 第二節： --- 《四聲猿》的民間文化 --- p.P.16 / Chapter 第三節： --- 文人的抒情與寄託 --- p.P.24 / Chapter 第三章 --- 《四聲猿》的明清版本與演出紀錄 / Chapter 第一節： --- 版本介紹 --- p.P.36 / Chapter 第二節： --- 選本及演出紀錄 --- p.P.38 / Chapter 第三節： --- 結語 --- p.P.45 / Chapter 第四章 --- 《聲猿》的明清評點與批評 / Chapter 第一節： --- 袁宏道傳記與評點對《四聲猿》的播作用 --- p.P.46 / Chapter 第二節： --- 孟稱舜對《狂鼓史》與雌木蘭的改評 --- p.P.62 / Chapter 第三節： --- 新發現的天放道人評《四聲猿》及其教化旨趣 --- p.P.68 / Chapter 第四節： --- 澂道人的評點及其生平考證 --- p.P.82 / Chapter 第五節： --- 結語 --- p.P.98 / Chapter 第五章 --- 晚明至清中葉戲曲家對《四聲猿》的仿寫與續作 / Chapter 第一節： --- 沈自徵《漁陽三弄》 --- p.P.99 / Chapter 第二節： --- 張韜《續四聲猿》 --- p.P.121 / Chapter 第三節： --- 桂馥《後四聲猿》 --- p.P.138 / Chapter 第四節： --- 結語 --- p.P.162 / Chapter 第六章 --- 猿啼五聲－－清末戲曲家洪炳文《懸嶴猿》研究 / Chapter 第一節： --- 猿啼五聲的創作結構 --- p.P.166 / Chapter 第二節： --- 忠臣護主之鳴 --- p.P.171 / Chapter 第三節： --- 孤臣抗之鳴 --- p.P.176 / Chapter 第四節： --- 懲兇儆奸之鳴 --- p.P.178 / Chapter 第五節： --- 救亡圖存之鳴 --- p.P.181 / Chapter 第六節： --- 女史展墓之鳴 --- p.P.188 / Chapter 第七節： --- 結語 --- p.P.197 / Chapter 第七章 --- 總結 / 附錄

有明末造，顧憲成、高攀龍諸君講學東林，風動天下，以致黨禍連結，與國運相始終。「東林」遂為政治史與思想史之一大關目，匪特同世之人，褒貶迭出，自近代以降，學人研究亦稱夥矣。然前人關注之重心，主要為「明末」在朝之「東林黨」；於「東林書院」之活動，尤其是書院在清初的發展演變，尚鮮有及之。本研究擬以順治、康熙兩朝為主要時段，從遺民與當道互動的角度考察東林書院之興復及其講學活動，對學界少有關注的書院祀典之爭加以考述和分析，並探討清初東林學者如何就「氣節」「學統」等議題對明代東林傳統作出反省與建構，希望繇此對東林書院由明入清之歷史變化作一勾勒。 / 本文將清初東林書院之史事置於「道」「勢」相對的框架之中展開分析，相對於前人用「以道抗勢」分析士權與君權的對峙，本文則更關注士人階層内部在「道」「勢」兩重身份之間的張力。儒家士人既要守「道」傳學，又當以「勢」經世，兩者之閒本須權衡調和。而在明清易代之際，「民間學者」與「地方官員」兩種士人身份之殊途，實質上形成了「道」與「勢」的分離。書院作爲一地方性的學術組織，既是在野學者力量之代表，又不能不受制於官方之權力，在此時遂成爲一個「道」與「勢」折衝的空間。然而，「道」「勢」二者之關係在調和之中亦悄然變化。如果說明代的東林運動有一種「以道馭勢」的理想與實踐；那麽在清初書院的發展中，學者本身「政治」一面弱化，「學術」也退守於中行默修，於是「道」乃反為「勢」所羈縻。而在理學委頓、樸學代興這一學術本身的轉折中，「道」「勢」關係之遷變亦可為一機緣。緣乎是，對清初東林書院的研究，不但可以在一個點上展現士人文化與社會風氣的變遷，更能為我們理解傳統中國「政治」與「學術」之互動提供助益。 / The anti-eunuch struggle of the ‘Tung-lin Party’ (東林黨) which was succeeded by continuous partisan disputes in the late Ming Period has long been considered of great significance to understand its contemporary politics and even the collapse of the dynasty. However, the other aspect of this movement, namely the scholarly practice of the Tung-lin academy (東林書院) has not been given equivalent attention. Therefore, the development of the academy after the so-called ‘partisan disaster’ (黨禍) has been, not surprisingly, seldom discussed by existing studies. This thesis aims at providing a historical account of the Tung-lin academy in early Qing period (1644-1722), focusing on four main topics: the organization of public conferences or lectures(講會), the debates over the academy’s pantheon , the discourse on moral integrity(氣節) and the increasing concerns for academic orthodoxy among intellectuals. / Scholars in the academy were by definition involved in the tension between Confucian values(道) and the political authority(勢) since they were supposed to be both academic and political elites. What complicated the issue was the defiant attitude of Ming-loyalists towards the newly established Manchu regime. Although being regarded as shelters for scholars who refused to serve the Qing government, academies could hardly be insulated from those ambitious local officials who were playing the role of patron as well as regulator. By exploring closely the case of Tung-lin academy, this thesis attempts to indicate that, the conflict and compromise between intellectuals and political authorities, alongside with the retrospection upon the cultural crisis of late Ming, had gradually shaped the interest of Qing scholars who inclined to restrain their work purely academic in contrast with their late-Ming predecessors who were enthusiastic about pursuing the political implications of their learning. This very transition could also be reasonably one of the many contributors to the declination of Li-hsüeh(理學，the study of principle). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 胡琦. / "2012年8月". / "2012 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-218). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Hu Qi. / Chapter 緒論 --- 道勢之間：「東林」的多重面向 --- p.7 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「以道抗勢」和「以道馭勢」：儒家士人的内在規定性 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「黨」或「書院」：研究史的回顧 --- p.14 / Chapter 第三節 --- 清議與講學：明代之「東林」傳統 --- p.22 / Chapter 第四節 --- 由明到清：「道」「勢」分合與風氣代變 --- p.39 / Chapter 附論 --- ：東林志乘述略 --- p.44 / Chapter 第一章 --- 遯世與應世：清初東林書院的講學活動 --- p.48 / Chapter 第一節 --- 種得星火：黨禍後東林學脈之承續 --- p.49 / Chapter 第二節 --- 此日再得：清初東林書院之興復 --- p.54 / Chapter 第三節 --- 以故老為師儒：陸世儀之講學 --- p.64 / Chapter 第四節 --- 教化斯民：李顒之南行 --- p.79 / Chapter 第五節 --- 出處之間：關於「講學」的掙扎 --- p.100 / Chapter 第六節 --- 「書院」之外的「東林」 --- p.138 / Chapter 第二章 --- 釐正「東林」：祀典中的權力與歷史 --- p.152 / Chapter 第一節 --- 公私之辨與「官祭」的興起 --- p.156 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「祀典」與「有司」之涉入 --- p.162 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「黨人與書院無與」：湯斌與左周諸公入祀之爭 --- p.170 / Chapter 第四節 --- 「祗慎重於將來，毋更張於已往」：宋犖對東林祀典的釐正 --- p.182 / Chapter 第五節 --- 由「典」到「史」 --- p.188 / Chapter 附錄1 --- ：清初東林書院道南祠入祀記錄簡表 --- p.191 / Chapter 附錄2 --- ：東林書院道南祠全圖 --- p.192 / Chapter 第三章 --- 從「氣節」到「道脈」：清初「東林」觀念的漸變 --- p.193 / Chapter 第一節 --- 小引：「東林」概念之衍生 --- p.193 / Chapter 第二節 --- 氣節本於理學：明代東林之氣節論 --- p.198 / Chapter 第三節 --- 殉國之忠：明清之際的「氣節」 --- p.214 / Chapter 第四節 --- 反思講學：「道脈」論的生長 --- p.219 / Chapter 第五節 --- 篤行默修：士風之轉向 --- p.233 / Chapter 第四章 --- 「宗朱」學統之建成：東林書院與官方朱學思潮 --- p.238 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「尊朱」立場下的調和：明代東林學者對王學的態度 --- p.239 / Chapter 第二節 --- 建構學統：清初東林論學的一個特點 --- p.249 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「官方朱學」與「民間朱學」：一個闡釋框架的再檢討 --- p.259 / Chapter 結論 --- 失「勢」之「道」：清初政治與學術轉向 --- p.281 / 參考書目 --- p.286

