The phenomenal density growth in semiconductors has resulted in the availability of billions of transistors on a single die. The time-to-design is shrinking continuously due to aggressive competition. Also, the integration of many discrete components on a single chip is growing at a rapid pace. Designing such heterogeneous systems in short duration is becoming difficult with existing technology. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays offer a good alternative in both productivity and heterogeneity issues. However, there are many obstacles that need to be addressed to make them a viable option. One such obstacle is the lack of early design space exploration tools and techniques for FPGA designs. This thesis develops techniques to evaluate systematically, the available design options before the actual system implementation. The aspect which makes this problem interesting, yet complicated, is that a system-level optimization is not linearly summable. The discrete components of a system, benchmarked as best in all design parameters — speed, area and power, need not add up to the best possible system. This work addresses the problem in two ways. In the first approach, we demonstrate that by working at higher levels of abstraction, one can achieve orders of improvement in productivity. Designing a system directly from its behavioral description is an on-going effort in industry. Instead of focusing on design aspects, we use these methods to develop quick prototypes and estimate the design parameters. Design space exploration needs relative comparison among available choices and not accurate values of design parameters. It is shown that the proposed method can do an acceptable job in this regard. The second approach is about evolving statistical techniques for estimating the design parameters and then algorithmically searching the design space. Specifically, a high level power estimation model is developed for FPGA designs. While existing techniques develop power model for discrete components separately, this work evaluates the option of generic power model for multiple components. / Master of Science

This study investigates the application of the cluster design space framework (CDSF) in developinga project-specific dashboard to visualize website health and performance withina content management system (CMS). Adopting a research-through-design approach, theproject emphasizes the importance of relevance and iterations in a design processes. Threedifferent data collection methods were employed: semi-structured interviews, a workshop,and a survey. Four expert users, all related to Knowit Experience and utilizing the sameCMS, participated in the study, providing data across all methods. Interview data wastranscribed and organized within predefined design space categories, while workshopand survey results were similarly aligned with these categories. Interestingly, all datacollection methods identified cluster number (5) Operational Decision-Making as the mostsuitable for this project. Drawing from interview responses and the final concept fromthe workshop, a high-fidelity prototype was developed to illustrate a potential dashboardvisualization. By applying the CDSF proactively in future designs, rather than retrospectively,this study aims to shed light on its potential to tailor and guide the design processfor future dashboard projects, encouraging effectiveness and precision.

This thesis introduces BodyScape, a body-centric framework that accounts for how users coordinate their movements within and across their own limbs in order to interact with a wide range of devices, across multiple surfaces. It introduces a graphical notation that describes interaction techniques in terms of (1) motor assemblies responsible for performing a control task (input motor assembly) or bringing the body into a position to visually perceive output (output motor assembly), and (2) the movement coordination of motor assemblies, relative to the body or fixed in the world, with respect to the interactive environment. This thesis applies BodyScape to 1) investigate the role of support in a set of novel bimanual interaction techniques for hand-held devices, 2) analyze the competing effect across multiple input movements, and 3) compare twelve pan-and-zoom techniques on a wall-sized display to determine the roles of guidance and interference on performance. Using BodyScape to characterize interaction clarifies the role of device support on the user's balance and subsequent comfort and performance. It allows designers to identify situations in which multiple body movements interfere with each other, with a corresponding decrease in performance. Finally, it highlights the trade-offs among different combinations of techniques, enabling the analysis and generation of a variety of multi-surface interaction techniques. I argue that including a body-centric perspective when defining interaction techniques is essential for addressing the combinatorial explosion of interactive devices in multi-surface environments.

