abstract: Despite the vast research on language carried out by the generative linguistics of Noam Chomsky and his followers since the 1950s, for theoretical reasons (mainly their attention to the mental abstraction of language structure rather than language as a performed product), historical linguistics from the start lay outside their research interest. This study is an attempt to bridge the gap between the formalism and theoretical constructs introduced by generative grammar, whose ultimate goal is to provide not only a description but also an explanation to linguistic phenomena, and historical linguistics, which studies the evolution of language over time. This main objective is met by providing a formal account of the changes hwæðer undergoes throughout the Old English (OE) period. This seemingly inconspicuous word presents itself as a case of particular investigative interest in that it reflects the different stages proclaimed by the theoretical assumptions implemented in the study, namely the economy principles responsible for what has become known as the CP cycle: the Head Preference Principle and the Late Merge Principle, whereby pronominal hwæðer would raise to the specifier position for topicalization purposes, then after frequent use in that position, it would be base-generated there under Late Merge, until later reanalysis as the head of the Complementizer Phrase (CP) under Head Preference. Thus, I set out to classify the diverse functions of OE hwæðer by identifying and analyzing all instances as recorded in the diachronic part of the Helsinki Corpus. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses of the data have rendered the following results: 1) a fully satisfactory functional and chronological classification has been obtained by analyzing the data under investigation following a formal theoretical approach; and 2) a step-by-step historical analysis proves to be indispensable for understanding how language works at the abstract level from a historical point of view. This project is part of a growing body of research on language change which attempts to describe and explain the evolution of certain words as these change in form and function. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. English 2013

<p>In order that epistemic formulas might be coupled with approximate databases, it is necessary to have a well-defined semantics for the knowledge operator and a method of reducing epistemic formulas to approximate formulas. In this thesis, two possible definitions of a semantics for the knowledge operator are proposed for use together with an approximate relational database: </p><p>* One based upon logical entailment (being the dominating notion of knowledge in literature); sound and complete rules for reduction to approximate formulas are explored and found not to be applicable to all formulas. </p><p>* One based upon algorithmic computability (in order to be practically feasible); the correspondence to the above operator on the one hand, and to the deductive capability of the agent on the other hand, is explored.</p><p>Also, an inductively defined semantics for a"know whether"-operator, is proposed and tested. Finally, an algorithm implementing the above is proposed, carried out using Java, and tested.</p>

In order that epistemic formulas might be coupled with approximate databases, it is necessary to have a well-defined semantics for the knowledge operator and a method of reducing epistemic formulas to approximate formulas. In this thesis, two possible definitions of a semantics for the knowledge operator are proposed for use together with an approximate relational database: * One based upon logical entailment (being the dominating notion of knowledge in literature); sound and complete rules for reduction to approximate formulas are explored and found not to be applicable to all formulas. * One based upon algorithmic computability (in order to be practically feasible); the correspondence to the above operator on the one hand, and to the deductive capability of the agent on the other hand, is explored. Also, an inductively defined semantics for a"know whether"-operator, is proposed and tested. Finally, an algorithm implementing the above is proposed, carried out using Java, and tested.

Šio magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas yra atlikti išsamią ženklo pripažinimo plačiai žinomu kriterijų analizė, išskiriant ir nurodant svarbiausius šio statuso aspektus. Magistro baigiamojo darbo tyrimo objektas yra kriterijai, galintys būti reikšmingais sprendžiant dęl prekių ženklo pripažinimo plačiai žinomu. Magistro baigiamajame darbe naudojant lyginamąją, analizės, sisteminį – loginį, istorinį, lingvistinį metodus buvo analizuojami tarptautiniai, Europos Sąjungos ir nacionaliniais teisės aktais, užsienio bei Lietuvos teismų praktika, teisės specialistų moksliniai darbai. Ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas Paryžiaus sąjungos dėl pramoninės nuosavybės apsaugos asamblėjos ir Pasaulinės intelektinės nuosavybės organizacijos generalinės asamblėjos 1999 m. priimtai bendrai rekomendacijai dėl plačiai žinomų ženklų apsaugos (angl. Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Well – Known Marks). / The main goal of this master thesis is to make particular analysis of the criteria of the well-known trademark by showing and setting main aspects of this status. The object of this master thesis is criteria, which can be significant defining trade mark as well-known trademark. Using comparative, analytical, systematic – logical, historical, linguistic methods were analyzed international, European Union and national law acts/certificates, foreign and Lithuanian court practice, researches of law professionals. Particular attention and consideration was given to Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Well – Known Marks adopted in 1999.