無人直昇機是指在沒有搭載駕駛員下，能自動飛行的直昇機。這種飛行器除了不用令駕駛員冒上性命風險，亦由於其獨特飛行能力，例如空中旋停、急彎打轉等，令無人直昇機在執行危險任務上有著重要的優勢。但同時，由於沒有了駕駛員的關係，這種飛行器持續面對著一系列的技術難點。當中包括：（一）在飛行上，無人直昇機帶有一種未能確解的動態反應，偶合在主控軸上，令動態變化的預測變得困難；（二）絶大部份無人直昇機的導航倚賴全球定位儀，但這種定位儀卻極易受干擾，影響飛行安全；（三）由於每次任務的需要，機上搭載物的位置及多寡令飛行器上的重力分佈經常改變，令自動控制器需面密集的手動調度及系統識別。 / 對於無人直昇機的動態模型建構，我們提出了一種新辦法令過往未能確解的偶合動態反應，能被準確的量化及分析，因而使這種模型能更準確預測無人直昇機的動態變化。我們的辦法針對過往一種普遍使用但不能預測偶合動態反應，名為「遲相」的模型方法，並提出以主旋槳上的陀螺現像，去描述無人直昇機上的偶合動態反應。另外，我們的模型分析顯示出準確預測無人直昇機的動態反應需要識別一系列難以度測而又經常變化的系統參數，因此我們提出以一個相對隱性模型的辦法對解決往後有關導航及控制的問題更有利。 / 有關無人直昇機的導航，我們提出以慣性感測器去補償全球定位儀因干擾及訊號異常導致的感測數據中斷。通過一系列的噪音處理，我們的辦法能從慣性感測器的加速度讀數轉化為位移，從而令無人直昇機能在突如其來的全球定位儀中斷作出即時反應，避免因位置讀數中斷而墜毀。除此以外，我們亦提供全自動參數調節算法，令整個噪音處理能快速應用於不同慣性感測器的設置上。 / 有關無人直昇機的控制，由於一般需要廣泛的系統建模及識別，因此我們提出以「能力轉移」的概念，透過駕駛員的示範，提取控制直昇機的技巧從而令機器無需建構準確和全面的動態模型下，能準確控制無人直昇機。我們通過建立一個簡明的反饋模型，利用的駕駛員的示範而自動配置出最適合的參數去控制無人直昇機。 / 從更準確的動態模型分析，到抗干擾導航及新型控制器的設計，整個研究為無人直昇機的發展提出了多方面的觀點及解決辦法。與此同時，我們的最終目的是希望為無人直昇機的日常應用上掃除因為缺少了駕駛員而做成的障礙，令無人直昇機能真正以最少的人為干涉而達至全面的無人操作。 / Unmanned helicopters hold both tremendous potential and challenges. Without risking the lives of human pilots, these vehicles exhibit agile movement and the ability to hover and hence open up a wide range of applications in the hazardous situations. Sparing human lives, however, comes at a stiff price for technology. Some of the key difficulties that arise in these challenges are: (i) There are unexplained cross-coupled responses between the control axes on the hingeless helicopters that have puzzled researchers for years. (ii) Most, if not all, navigation on the unmanned helicopters relies on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs), which are susceptible to jamming. (iii) It is often necessary to accommodate the re-configurations of the payload or the actuators on the helicopters by repeatedly tuning an autopilot, and that requires intensive human supervision and/or system identification. / For the dynamics modeling and analysis, we present a comprehensive review on the helicopter actuation and dynamics, and contributes toward a more complete understanding on the on-axis and off-axis dynamical responses on the helicopter. We focus on a commonly used modeling technique, namely the phase-lag treatment, and employ a first-principles modeling method to justify that (i) why that phase-lag technique is inaccurate, (ii) how we can analyze the helicopter actuation and dynamics more accurately. Moreover, these dynamics modeling and analysis reveal the hard-to-measure but crucial parameters on a helicopter model that require the constant identifications, and hence convey the reasoning of seeking a model-implicit method to solve the state estimation and control problems on the unmanned helicopters. / For the state estimation, we present a robust localization method for the unmanned helicopter against the GNSS outage. This method infers position from the acceleration measurement from an inertial measurement unit (IMU). In the core of our method are techniques of the sensor error modeling and the filtering method for the sensor noise compensation. Moreover, we provide a fully automatic algorithm to tune our method. Finally, we evaluate our method on an instrumented gasoline helicopter. Experiments show that the technique enables the robust positioning of flying helicopters when no GNSS measurement is available. / The design of an autopilot for an unmanned helicopter is made difficult by its nonlinear, coupled and non-minimum phase dynamics. Here, we consider a reinforcement learning approach to transfer motion skills from human to machine, and hence to achieve autonomous flight control. By making efficient use of a series of state-and-action pairs given by a human pilot, our algorithm bootstraps a parameterized control policy and learns to hover and follow trajectories after one manual flight. One key observation our algorithm is based on is that, although it is often difficult to retrieve the human pilots’ hidden desiderata that formulate their state-feedback mechanisms in controlling the helicopters, it is possible to intercept the states of a helicopter and the actions by a human pilot and then to fit both into a model. We demonstrate the performance of our learning controller in experiments. / The results described in this dissertation shed new and important light on the technology necessary to advance the current state of the unmanned helicopters. From a comprehensive dynamics modeling that addresses perplexing cross-couplings on the unmanned helicopters, to a robust state estimation against GNSS outage and a learn-from-scarcesample control for an unmanned helicopter, we provide a starting point for the cultivation of the next-generation unmanned helicopters that can operate with the least possible human intervention. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Lau, Tak Kit. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-198). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The State-of-the-Art --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Problemand Approach --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Contributions and Organization of Chapters --- p.13 / Chapter 2 --- Actuation and Dynamics of Helicopter --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- Input-Output Relation of Hingeless Helicopters --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Helicopter Dynamics --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Aerodynamics --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Discrepancy and Conventional Treatment --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Gyroscopically InducedMoment --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Example of Pitching Forward --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4 --- Empirical Evaluations --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Numerical Simulation --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Experiments --- p.47 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.48 / Chapter 3 --- State Estimation against GNSS Outage --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2 --- Sensor Noises --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Sensitivity Analysis of Estimation Accuracy --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Sensor Error Characteristics --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Random Walk Acceleration Noise --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3 --- State Estimation Algorithm --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Process and Measurement Models --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Selection of OperationModes --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Prioritized Propagation of States --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4 --- Automatic Tuning of Filter Parameters --- p.87 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Performance Index --- p.88 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Tuning Algorithm --- p.90 / Chapter 3.5 --- Experimental Results --- p.93 / Chapter 3.6 --- Summary --- p.97 / Chapter 4 --- Model-based Control for Unmanned Helicopters --- p.106 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2 --- Effect of Center of Gravity --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3 --- Design of Attitude Controller --- p.110 / Chapter 4.4 --- Augmentation in Controller and Experimental Results --- p.113 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.117 / Chapter 5 --- Learning Control for Unmanned Helicopters --- p.120 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.121 / Chapter 5.2 --- RelatedWork --- p.124 / Chapter 5.3 --- Preliminary --- p.129 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Derivation of Policy Gradient --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4 --- Controller Design --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Learning Dynamics --- p.135 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Learning Control --- p.137 / Chapter 5.5 --- Performance Analysis --- p.141 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Baseline --- p.141 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Numerical Analysis --- p.145 / Chapter 5.6 --- Convergence Analysis --- p.152 / Chapter 5.7 --- Evaluation --- p.153 / Chapter 5.7.1 --- Simulation - Acrobot --- p.153 / Chapter 5.7.2 --- Simulation - Fixed-wing Aircraft --- p.154 / Chapter 5.7.3 --- Experiment - RC Car --- p.158 / Chapter 5.7.4 --- Experiment - Helicopter --- p.161 / Chapter 5.8 --- Summary --- p.169 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.171 / Chapter A --- List of Publications & Awards --- p.177 / Chapter A.0.1 --- Publications --- p.177 / Chapter A.0.2 --- Awards --- p.181 / Bibliography --- p.182

無線通訊現已成為我們生活中不可或缺的一部份。除了較傳統的無線技術應用如電視廣播及衛星通訊外，日漸普及的平版電腦與智能手機對無線技術也有殷切的需求。然而，有限的無線電頻譜是無線通訊的其中一個限制。在有限的資源下，如何在壅塞的網絡環境有效地分配無線電頻譜成為一個重要的議題。在這篇論文中，我們會利用博奕論來分析壅塞網絡內用戶的行為和一些嶄新的頻譜共用機制。 / 在論文的首部份，我們會利用壅塞賽局來模擬認知無線電網絡中未授權無線電頻段的使用者(次級用戶)的互動在四個不同的賽局下，我們會評估納殊均衡與社會最優的效能比。此外，我們會鑑別導致嚴重失效能的最壞情況。有見及此，我們提議一個能夠改善壅塞網絡系統吞吐量與資源方配公平性的半合作方案。透過具體指定合作用戶的資源分配，我們論證次級用戶具有真誠合作的動機。除此之外，我們也計算出半合作方案跟完全合作方案在系統吞吐量上比較的下限。從數值結果的觀察中，可見次級用戶的半合作模式已比沒有任何合作的方案更有效地改善系統的吞吐量。另外，在壅塞的網絡環境下，半合作方案的系統效能不僅與最理想的情況相近，而且能夠減低溝通的開銷及演算法的複雜性。 / 在論文的第二部份，我們會考慮流動網絡的壅塞情況。透過使用斯塔克爾伯格模型去模擬網絡供應商和消費者的互動，我們會集中研究兩種不同的收費方法。通過考慮網絡壅塞的負面影響，兩個收費方法在不同的地區會有不同的定價。在特定的網絡資源及消費者功利下，我們證實特定地區收費比無地區區分收費更為可取。特定地區收費不但能增加網絡供應商的收益，也能改善消費者的社會福利。 / Wireless technology has become an inseparable part of our daily lives. In addition to the traditional wireless applications, such as TV broadcast or satellite communication, the demand of wireless access from tablets and smartphones has increased tremendously. One big challenge of wireless communications is that spectrum resource is limited. When the resource is scarce, resource allocation in congested networks is of particular importance. In this thesis, we are interested to investigate the user behavior and new spectrum sharing mechanisms in congested networks using the tool of game theory. / In the first part of the thesis, we model the interaction of secondary users (SUs) in cognitive radio networks as congestion games. We evaluate the inefficiency of the Nash equilibria with the social optimal in four families of games. Most importantly, we identify the worst case scenario which leads to a severe performance loss. In order to tackle the problem, we propose a partial cooperation scheme which provides