Nowadays the ever increasing algorithmic complexity of embedded applications requires the designers to turn towards heterogeneous and highly integrated systems denoted as SoC (System-on-a-Chip). These architectures may embed CPU-based processors, dedicated datapaths as well as recon gurable units. However, embedded SoCs are submitted to stringent requirements in terms of speed, size, cost, power consumption, throughput, etc. Therefore, new computing paradigms are required to ful l the constraints of the applications and the requirements of the architecture. Recon gurable Computing is a promising paradigm that provides probably the best trade-o between these requirements and constraints. Dynamically recon gurable architectures are their key enabling technology. They enable the hardware to adapt to the application at runtime. However, these architectures raise new challenges in SoC design. For example, on one hand, designing a system that takes advantage of dynamic recon guration is still very time consuming because of the lack of design methodologies and tools. On the other hand, scheduling hardware tasks di ers from classical software tasks scheduling on microprocessor or multiprocessors systems, as it bears a further complicated placement problem. This thesis deals with the problem of scheduling online real-time hardware tasks on Dynamically Recon gurable Hardware Devices (DRHWs). The problem is addressed from two angles : (i) Investigating novel algorithms for online real-time scheduling/placement on DRHWs. (ii) Scheduling/Placement algorithms library for RTOS-driven Design Space Exploration (DSE). Regarding the first point, the thesis proposes two main runtime-aware scheduling and placement techniques and assesses their suitability for online real-time scenarios. The first technique discusses the impact of synthesizing, at design time, several shapes and/or sizes per hardware task (denoted as multi-shape task), in order to ease the online scheduling process. The second technique combines a looking-ahead scheduling approach with a slots-based recon gurable areas management that relies on a 1D placement. The results show that in both techniques, the scheduling and placement quality is improved without signi cantly increasing the algorithm time complexity. Regarding the second point, in the process of designing SoCs embedding recon gurable parts, new design paradigms tend to explore and validate as early as possible, at system level, the architectural design space. Therefore, the RTOS (Real-Time Operating System) services that manage the recon gurable parts of the SoC can be re fined. In such a context, gathering numerous hardware tasks scheduling and placement algorithms of various complexity vs performance trade-o s in a kind of library is required. In this thesis, proposed algorithms in addition to some existing ones are purposely implemented in C++ language, in order to insure the compatibility with any C++/SystemC based SoC design methodology.

Materials have traditionally been selected for the design of a product; however, advances in the understanding of material processing along with simulation and computation techniques are now making it possible to systematically design materials by tailoring the properties of the material to achieve the desired product performance. Material design offers the potential to increase design freedom and enable improved product performance; however, this increase in design freedom brings with it significant complexity in predictive models used for design, as well as many new design variables to consider. Material selection, on the other hand, is a well-established method for identifying the best materials for a product and does not require the complex models needed for material design. But material selection inherently limits the design of products by only considering existing materials. To balance increasing design costs with potentially improved product performance, designers must have a method for assessing the value of material design in the context of product design. In this thesis, the Design Space Expansion Strategy (DSES) and the Value of Design Space Expansion (VDSE) metric are proposed for supporting a designer s decision between material selection and material design in the context of product design. The strategy consists of formulating and solving two compromise Decision Support Problems (cDSP). The first cDSP is formulated and solved using a selected baseline material. The second cDSP is formulated and solved in an expanded material design space defined by material property variables in addition to other system variables. The two design solutions are then compared using the VDSE metric to quantify the value of expanding the material design space. This strategy is demonstrated in this thesis with an example of blast resistant panel design and is validated by application of the validation square, a framework for the validating design methods.

Transient regimes experienced by dynamic systems may have severe impacts on the operation of the aircraft. They are often regulated by dynamic constraints, requiring the dynamic signals to remain within bounds whose values vary with time. The verification of these peculiar types of constraints, which generally requires high-fidelity time-domain simulation, intervenes late in the system development process, thus potentially causing costly design iterations. The research objective of this thesis is to develop a methodology that integrates the verification of dynamic constraints in the early specification of dynamic systems. In order to circumvent the inefficiencies of time-domain simulation, multivariate dynamic surrogate models of the original time-domain simulation models are generated using wavelet neural networks (or wavenets). Concurrently, an alternate approach is formulated, in which the envelope of the dynamic response, extracted via a wavelet-based multiresolution analysis scheme, is subject to transient constraints. Dynamic surrogate models using sigmoid-based neural networks are generated to emulate the transient behavior of the envelope of the time-domain response. The run-time efficiency of the resulting dynamic surrogate models enables the implementation of a data farming approach, in which the full design space is sampled through a Monte-Carlo Simulation. An interactive visualization environment, enabling what-if analyses, is developed; the user can thereby instantaneously comprehend the transient response of the system (or its envelope) and its sensitivities to design and operation variables, as well as filter the design space to have it exhibit only the design scenarios verifying the dynamic constraints. The proposed methodology, along with its foundational hypotheses, is tested on the design and optimization of a 350VDC network, where a generator and its control system are concurrently designed in order to minimize the electrical losses, while ensuring that the transient undervoltage induced by peak demands in the consumption of a motor does not violate transient power quality constraints.