L'objectif le plus global des approches éducatives de l'orientation est d'organiser l'information et l'orientation des élèves dans un processus éducatif continu. Il ne s'agit pas d'orienter les élèves ; mais de les aider à concevoir et à conduire de manière progressivement autonome, une démarche de projet scolaire, puis professionnel. Dans ce cadre, il paraît judicieux de développer chez tous les élèves les compétences qui leur permettront de gérer leur processus d'information, or aujourd'hui encore, ceci ne fait pas l'objet d'une formation systématique au collège. Avec la convergence des formats hypertexte et multimédia un renouvellement des problématiques pédagogiques de l'auto information s'impose. Pourquoi, malgré tous les efforts de l'institution, le niveau d'information des élèves en matière d'orientation reste-t-il toujours insatisfaisant ? Après une phase de modélisation théorique du processus d'information pour identifier les causes de dysfonctionnement du système, nous avons entrepris une recherche-action dans le but d'éprouver les solutions induites de nos résultats théoriques sur le savoir s'informer en ligne. L'intérêt de cette démarche est de sensibiliser l'équipe éducative aux difficultés spécifiques de la lecture des informations en ligne, de concevoir l'accompagnement pédagogique d'une démarche autonome de l'élève et d'aider les concepteurs de nouveaux dispositifs à prendre en compte ces spécificités. / The most overall objective of educational approaches the orientation is to organize the information and guidance of students in an ongoing educational process. It does not refer students; but to help them to design and lead gradually autonomously approach to school project and professional. In this context, it makes sense to develop in all students the skills to manage their information process, or even today, this is not the subject of systematic training in college. With the convergence of hypertext and multimedia formats renewal of educational problems of auto information is required. Why, despite all the institution's efforts, the level of information in guidance students he remains unsatisfactory? After a theoretical modeling phase of the information process to identify the causes of system malfunction, we undertook an action research in order to test the induced solutions of our theoretical results on the know go online. The advantage of this approach is to raise the educational team to the specific difficulties of reading information online, designing educational support an autonomous process of the student and help designers of new devices to take these specificities into account.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:30:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielSP_DISSERT.pdf: 1561196 bytes, checksum: b284038c0016d3ae3285d101b795f237 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-25 / Néctar; entomofauna; Merremia aegyptia / O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de investigar se os diferentes horários de coleta de néctar em áreas apícolas influenciam no volume, concentração de açúcar e açúcar total produzido por suas flores, no momento da antese, bem como verificar possíveis alterações nas características do néctar ao longo do tempo e discutir as conseqüências no potencial apícola das áreas de jitirana-branca (Merremia aegyptia). E ainda, a relação entre esta produção de atrativos florais e o comportamento dos polinizadores potenciais, dentre estes a Apis mellifera L. (abelha africanizada), e os requerimentos de polinização da jitirana branca. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma área de preservação de Caatinga, no Campus da FATEC Sertão Central, Quixeramobim-Ceará. Foi constatado que: A jitirana branca é uma cornucópia; sua densidade floral por m² foi em média 33,7 flores; apresentou ampla gama de visitantes florais (hymenopteros, coleópteros, hemípteros, dípteros, e pássaros); seu volume de néctar variou de acordo com o horário de coleta e não há reposição de néctar na flor após as 11:00 horas (A.M.); e a polinização mais eficiente corresponde a autopolinização.

This master thesis deals with the affair Spiegel from 1962 and the Czech Television-Crisis from the turn 2000 and 2001. Both cases are compared by the conceptual approach of democratic consolidation from the Juan Linz's and Alfred Stepan's work The Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, 1996). The analysis aims to find out whether German Federal Republic in 1962 and the Czech Republic on the start of the third millennium fulfilled the first three Linz's and Stepan's criteria of a consolidated democracy. The theoretical chapter highlights some of alternative approaches and discussions about democratic consolidation as an analytical tool in comparative politics.

Hårdgörning av trä syftar till att göra materialet hårdare. Detta går att åstadkomma genom komprimering, det komprimerade materialet tenderar dock att återgå mot sin ursprungsform då materialet utsätts för fukt om ingen låsning sker. Låsningen kan ske mekaniskt i en treskiktskonstruktion som motverkar träets fuktrörelser. Dessa skivor har dock visat sig vara instabila och tidigare försök har uppvisat deformationer i form av kupning. Denna undersökning syftar till att utreda förutsättningarna för att använda komprimerad asp samt att ta fram underlag för framtagning av en kommersiell produkt. Praktiska tester har genomförts för att studera hårdhet, återfjädring och densitet hos det komprimerade virket. Vidare har treskiktsskivor tagits fram för att testa om det går att få en stabil konstruktion genom att variera tjockleken på spärrskiktet. Även skillnader i acklimatiseringstid och fuktkvotens inverkan för virkets återfjädring har studerats. Resultaten visar på att aspens hårdhet efter komprimering blir i samma nivå som bok och ask, en låg fuktkkvot vid komprimering av materialet ger en låg återfjädring, komprimerat material har en längre acklimatiseringstid till jämviktsfuktkvot och materialet går att låsa tvärs fiberriktningen i en treskiktskonstruktion. / To make wood harder it can be densified. This can be achieved by compression, the compressed material tends to return to the original shape when it is exposed to moisture fluxations and if no form of fixation occurs. The fixation can be done mechanically in a three-layer panel construction which reduce movements in the timber. These panels have been found to be unstable and previous attempts have shown deformations in form of cupping. This study aims to evaluate the conditions for using compressed aspen wood, and to provide a basis for development of a commercial product. Practical tests have been conducted to study hardness, springback and density of the compressed wood. In addition, three-layer panels have been developed to test whether it is possible to have a stable construction by varying the thickness of the buttom layer. Differences in acclimatisation time and the moisture contents effect on the springback has aslo been studied. The results show that the hardness of aspen wood after compression is in equal levels with beech and ashes, a low moisture contet provides a low springback, compressed timber have a longer time for acclimatisation and it is possible to fixate the material in the direction across the grain in a three-layer panel construction.