an alternative to improve the system throughput and fairness of the congested network. By specifying the allocation for cooperating users, we show that SUs have incentive to cooperate truthfully. Moreover, we give the performance bound of system throughput compared with full cooperation scheme. We also observe from the numerical results that the partial cooperation of SUs can greatly improve the system throughput comparing with no cooperation of SUs. In addition, the performance of the partial cooperation scheme is close to optimal in congested networks with a reduced overhead and complexity of the algorithm. / In the second part, we consider the congestion of current mobile networks. By modeling the interaction between a network service provider and the mobile subscribers with the Stackelberg game, we study two pricing schemes which suggested how prices should be set in different regions with the consideration of negative effects of congestion. Under given conditions of resource allocation and utility of subscribers, we show that region- specific pricing is more preferable than region-agnostic pricing which can improve both the revenue of the network service provider and the social welfare of the subscribers. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Law, Lok Man. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-164). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Thesis Outline --- p.3 / Chapter 2 --- Congestion Games in Cognitive Radio Networks --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Overview --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Related Work --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Game Model --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- A Congestion Game Framework --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Price of Anarchy (PoA) --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- PoA Analysis --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Identical Games --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Player-specific Symmetric Games --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Resource-specific Symmetric Games --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Asymmetric Games --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4 --- Applications --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Uniform MAC --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Slotted Aloha --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Insights for System Design --- p.48 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.49 / Chapter 2.6 --- Appendix --- p.51 / Chapter 2.7 --- Notations --- p.53 / Chapter 3 --- Partial Cooperation in Cognitive Radio Networks --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Overview --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Related Work --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2 --- System Model --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3 --- Different Medium Access Control Schemes --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Benchmark MAC Schemes --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Priority-based Partial Cooperation Scheme (PPCS) --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4 --- PPCS with Identical Data Rates --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Random Priority PPCS (PPCS-RP) --- p.71 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Fixed Priority PPCS (PPCS-FP) --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Numerical Results --- p.80 / Chapter 3.5 --- PPCS with Heterogeneous Data Rates --- p.85 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Sparsely Populated PUs --- p.87 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Densely Populated PUs --- p.95 / Chapter 3.6 --- PPCS with incomplete information --- p.98 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- The Allocation Rule --- p.98 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Incentive for Group Formation --- p.100 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Truth Revelation --- p.103 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Numerical Results --- p.105 / Chapter 3.7 --- Summary --- p.111 / Chapter 3.8 --- Notations --- p.114 / Chapter 4 --- Regional Pricing in Mobile Networks --- p.115 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.115 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Overview --- p.115 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Related Work --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2 --- System Model --- p.119 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Stackelberg Game --- p.121 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Our Model --- p.123 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Two Pricing Schemes --- p.127 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Region-specific Pricing --- p.127 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Region-agnostic Pricing --- p.128 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Extension to Multiple Regions --- p.130 / Chapter 4.4 --- Comparison of Schemes --- p.131 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Overview of Two-region Case --- p.131 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Revenue Ratio --- p.135 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Utilization Ratio --- p.142 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.144 / Chapter 4.6 --- Notations --- p.146 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusions and Future Work --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1 --- Conclusion --- p.147 / Chapter 5.2 --- Future Work --- p.148 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Congestion Games in Cognitive Radio Networks --- p.148 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Partial Cooperation in Cognitive Radio Networks --- p.149 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Regional Pricing in Mobile Networks --- p.151 / Bibliography --- p.153