The law of bone remodeling, commonly referred to as Wolff's Law, asserts that the internal trabecular bone adapts to external loadings, reorienting with the principal stress trajectories to maximize mechanical efficiency, thereby creating a naturally optimum structure. The primary objective of the research was to utilize an advanced structural optimization algorithm, called design space optimization (DSO), to create a numerical framework to perform a micro-level three-dimensional finite element bone remodeling simulation on the human proximal femur and analyze the results to determine the validity of Wolff's hypothesis. DSO optimizes the layout of material by iteratively distributing it into the areas of highest loading, while simultaneously changing the design domain to increase computational efficiency. The result is a "fully stressed" structure with minimized compliance and increased stiffness. The large-scale computational simulation utilized a 175µm mesh resolution and the routine daily loading activities of walking and stair climbing. The resulting anisotropic human trabecular architecture was compared to both Wolff's trajectory hypothesis and natural femur data from the literature using a variety of visualization techniques, including radiography and computed tomography (CT). The remodeling predictions qualitatively revealed several anisotropic trabecular regions comparable to the natural human femurs. Quantitatively, the various regional bone volume fractions from the computational results were consistent with CT analyses. The strain energy proceeded to become more uniform during optimization; implying increased mechanical efficiency was achieved. The realistic simulated trabecular geometry suggests that the DSO method can accurately predict three-dimensional bone adaptation due to mechanical loading and that the proximal femur is an optimum structure as Wolff hypothesized. The secondary objective was to revise this computational framework to perform the first in-silico hip replacement considering micro-level bone remodeling. Two different commercially available hip prostheses were quantitatively analyzed using stress, strain energy, and bone mineral density as performance criteria and qualitatively visualized using the techniques above. Several important factors for stable fixation, determined from clinical evaluations, were evident: high levels of proximal bone loss, distal bone growth, and medial densification. The results suggest the DSO method can be utilized for comparative prosthetic implant stem design, uniquely considering post-operation bone remodeling as a design criterion. / Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-08-16 15:30:55.144

O projeto de sistemas eletrônicos atuais segue o paradigma do reuso de componentes de hardware. Este paradigma reduz a complexidade do projeto de um chip, mas cria novos desafios para o projetista do sistema em relação ao teste do produto final. O acesso aos núcleos profundamente embutidos no sistema, a integração dos diversos métodos de teste e a otimização dos diversos fatores de custo do sistema são alguns dos problemas que precisam ser resolvidos durante o planejamento do teste de produção do novo circuito. Neste contexto, esta tese propõe duas abordagens para o planejamento de teste de sistemas integrados. As abordagens propostas têm como principal objetivo a redução dos custos de teste através do reuso dos recursos de hardware disponíveis no sistema e da integração do planejamento de teste no fluxo de projeto do circuito. A primeira abordagem considera os sistemas cujos componentes se comunicam através de conexões dedicadas ou barramentos funcionais. O método proposto consiste na definição de um mecanismo de acesso aos componentes do circuito e de um algoritmo para exploração do espaço de projeto. O mecanismo de acesso prevê o reuso das conexões funcionais, o uso de barramentos de teste locais, núcleos transparentes e outros modos de passagem do sinal de teste. O algoritmo de escalonamento de teste é definido juntamente com o mecanismo de acesso, de forma que diferentes combinações de custos sejam exploradas. Além disso, restrições de consumo de potência do sistema podem ser consideradas durante o escalonamento dos testes. Os