Foot problems are not only the most common but in general also the most severe of the diabetic complications. The age group 15-50 yrs in this study was chosen because these patients were considered to be at their most active age and were felt to require optimal foot function. 380 patients (96 %) participated, 78 % with Type 1, 20 % Type 2 and 1 % with secondary diabetes mellitus (DM) and 100 healthy controls. Only six patients had signs of peripheral ischaemia but half of the patients had deformities such as fallen forefoot arches and hammer toes. With sensory thresholds and clinical signs it was demonstrated that age, duration of DM and tall stature are major risk factors for diabetic neuropathy. Gender differences depend on differences in height. Dorsiflexion of the toes against resistance was used to test the function and volume of m.extensor digitorum brevis. When compared with measurements of sensory thresholds for vibration, perception and pain, it was found to be a valuable test for screening of distal motor neuropathy. To prevent worsening of foot deformities 266 patients with Type 1 DM were followed for 3 years. Those with the most pronounced deformities were fitted with custom-made insoles and had repeated examinations. Improvement was more common in patients with insoles compared to patients without insoles. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in nine patients with osteopathy in their feet and 18 controls. BMD was lower in L2-L3, but not in the proximal femur, implying osteopenia being a possible risk factor for distal osteopathy. Plaster cast treatment was used in 33 diabetic patients with severe foot ulcers who were selected because previous conservative treatment had been unsuccessful and they had been judged unsuitable for vascular surgery. The lesions healed in 19 patients. In conclusion, the main findings demonstrate the need for an increased awareness of early preventive foot care in young and middle-aged diabetic patients. / <p>S. 1-46: sammanfattning, s. 47-120: 6 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

<p>Biomechanical and neural factors have both been suggested to contribute to the limited independence of finger movement and involuntary force production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of finger independence by examining the activity of the four compartments of extensor digitorum (ED) and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) using surface electromyography and involuntary force production in the non-task fingers using methods such as the “enslaving effect” (EE) and the “selectivity index” (SI). Twelve male participants performed a series of 5-second sub-maximal exertions at 5, 25, 50 and 75% of maximum using isometric isotonic and ramp finger flexion and extension exertions. Ramp exertions were performed from 0 to 85% of each finger’s maximum force with ascending and descending phases taking 4.5 seconds each with 0.5 seconds of plateau at 85%. Lower EE and higher SI (more selective force production) was found in flexion exertions compared to extension partially due to the higher activity of the antagonist ED compartments counterbalancing the involuntary activation of the non-task FDS compartments. Minimal FDS activity was seen during extension exertions. At forces up to and including 50%, both EE and muscle activity of the non-task compartments were significantly higher in descending exertions than the isotonic or ascending exertions. The selectivity index was also lower during the descending flexion and extension exertions at 25 and 50% MVC exertions. Up to mid-level forces, both finger proximity and contraction mode affects involuntary force production and muscle activation while at higher forces only finger proximity (and not the exertion mode) contributes to finger independence. The fingers were less selective at higher exertion levels (75% MVC) and all 3 exertion modes resulted in similar SI at 75% MVC in all flexion and extension exertions.</p> / Master of Science in Kinesiology

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第21042号 / 人健博第58号 / 新制||人健||4(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 坪山 直生, 教授 黒木 裕士, 教授 松田 秀一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Muscle fatigue is an intrinsic myoprotective process that prevents damaging ATP depletion during intense or prolonged exercise by limiting ATP demand when ATP production becomes insufficient. One mechanism of fatigue involves a reduction in membrane excitability with the opening of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) and ClC-1 Cl- channels, resulting in submaximal sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release and reduced force generation, but the intracellular signalling pathways for this process is unknown. As a first step toward understanding this process, the objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that adenosine receptors (ARs) and AMPK trigger fatigue when a metabolic stress occurs during muscular activity. Compared to control conditions, a pan-activation of ARs with 10 µM adenosine and NECA initially reduced the fatigue rate during the first 60 s of a 3 min fatigue bout triggered with 1 tetanic contraction every s. An activation of the A1 adenosine receptor (A1R) with 10 and 20 µM ENBA resulted in faster rate of fatigue; an effect blocked by 5 µM DPCPX, an A1R antagonist. At 10 and 20 µM, adenosine, NECA, and ENBA activated AMPK via an increased in T172 phosphorylation. At 10 µM, MK8722, an AMPK agonist, initially caused a reduction in fatigue rate during the first 60 s followed by an increased fatigue rate during the last 2 min of the fatigue bout. Co-activation of ARs and AMPK did not give rise to either an additive or synergistic effect. FDB from AMPK α1-/- and α2-/- mice had faster fatigue rate and greater increased in unstimulated force compared to FDB from AMPK α1+/+ and α2+/+ mice. It is suggested that ARs and AMPK play a role in the mechanism of fatigue when a metabolic stress develops during muscle activity.