目的:銀屑病是一種慢性炎症性皮膚疾病，特點是角質形成細胞過度增生。角質形成細胞過度增生在銀屑病家族中被證實與位於染色體6p2 1. 3 上的編碼人類白細胞抗原的基因組區有關。通過全基因組掃描，至少確定了10 個銀屑病易感基因位點(PSORS 卜的ORS10) ，而6p21 區的PSORS1 被認為是銀屑病最主要的易感位點，而HLA-C， CCHCRl (coiled coil alpha-helixrod homolog) 和CDSN(corneodesmosin) 是該位點上的重要的侯選基因。然而，這三個基因之間的連鎖不平衡很難將他們的個體效應分開。我們的目標是研究CCHCCRl 基因以及它的相關蛋白在皮膚上皮細胞增生過程中的作用。 / 方法:本研究應用免疫螢光技術'免疫印跡分析和即時反轉錄聚合臨鏈反應 (Real Time RT-PCR) 三種方法比較CCHCRl 基因在銀屑病人的皮損區與正常人的皮膚細胞的表達。其次比較了CCHCRl 蛋白在喜樹鹼(拓撲異構酪I 抑制劑/凋亡誘導劑)的作用下在三種細胞(永生化的人皮膚角質形成細胞-HaCaT '人直結腸癌細胞-HT29 和人子宮頸癌細胞- HeLa) 內的表達。最後，我們應用了皮膚器官樣培養物( OTC) 研究HaCaT 細胞於皮膚角質化過程中CCHCRl 蛋白的表達。 / 結果:✹HCR1 蛋白在正常皮膚和銀屑病人皮損皮膚表達模式不同，銀屑病人皮損皮膚有五種CCHCR1 蛋白染色模式，而正常人皮膚只有兩種染色模式。免疫印跡分析顯示CCHCR1 蛋白在正常皮膚含量較銀屑病人高。免役螢光顯微技術顯示角蛋白17 (K17) ，一種細胞增生的標誌性蛋白，只表達在正常皮膚基底層的角質細胞中，而在銀屑病人皮膚， K17 從基底層到顆粒層都有顯著表達，並且和CCHCR1 蛋白表達區域相同。這種現象也存在於OTC 發育過程中所有角質細胞中，而CCHCR1 蛋白表達隨OTC 的培養時間從10 天到21 天呈上升趨勢，說明CCHCR1 蛋白與細胞增殖有一定的關係。當細胞生長在培養血表面形成細胞與細胞接合全面的細胞層時， CCHCR1 的信使核糖核酸水平大幅升高，顯示CCHCR1 的信使核糖核酸表達當細胞生長速度呈負相關。CCHCR1 的信使核糖核酸水平在同步化的HaCaT 細胞G2/M 期輕度升高，而蛋白水平在G1 期達到最高。在G2/M 期，高爾基體出現崩解，而CCHCR1 蛋白和其他高爾基蛋白一樣分散到胞漿。這種現象同樣地出現在經2 州喜樹鹼刺激48小時的HeLa 和HaCaT 細胞內，免疫細胞化學染色顯示CCHCR1 和golgin-97 分散到胞漿。CCHCR1 信使核糖核酸水平在HeLa 和HaCaT 細胞都升高，而蛋白在HaCaT 細胞明顯上調。這說明CCHCR1 蛋白量的上調和細胞生長停滯有關。應用siRNA 或shRNA 抑制CCHCR1 蛋白表達後， golgin-97 分散到胞漿，但是HeLa細胞可以繼續增殖。這說明CCHCR1 蛋白可能有助於維持高爾基複合體的完整，喜樹鹼對細胞生長的抑制作用可能與CCHCR1 蛋白的上調相關。 / 結論: CCHCR1 蛋白在正常皮膚表皮細胞和銀屑病人皮損區細胞胞漿內都有表達，但是正常皮膚表達較銀屑病人高，在OTC 增生後期和細胞生長緩慢或停滯期也明顯升高，說明CCHCRl 基因的上調可能抑制細胞的增生。經喜樹鹼刺激後，細胞生長受到抑制，細胞停滯在Gl 期並誘導細胞凋亡， CCHCRl 的信使核糖核酸和蛋白都上調，表明CCHCRl 與細胞的增生抑制有關。同時，它的下調也造成高爾基複合體的崩解，說明CCHCRl 蛋白可以維持高爾基複合體的結構完整性。因此， CCHCRl 不僅可以保持高爾基複合體的完整而且和細胞的增生有關。另一方面，大量證據表明長期性的高血糖會導致胰島　細胞功能紊亂。鑒於此，揭示胰島功能調節的潛在機理并闡明胰島功能与高血糖症之間的關係變得尤為重要。 / Aim: Psoriasis is one of the common chronic inflammatory skin disorders characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, T lymphocyte-mediated inflammation, and abnormal differentiation. Genome-wide scans have revealed that at least ten different susceptibility loci, PSORS1-PSORS10, were linked to psoriasis, among which PSORS 1 on chromosome 6p21.3 was unambiguously associated with families with psoriasis. Three strongly psoriasis-associated susceptibility alleles have been identified in PSORS1, namely HLA-C, CCHCR1 (coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1 ), and CDSN ( comeodesmosin); their strong linkage disequilibrium, however, makes it very difficult to distinguish their individual genetic effects. Among them, we were interested in the CCHCR1 gene, and its possible roles with associated proteins in the process of skin epidermal cell proliferation were studied in this thesis. / Methods: The cellular expressiOn of CCHCR1 protein in the epidermis was compared between human skins from healthy donors and psoriasis patients by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting analysis. Its intracellular expression was investigated in cultured human immortalized skin keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT), human colorectal cancer cell line (HT29) and human cervical carcinoma HeLa cell line, as well as in the skin keratinocyte-fibroblast organotypic culture (OTC). The responses of these cells to camptothecin (CPT), a topoisomerase I inhibitor, were compared in HaCaT cells, HT29 cells and HeLa cells. In cell experiments, CCHCR1 expression was studied by immunofluorescence microscopy, immunoblotting analysis, and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR). / Results: The immunofluorescence staining patterns for CCHCR1 protein were different between normal and psoriasis skin biopsies. There were at least five patterns (Patterns I, III-VI) in psoriatic skins, but only two (Patterns I and II) in the normal skin, implicating that the expression of CCHCR1 protein was changed in psoriasis. Besides the different cellular location of CCHCR1 protein in normal and psoriasis skins, a higher level of CCHCR1 expression was measured in normal skin than that in psoriatic skin by immunoblotting analysis, and immunofluorescence microscopy further revealed a co-localization of CCHCR1 protein with keratin 17 (K17), a proliferation marker protein and also putative autoantigen for psoriasis, to basal keratinocytes of normal skins, and extended further fro m the basal to granular keratinocytes in the epidermis of psoriasis patients, suggesting a close association of CCHCR1 protein to cell proliferation. During epidermal development in OTC, the CCHCR1 protein was expressed in all keratinocyte layers in a time-dependent manner from day 1 0 to day 21, reaching a maximal level at day 21 when cell proliferation decreased and differentiation to the corneum became active. Furthermore, immunofluorescence for K17 remained co-localized to CCHCR1-positive cells in OTC from day 10 to day 14, but the level of K17 was very weak in the keratinocytes of suprabasallayers on day 21. In HaCaT cell culture, CCHCR1 transcription level at 100% confluence was 25 folds higher than that in subconfluence. Taken all these results together, the up-regulation of CCHCR1 was closely related to cell growth inhibition and differentiation. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed a co-localization of CCHCR1 protein with a Golgi marker protein, golgin-97, in the compact Golgi complex at the juxtanuclear region of HaCaT cells and HeLa cells. CCHCR1 gene transcribed in all phases of the cell cycle, but was slightly higher in the G2/M phase of synchronous HaCaT cells, and its translation reached its maximal level in the G 1 phase. In the G2/M phase, CCHCR1 protein was dispersed in the cytoplasm like the golgin. Such dispersal was also observed in HaCaT cells and HeLa cells treated with CPT for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. CCHCR1 expression increased in both transcriptional and translational levels as well as apoptotic changes following growth arrest in both HeLa cells and HaCaT cells. Depletion of the CCHCR1 protein by means of siRNAor shRNA-mediated knockdown induced HeLa cells proliferation, cell elongation and disassembly of the Golgi complex. / Conclusion: CCHCR1 protein was expressed in the cytoplasm of epidermal keratinocytes of both normal and psoriasis skins, with a higher level detected in the normal skins. It was also found especially abundant in the keratinocytes of skin organotypic cultures during their transition from proliferation to differentiation. CCHCR1 gene transcription was increased obviously in cultured HaCaT cells at confluence. CCHCR1 was also up-regulated at both transcriptional and translational levels in response to the antiproliferative drug, camptothecin, in HaCaT cell experiments, and was accompanied by G 1 arrest and subsequent apoptosis. When CCHCR1 was knockdowned in HeLa cells, the Golgi complex disassembled, implicating a role of CCHCRl protein in the maintenance of Golgi integrity and in the control of cell proliferation. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wang, Lijun. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-133). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.viii / List of Abbreviation --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Psoriasis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Skin --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- An In Vitro Model for Human Skin Equivalent --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aim of Study --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter2 --- Expression of CCHCRl Protein in Psoriasis skin --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1 --- Background of Skin and Psoriasis --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter3 --- Expression of CCHCRl Protein in Skin Organotypic Culture --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1 --- Background about Skin Organotypic Culture --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter4 --- Expression of CCHCRl Protein in HaCaT Cells Treated with Camptothecin --- p.60 / Chapter 4.1 --- Background --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.73 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- General Discussion --- p.95 / References --- p.107 / Publications --- p.172

張文偉. / "2012年8月". / "2012 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-89). / Zhang Wenwei. / 目錄 --- p.1 / 大理洱海東岸地圖 --- p.2 / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.3-12 / Chapter 第二章 --- 南詔大理國至元代的佛教國家傳統概述 --- p.13-23 / Chapter 第三章 --- 法力之水與地方之水 --- p.24-38 / Chapter 第四章 --- 洪武十五年的天兵降臨洱海東 --- p.39-47 / Chapter 第五章 --- 禮儀變奏曲 --- p.48-69 / Chapter 第六章 --- 崇儒攘佛 --- p.70-74 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論 --- p.75-79 / 參考書目 --- p.80-89

宿主防御肽，如抗菌肽和防御素，是固有性免疫的重要组成部分。LL-37是由37个残基组成的阳离子宿主防御肽，是目前唯一被发现的人源宿主防御肽。它在不同的生物过程中都起着关键作用。新证据表明，LL-37与肿瘤进展也有关系。在许多类型的人类恶性肿瘤中它有不同表达，但在结肠癌中的表达和作用，仍未知。在此，我们将对LL-37及其17至32残基片断（ 简称FK-16）对结肠癌的影响进行研究。 / 免疫组化染色结果表明，LL-37在人类结肠癌组织中的表达比正常组织有显著减少。并且，LL-37的表达与TUNEL阳性细胞数量呈正比。合成的LL-37能够诱导不同的结肠癌细胞发生不依赖半胱天冬酶激活的凋亡细胞死亡。并且，LL-37通过激活p53下调Bcl2及上调Bax与Bak来诱导凋亡。LL-37也促使肿瘤坏死因子和核酸内切酶G 向核内转移，以其为目标的siRNA沉默能使细胞对LL-37诱导的凋亡呈现出耐受现象。更重要的是，LL-37的促凋亡作用被发现可以通过对百日咳敏感的Gαi蛋白偶联受体来介导。同时，宿主防御肽敲除的小鼠肠黏膜中，p53、Bax和Bak表达减少而Bcl2表达增加，凋亡的基础水平量也减少。由此说明，LL-37可通过激活GPCR-p53-Bax / Bak / Bcl-2的新信号级联反应来激活AIF / EndoG调控的结肠癌细胞凋亡。 / 与LL-37类似，其片断FK-16也促使不同结肠癌细胞株死亡。但其死亡诱导机制与LL-37不尽相同。FK-16引发了一种独特的死亡方式，即初始诱导不依赖半胱天冬酶激活的凋亡之后紧随引发自噬性细胞死亡。而LL-37没有明显引起这种自噬性死亡。孵育FK-16 24小时后，结肠癌细胞被证明发生凋亡。延长孵育至48小时，细胞的生化和形态学体征符合自噬，包括增加LC3阳性自噬体，积累酸性自噬泡与自溶酶体，和提高 LC3-II水平。敲除两个自噬有关基因 ATG5 和ATG7, 能够部分逆转由FK-16所引起的细胞死亡。并且，细胞凋亡和细胞自噬机制相关信号通路之间存在的交叉调控，在此研究中也被深入提及。 / Host defense peptides, such as cathelicidins (LL-37) and defensins, are important components in the innate immunity. LL-37, a human cationic host defense peptide composed of 37 residues, is the only cathelicidin described so far in humans. It plays a key role in diverse biological processes, including natural immunity, inflammation and tissue repair. Emerging evidence suggests that LL-37 is implicated in cancer development. In this regard, the expression of LL-37 is found to be dysregulated in many types of human malignancy, including lung, breast, ovarian, and gastric cancers. The expression and function of LL-37 in colon cancer, however, are still unknown. In this thesis, the roles of LL-37 and its 17-32 fragment (hereafter referred to as FK-16) in colon cancer development were investigated. / By immunohistochemical staining, it is demonstrated that the expression of LL-37 was significantly reduced in human colon cancer tissues as compared with the cancer adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, LL-37 expression was positively correlated with the number of TUNEL-positive cells. Furthermore, synthetic LL-37 induced caspase-independent apoptotic cell death in different cultured colon cancer cells. In this connection, LL-37 induced apoptosis via downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bak and Bax in a p53-dependent manner. It also induced the upregulation and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G (EndoG), whose targetings by siRNAs rendered the cells resistant to LL-37-induced apoptosis. Above all, the pro-apoptotic effect of LL-37 was found to be mediated through a pertussis toxin-sensitive Gαi protein-coupled receptor. Concordantly, colonic mucosa of cathelicidin-knockout mice exhibited reduced expression of p53, Bax and Bak and increased expression of Bcl-2 together with a lower basal level of apoptosis. Taken together, we demonstrated that LL-37 activates a novel signaling cascade involving the GPCR-p53-Bax/Bak/Bcl-2 axis to activate AIF/EndoG-mediated apoptosis in colon cancer cells. / Similar to the effect of LL-37 peptide, the fragment FK-16 also induced cell death in colon cancer cell lines. However, the action is different. Results demonstrated that FK-16 triggered a unique pattern of cell death characterized by initial caspase-independent apoptosis followed by autophagic cell death, the latter of which was not observed obviously in cells treated with LL-37. Treating colon cancer cells with FK-16 for 24 h induced apoptosis as evidenced by phosphatidylserine externalization, chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. Prolonged treatment with FK-16 induced biochemical and morphological features consistent with autophagy, including increased formation of LC3+ autophagosomes, the accumulation of acidic vesicular organelles and autolysosomes, and increased levels of LC3-I/II, Atg5 and Atg7. Knockdown of Atg5 or Atg7 partially reversed the cytotoxic effect of FK-16, suggesting that FK-16-induced autophagy was pro-death in nature. Furthermore, the novel cross-talks between apoptotic and autophagic signalings were also noted. / Collectively, the present study not only contributes to understanding the role of host defense peptide cathelicidin in tumorigenesis, but also provides pre-clinical evidence to propel the development and application of these peptides as novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of colon cancer. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 综上所述，目前的研究不仅有助于理解宿主防御肽在肿瘤发生, 同时也提供了临床前研究证据，推动了宿主防御肽的开发和应用, 这些肽片段为治疗结肠癌提供了新的治疗手段 。 / Ren, Shunxiang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 176-208). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.iv / Declaration --- p.vi / Acknowledgements --- p.vii / Publications --- p.ix / Table of contents --- p.xiii / List of illustrations --- p.xviii / Abbreviations --- p.xxiii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Colorectal cancer --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Epidemiology of colorectal cancer --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Etiology of colorectal cancer --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Pathogenesis of CRC --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Chemotherapy of colorectal cancer --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2 --- Programmed cell death (PCD) --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Cell death --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Apoptosis --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Mechanisms of apoptosis --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.2.1.1 --- Caspase-dependent apoptosis --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.2.1.2 --- Caspase-independent apoptosis --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.2.1.3 --- Tumor suppressor p53 --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- G-coupled protein receptors in apoptosis --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Types of Autophagy --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Biological process --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2.3.3 --- Biological functions --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.3.4 --- Autophagic machinery --- p.27 / Chapter 1.2.3.5 --- Autophagy in cancer --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.3.6 --- Autophagy and apoptosis --- p.32 / Chapter 1.3 --- Biological functions of cathelicidin --- p.33 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Antimicrobial activity --- p.34 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Immunological functions --- p.35 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Wound healing, angiogenesis and mitogenesis --- p.36 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Programmed