resultados experimentais apresentados para este método mostram claramente a variedade de soluções que podem ser exploradas e a efi- ciência desta abordagem na otimização do teste de um sistema complexo. A segunda abordagem de planejamento de teste propõe o reuso de redes em-chip como mecanismo de acesso aos componentes dos sistemas construídos sobre esta plataforma de comunicação. Um algoritmo de escalonamento de teste que considera as restrições de potência da aplicação é apresentado e a estratégia de teste é avaliada para diferentes configurações do sistema. Os resultados experimentais mostram que a capacidade de paralelização da rede em-chip pode ser explorada para reduzir o tempo de teste do sistema, enquanto os custos de área e pinos de teste são drasticamente minimizados. Neste manuscrito, os principais problemas relacionados ao teste dos sistemas integrados baseados em componentes virtuais são identificados e as soluções já apresentadas na literatura são discutidas. Em seguida, os problemas tratados por este traballho são listados e as abordagens propostas são detalhadas. Ambas as técnicas são validadas através dos sistemas disponíveis no ITC’02 SoC Test Benchmarks. As técnicas propostas são ainda comparadas com outras abordagens de teste apresentadas recentemente. Esta comparação confirma a eficácia dos métodos desenvolvidos nesta tese. / Electronic applications are currently developed under the reuse-based paradigm. This design methodology presents several advantages for the reduction of the design complexity, but brings new challenges for the test of the final circuit. The access to embedded cores, the integration of several test methods, and the optimization of the several cost factors are just a few of the several problems that need to be tackled during test planning. Within this context, this thesis proposes two test planning approaches that aim at reducing the test costs of a core-based system by means of hardware reuse and integration of the test planning into the design flow. The first approach considers systems whose cores are connected directly or through a functional bus. The test planning method consists of a comprehensive model that includes the definition of a multi-mode access mechanism inside the chip and a search algorithm for the exploration of the design space. The access mechanism model considers the reuse of functional connections as well as partial test buses, cores transparency, and other bypass modes. The test schedule is defined in conjunction with the access mechanism so that good trade-offs among the costs of pins, area, and test time can be sought. Furthermore, system power constraints are also considered. This expansion of concerns makes it possible an efficient, yet fine-grained search, in the huge design space of a reuse-based environment. Experimental results clearly show the variety of trade-offs that can be explored using the proposed model, and its effectiveness on optimizing the system test plan. Networks-on-chip are likely to become the main communication platform of systemson- chip. Thus, the second approach presented in this work proposes the reuse of the on-chip network for the test of the cores embedded into the systems that use this communication platform. A power-aware test scheduling algorithm aiming at exploiting the network characteristics to minimize the system test time is presented. The reuse strategy is evaluated considering a number of system configurations, such as different positions of the cores in the network, power consumption constraints and number of interfaces with the tester. Experimental results show that the parallelization capability of the network can be exploited to reduce the system test time, whereas area and pin overhead are strongly minimized. In this manuscript, the main problems of the test of core-based systems are firstly identified and the current solutions are discussed. The problems being tackled by this thesis are then listed and the test planning approaches are detailed. Both test planning techniques are validated for the recently released ITC’02 SoC Test Benchmarks, and further compared to other test planning methods of the literature. This comparison confirms the efficiency of the proposed methods.