För att undersöka misstänkt tillklämningsneuropati i peroneus communis (PC) används elektroneurografi, där elektrisk stimulering möjliggör undersökning av nervledningshastigheter, svarsamplitud och överledningstid. Vid opålitlig registrering på extensor digitorium brevis (EDB), görs registreringen på tibialis anterior (TA). I dagsläget finns dock inga normalvärden eller standardiserad metod för registrering på TA. Syftet med studien var därför att ta fram dessa normalvärden och utveckla en metod för TA-registrering, och samtidigt jämföra de båda registreringspunkterna gällande nervledningshastighet, undersöka sidoskillnaderna vid registrering på TA och undersöka hur kroppslängden påverkade överledningstiden. Det undersöktes om s.k. F-waves kunde påvisas vid registrering på TA och i så fall hur hög svarsandelen och svarslatensen var. 22 deltagare mellan 23-59 år gamla och 154-190 cm i kroppslängd undersöktes. TA undersöktes med den aktiva registreringselektroden på muskeln där den var som störst och med referenselektroden på fotleden. Stimuleringar gjordes på laterala poplitea fossa och 110 mm ned distalt om caput fibula. EDB undersöktes enligt metodbeskrivning. Normalvärdena för TA var 2,2-5,4 mV gällande amplitud, 55-73 m/s gällande nervledningshastighet och 3,8-5,9 ms gällande överledningstid. Sidoskillnaderna var 0-1,4 mV gällande amplitud, 0-8 m/s gällande hastighet och 0-0,8 ms gällande överledningstid. De beräknade gränsvärdena visar på de små sidoskillnaderna som krävs för en klinisk betydelse. Överledningstiden kunde till 23 % förklaras av kroppslängden. Resultaten var likvärdiga med tidigare studier. Jämförelsen av nervledningshastigheten mellan registrering på TA och EDB visade en statistiskt, men inte nödvändigtvis kliniskt signifikant skillnad, med bias + 5 m/s. F-waves återfanns hos samtliga deltagare, med svarsandelen 94-100 %. F-wave svarslatensen kunde till 41 % förklaras av kroppslängden. / Electroneurography is used to examine a suspected entrapmentneuropathy in peroneus communis (PC), where an electric stimulus enables the evaluation of nerve conduction velocity, muscle response amplitude and latency. If registration from the extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) provides unreliable results, the registration can be made from tibialis anterior (TA). Currently there are no normal values available in our laboratory and no standard method regarding the registration on TA. The purpose of this study was therefore to retrieve normal values for this registration and to develop and establish a method, and also compare the different registration sites, to examine the side differences from the registrations on TA, and how the height affected the latency. It was also examined if so called F-waves could be recorded from TA, and if so, determine the response rate and latency. 22 participants between 23-59 years an 154-190 cm were examined. TA was examined with the active registration electrode on the site where the muscle was the largest and the reference electrode on the ankle. Stimulations were made on lateral poplitea fossa and 110 mm lower on distal caput fibula. EDB were examined according to established methods. Normal values for the registration on TA were 2,2-5,4 mV regarding amplitude, 55-73 m/s regarding nerve conduction velocity and 3,8-5,9 ms regarding latency. Side differences were 0-1,4 mV regarding amplitude, 0-8 m/s regarding nerve conduction velocity and 0-0,8 ms regarding latency. The calculated limits show that it only takes small side differences to have a clinical significance. The method gave equivalent results to previous studies. 23 % of the latency could be explained by height. The comparing of the nerve conduction velocity from the different registrations showed a significant statistical, but not necessarily clinical, difference, with the bias 5 m/s. F-waves were retrieved from all participants with a response rate of 94-100 %. 41 % of the F-wave latency could be explained by height.