cell death --- p.38 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aim of the present study --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- General --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Chemicals and reagents --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Antibodies --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Commercial kits --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Peptide synthesis --- p.46 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Experimental Animals --- p.46 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Cell Culture --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2 --- DNA Methylation Analysis --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5’Aza-dC) Treatment --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Bisulfite Genomic Sequencing and Methylated-DNA capture (MethylCap)-qPCR --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3 --- Effects of LL-37 and its analogue FK-16 in colon cancer cells in vitro --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Cell viability Assay --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Cell cycle analysis --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Measurement of apoptosis in vitro --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- Quantitation of DNA fragmentation --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Quantitation of phosphatidylserine externalization --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Nuclear protein extraction --- p.52 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Western Blot --- p.53 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Immunofluorescence --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.9 --- Bcl-2 overexpression --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.9.1 --- Transforming competent cells --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3.9.2 --- Plasmid DNA purification --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3.10 --- RNA interference --- p.56 / Chapter 2.3.11 --- Detection of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) with acridine orange --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3.12 --- Labeling of autophagic vacuoles with monodansylcadaverine (MDC) --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3.13 --- Transmission electron microscopy --- p.59 / Chapter 2.4 --- Cathelicidin-knockout (Cnlp/) mice model --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Normal mouse colon sample collection --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Tissue Processing --- p.61 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Measurement of basal apoptosis in normal colon tissues --- p.61 / Chapter 2.5 --- Clinical samples --- p.62 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Immunohistochemistry of clinical samples --- p.62 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Measurement of colonocyte apoptosis of clinical samples --- p.62 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Evaluation of colonocyte proliferation of clinical samples --- p.63 / Chapter 2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 3.1 --- LL-37 was downregulated in colon cancer tissues --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2 --- Effects of LL-37 on human colon cancer cells --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- LL-37 induced DNA fragmentation and phosphatidylserine externalization without caspase activation in colon cancer cells --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- LL-37 induced AIF- and EndoG-dependent apoptosis --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Altered expression of Bcl-2 family members was required for AIF- and EndoG-mediated apoptosis induced by LL-37 --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- p53 activation was required for LL-37-induced apoptosis --- p.90 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- The apoptogenic action of LL-37 was mediated by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) --- p.94 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Reduced basal apoptotic rate in colonic mucosa of cathelicidin-knockout mice --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Preliminary Discussion --- p.103 / Chapter 3.3 --- Effects of FK16 on human cancer cells --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- FK-16 induced AIF- and EndoG-dependent apoptosis in colon cancer cells --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- FK-16 induced autophagic cell death in colon cancer cells --- p.116 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Activation of p53 was required for FK-16-indcued apoptosis and autophagy cell death --- p.123 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Altered expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was required for FK-16-indcued apoptosis and autophagic cell death --- p.129 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- FK-16-induced apoptosis and autophagic cell death were reciprocally regulated --- p.134 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Preliminary Discussion --- p.139 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Summary and Finial Conslusion --- p.142 / References --- p.144