O projeto de sistemas eletrônicos atuais segue o paradigma do reuso de componentes de hardware. Este paradigma reduz a complexidade do projeto de um chip, mas cria novos desafios para o projetista do sistema em relação ao teste do produto final. O acesso aos núcleos profundamente embutidos no sistema, a integração dos diversos métodos de teste e a otimização dos diversos fatores de custo do sistema são alguns dos problemas que precisam ser resolvidos durante o planejamento do teste de produção do novo circuito. Neste contexto, esta tese propõe duas abordagens para o planejamento de teste de sistemas integrados. As abordagens propostas têm como principal objetivo a redução dos custos de teste através do reuso dos recursos de hardware disponíveis no sistema e da integração do planejamento de teste no fluxo de projeto do circuito. A primeira abordagem considera os sistemas cujos componentes se comunicam através de conexões dedicadas ou barramentos funcionais. O método proposto consiste na definição de um mecanismo de acesso aos componentes do circuito e de um algoritmo para exploração do espaço de projeto. O mecanismo de acesso prevê o reuso das conexões funcionais, o uso de barramentos de teste locais, núcleos transparentes e outros modos de passagem do sinal de teste. O algoritmo de escalonamento de teste é definido juntamente com o mecanismo de acesso, de forma que diferentes combinações de custos sejam exploradas. Além disso, restrições de consumo de potência do sistema podem ser consideradas durante o escalonamento dos testes. Os resultados experimentais apresentados para este método mostram claramente a variedade de soluções que podem ser exploradas e a efi- ciência desta abordagem na otimização do teste de um sistema complexo. A segunda abordagem de planejamento de teste propõe o reuso de redes em-chip como mecanismo de acesso aos componentes dos sistemas construídos sobre esta plataforma de comunicação. Um algoritmo de escalonamento de teste que considera as restrições de potência da aplicação é apresentado e a estratégia de teste é avaliada para diferentes configurações do sistema. Os resultados experimentais mostram que a capacidade de paralelização da rede em-chip pode ser explorada para reduzir o tempo de teste do sistema, enquanto os custos de área e pinos de teste são drasticamente minimizados. Neste manuscrito, os principais problemas relacionados ao teste dos sistemas integrados baseados em componentes virtuais são identificados e as soluções já apresentadas na literatura são discutidas. Em seguida, os problemas tratados por este traballho são listados e as abordagens propostas são detalhadas. Ambas as técnicas são validadas através dos sistemas disponíveis no ITC’02 SoC Test Benchmarks. As técnicas propostas são ainda comparadas com outras abordagens de teste apresentadas recentemente. Esta comparação confirma a eficácia dos métodos desenvolvidos nesta tese. / Electronic applications are currently developed under the reuse-based paradigm. This design methodology presents several advantages for the reduction of the design complexity, but brings new challenges for the test of the final circuit. The access to embedded cores, the integration of several test methods, and the optimization of the several cost factors are just a few of the several problems that need to be tackled during test planning. Within this context, this thesis proposes two test planning approaches that aim at reducing the test costs of a core-based system by means of hardware reuse and integration of the test planning into the design flow. The first approach considers systems whose cores are connected directly or through a functional bus. The test planning method consists of a comprehensive model that includes the definition of a multi-mode access mechanism inside the chip and a search algorithm for the exploration of the design space. The access mechanism model considers the reuse of functional connections as well as partial test buses, cores transparency, and other bypass modes. The test schedule is defined in conjunction with the access mechanism so that good trade-offs among the costs of pins, area, and test time can be sought. Furthermore, system power constraints are also considered. This expansion of concerns makes it possible an efficient, yet fine-grained search, in the huge design space of a reuse-based environment. Experimental results clearly show the variety of trade-offs that can be explored using the proposed model, and its effectiveness on optimizing the system test plan. Networks-on-chip are likely to become the main communication platform of systemson- chip. Thus, the second approach presented in this work proposes the reuse of the on-chip network for the test of the cores embedded into the systems that use this communication platform. A power-aware test scheduling algorithm aiming at exploiting the network characteristics to minimize the system test time is presented. The reuse strategy is evaluated considering a number of system configurations, such as different positions of the cores in the network, power consumption constraints and number of interfaces with the tester. Experimental results show that the parallelization capability of the network can be exploited to reduce the system test time, whereas area and pin overhead are strongly minimized. In this manuscript, the main problems of the test of core-based systems are firstly identified and the current solutions are discussed. The problems being tackled by this thesis are then listed and the test planning approaches are detailed. Both test planning techniques are validated for the recently released ITC’02 SoC Test Benchmarks, and further compared to other test planning methods of the literature. This comparison confirms the efficiency of the proposed methods.