<p>Hårdgörning av trä syftar till att göra materialet hårdare. Detta går att åstadkomma genom komprimering, det komprimerade materialet tenderar dock att återgå mot sin ursprungsform då materialet utsätts för fukt om ingen låsning sker. Låsningen kan ske mekaniskt i en treskiktskonstruktion som motverkar träets fuktrörelser. Dessa skivor har dock visat sig vara instabila och tidigare försök har uppvisat deformationer i form av kupning. Denna undersökning syftar till att utreda förutsättningarna för att använda komprimerad asp samt att ta fram underlag för framtagning av en kommersiell produkt.</p><p>Praktiska tester har genomförts för att studera hårdhet, återfjädring och densitet hos det komprimerade virket. Vidare har treskiktsskivor tagits fram för att testa om det går att få en stabil konstruktion genom att variera tjockleken på spärrskiktet. Även skillnader i acklimatiseringstid och fuktkvotens inverkan för virkets återfjädring har studerats.</p><p>Resultaten visar på att aspens hårdhet efter komprimering blir i samma nivå som bok och ask, en låg fuktkkvot vid komprimering av materialet ger en låg återfjädring, komprimerat material har en längre acklimatiseringstid till jämviktsfuktkvot och materialet går att låsa tvärs fiberriktningen i en treskiktskonstruktion.</p> / <p>To make wood harder it can be densified. This can be achieved by compression, the compressed material tends to return to the original shape when it is exposed to moisture fluxations and if no form of fixation occurs. The fixation can be done mechanically in a three-layer panel construction which reduce movements in the timber. These panels have been found to be unstable and previous attempts have shown deformations in form of cupping. This study aims to evaluate the conditions for using compressed aspen wood, and to provide a basis for development of a commercial product.</p><p>Practical tests have been conducted to study hardness, springback and density of the compressed wood. In addition, three-layer panels have been developed to test whether it is possible to have a stable construction by varying the thickness of the buttom layer. Differences in acclimatisation time and the moisture contents effect on the springback has aslo been studied.</p><p>The results show that the hardness of aspen wood after compression is in equal levels with beech and ashes, a low moisture contet provides a low springback, compressed timber have a longer time for acclimatisation and it is possible to fixate the material in the direction across the grain in a three-layer panel construction.</p>

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-01T21:11:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 REX ANTONIO DA COSTA MEDEIROS - TESE PPGEE 2008..pdf: 1089371 bytes, checksum: ea0c95501b938e0d466779a06faaa4f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T21:11:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 REX ANTONIO DA COSTA MEDEIROS - TESE PPGEE 2008..pdf: 1089371 bytes, checksum: ea0c95501b938e0d466779a06faaa4f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-09 / Nesta tese, a capacidade erro-zero de canais discretos sem memória é generalizada para canais quânticos. Uma nova capacidade para a transmissão de informação clássica através de canais quânticos é proposta. A capacidade erro-zero de canais quânticos (CEZQ) é definida como sendo a máxima quantidade de informação por uso do canal que pode ser enviada através de um canal quântico ruidoso, considerando uma probabilidade de erro igual a zero. O protocolo de comunicação restringe palavras-código a produtos tensoriais de estados quânticos de entrada, enquanto que medições coletivas entre várias saídas do canal são permitidas. Portanto, o protocolo empregado é similar ao protocolo de Holevo-Schumacher-Westmoreland. O problema de encontrar a CEZQ é reformulado usando elementos da teoria de grafos. Esta definição equivalente é usada para demonstrar propriedades de famílias de estados quânticos e medições que atingem a CEZQ. É mostrado que a capacidade de um canal quântico num espaço de Hilbert de dimensão d pode sempre ser alcançada usando famílias compostas de, no máximo,d estados puros. Com relação às medições, demonstra-se que medições coletivas de von Neumann são necessárias e suficientes para alcançar a capacidade. É discutido se a CEZQ é uma generalização não trivial da capacidade erro-zero clássica. O termo não trivial refere-se a existência de canais quânticos para os quais a CEZQ só pode ser alcançada através de famílias de estados quânticos não-ortogonais e usando códigos de comprimento maior ou igual a dois. É investigada a CEZQ de alguns canais quânticos. É mostrado que o problema de calcular a CEZQ de canais clássicos-quânticos é puramente clássico. Em particular, é exibido um canal quântico para o qual conjectura-se que a CEZQ só pode ser alcançada usando uma família de estados quânticos não-ortogonais. Se a conjectura é verdadeira, é possível calcular o valor exato da capacidade e construir um código de bloco quântico que alcança a capacidade. Finalmente, é demonstrado que a CEZQ é limitada superiormente pela capacidade de Holevo-Schumacher-Westmoreland.