O projeto de sistemas eletrônicos atuais segue o paradigma do reuso de componentes de hardware. Este paradigma reduz a complexidade do projeto de um chip, mas cria novos desafios para o projetista do sistema em relação ao teste do produto final. O acesso aos núcleos profundamente embutidos no sistema, a integração dos diversos métodos de teste e a otimização dos diversos fatores de custo do sistema são alguns dos problemas que precisam ser resolvidos durante o planejamento do teste de produção do novo circuito. Neste contexto, esta tese propõe duas abordagens para o planejamento de teste de sistemas integrados. As abordagens propostas têm como principal objetivo a redução dos custos de teste através do reuso dos recursos de hardware disponíveis no sistema e da integração do planejamento de teste no fluxo de projeto do circuito. A primeira abordagem considera os sistemas cujos componentes se comunicam através de conexões dedicadas ou barramentos funcionais. O método proposto consiste na definição de um mecanismo de acesso aos componentes do circuito e de um algoritmo para exploração do espaço de projeto. O mecanismo de acesso prevê o reuso das conexões funcionais, o uso de barramentos de teste locais, núcleos transparentes e outros modos de passagem do sinal de teste. O algoritmo de escalonamento de teste é definido juntamente com o mecanismo de acesso, de forma que diferentes combinações de custos sejam exploradas. Além disso, restrições de consumo de potência do sistema podem ser consideradas durante o escalonamento dos testes. Os resultados experimentais apresentados para este método mostram claramente a variedade de soluções que podem ser exploradas e a efi- ciência desta abordagem na otimização do teste de um sistema complexo. A segunda abordagem de planejamento de teste propõe o reuso de redes em-chip como mecanismo de acesso aos componentes dos sistemas construídos sobre esta plataforma de comunicação. Um algoritmo de escalonamento de teste que considera as restrições de potência da aplicação é apresentado e a estratégia de teste é avaliada para diferentes configurações do sistema. Os resultados experimentais mostram que a capacidade de paralelização da rede em-chip pode ser explorada para reduzir o tempo de teste do sistema, enquanto os custos de área e pinos de teste são drasticamente minimizados. Neste manuscrito, os principais problemas relacionados ao teste dos sistemas integrados baseados em componentes virtuais são identificados e as soluções já apresentadas na literatura são discutidas. Em seguida, os problemas tratados por este traballho são listados e as abordagens propostas são detalhadas. Ambas as técnicas são validadas através dos sistemas disponíveis no ITC’02 SoC Test Benchmarks. As técnicas propostas são ainda comparadas com outras abordagens de teste apresentadas recentemente. Esta comparação confirma a eficácia dos métodos desenvolvidos nesta tese. / Electronic applications are currently developed under the reuse-based paradigm. This design methodology presents several advantages for the reduction of the design complexity, but brings new challenges for the test of the final circuit. The access to embedded cores, the integration of several test methods, and the optimization of the several cost factors are just a few of the several problems that need to be tackled during test planning. Within this context, this thesis proposes two test planning approaches that aim at reducing the test costs of a core-based system by means of hardware reuse and integration of the test planning into the design flow. The first approach considers systems whose cores are connected directly or through a functional bus. The test planning method consists of a comprehensive model that includes the definition of a multi-mode access mechanism inside the chip and a search algorithm for the exploration of the design space. The access mechanism model considers the reuse of functional connections as well as partial test buses, cores transparency, and other bypass modes. The test schedule is defined in conjunction with the access mechanism so that good trade-offs among the costs of pins, area, and test time can be sought. Furthermore, system power constraints are also considered. This expansion of concerns makes it possible an efficient, yet fine-grained search, in the huge design space of a reuse-based environment. Experimental results clearly show the variety of trade-offs that can be explored using the proposed model, and its effectiveness on optimizing the system test plan. Networks-on-chip are likely to become the main communication platform of systemson- chip. Thus, the second approach presented in this work proposes the reuse of the on-chip network for the test of the cores embedded into the systems that use this communication platform. A power-aware test scheduling algorithm aiming at exploiting the network characteristics to minimize the system test time is presented. The reuse strategy is evaluated considering a number of system configurations, such as different positions of the cores in the network, power consumption constraints and number of interfaces with the tester. Experimental results show that the parallelization capability of the network can be exploited to reduce the system test time, whereas area and pin overhead are strongly minimized. In this manuscript, the main problems of the test of core-based systems are firstly identified and the current solutions are discussed. The problems being tackled by this thesis are then listed and the test planning approaches are detailed. Both test planning techniques are validated for the recently released ITC’02 SoC Test Benchmarks, and further compared to other test planning methods of the literature. This comparison confirms the efficiency of the proposed methods.