Problemas relacionados a lesões de nervos periféricos com consequentes perdas sensitivas e motoras tornaram-se frequentes no dia a dia da prática clínica e hospitalar, em consequência do aumento da violência urbana, dos acidentes de trânsito, acidentes profissionais e domésticos. Por esta razão, a busca por estratégias e técnicas que possam reparar a lesão nervosa e restabelecer a função do tecido lesado é importante e de grande valia no âmbito da saúde. Para reparar lesões nervosas com perda de tecido nervoso, várias técnicas cirúrgicas têm sido utilizadas, uma das técnicas mais comum é o uso do enxerto autógeno, mas técnicas alternativas têm sido propostas a fim de evitar as complicações ao local doador e acelerar o processo de regeneração nervosa como, por exemplo, a da tubulização. O uso desta técnica tem sido mais utilizado para o preenchimento dos tubos com substâncias que acelerem ou induzam o crescimento axonal. Baseado no exposto anteriormente pensou-se na realização desta pesquisa com o objetivo de verificar se uso de tubo de polietileno poroso preenchido ou não com tecido adiposo na técnica de tubulização alteraria a recuperação dos músculos sóleo (de contração lenta) e Extensor longo dos dedos (de contração rápida). Para isso foram utilizados 45 ratos (Rattus norvegicus),Wistar, machos, que foram divididos em cinco grupos, sendo, três controles, e dois experimentais. Nos grupos experimentais foram realizados a tubulização de polietilieno poroso preenchido ou não com tecido adiposo (GECP e GESP, respectivamente). Os tubos foram testados para avaliar a eficácia em reduzir a lacuna crítica de 10 mm do nervo isquiático. Os animais dos grupos experimentais foram sacrificados 150 dias após a cirurgia. Dos três grupos controles, dois não sofreram intervenção cirúrgica, e receberam o nome de inicial (GCI) e final (GCF) e foram sacrificados com 80 e 230 dias de vida respectivamente. E no outro grupo controle, denominado desnervado (GCD) os animais foram submetidos à secção do nervo isquiático. Antes do sacrifício os animais foram submetidos à análise funcional da marcha. Durante o sacrifício foram retiradas amostras dos músculos sóleo e Extensor longo dos dedos, que foram submetidas à coloração de Hematoxilina e Eosina, Tricrômico de Masson, e também a reações de m-ATPase e NADH-Tr. Imunomarcações foi utilizada para a expressão de Myod e miogenina. Os dados foram submetidos ao tratamento estatístico. Os resultados mostraram que nos animais dos grupos experimentais tiveram melhor recuperação muscular do que os dos animais desnervados e foi inferior quando comparado com o grupo controle final (GCF). Baseado nestes dados pode-se concluir que o uso do tubo de polietileno poroso com preenchimento de tecido adiposo interferiu positivamente na recuperação tanto do músculo sóleo quanto o extensor longo dos dedos. / Problems related to injuries of peripheral nerves with consequent sensory and motor losses are seen more frequently in daily clinical and hospital practice due to an increase in urban violence, traffic accidents, domestic and labour accidents. For this reason, the search for strategies and techniques that can repair nerve damage and restore function of damaged tissue is important and of great value in health care. To repair nerve damage with loss of nerve tissue, several surgical techniques have been used, one of the common techniques is the use of the autograft, but alternative techniques have been proposed to avoid complications to the donor site and accelerate the process of nerve regeneration, such as tubulization. The use of this technique has been further utilized by filling the tubes with substances that speed up or induce axonal growth. Based on the previous work, in this research we wanted to see whether tubilization with the help of porous polyethylene tube filled with and without adipose tissue alter the recovery of the soleus (slow twitch) and extensor digitorum longus (fast twitch) muscles. For this we used 45 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), who were divided into five groups, three control and two experimental. In the experimental groups, tubulization was performed using porous polyethylene filled with (GECP) and without adipose tissue (GESP). The conduits were tested for efficacy in bridging the critical gap length of 10 mm in sciatic nerves.The animals of experimental groups were sacrificed 150 days after surgery. Of the three control groups, two did not undergo surgery, and were named as (GCI) for Initial and (GCF) for final group in which the animals were sacrificed at 80 and 230 days old respectively. And another control group, called denervated (GCD), the animals were subjected to sciatic nerve section. Prior to sacrifice the animals were subjected to functional analysis of gait. During the sacrifice, samples were taken from soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles, which were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson\'s trichrome and were also subjected to reactions of m-ATPase and NADH Tr. Immunostaining was also utilised for the expression of MyoD and myogenin. The data were analyzed statistically. The results showed that animals of experimental groups have better muscle recovery than those of denervated animals however the recovery was inferior when compared with the final control group (GCF).Based on these data we can conclude that the use of porous polyethylene tube filled with adipose tissue had a positive influence on the recovery of both the soleus and extensor digitorum longus.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:17:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leslie Jeronimo.pdf: 1310262 bytes, checksum: 31b9beed076ffaa86c2f666ef6e3d8f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-16 / Protein energy malnutrition causes changes in several organs and systems and the earlier malnutrition occurs, more intense and permanent will be its effects. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological and morphometric aspects of the muscle fibers and neuromuscular junctions (end-plates) of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) of rats subjected to maternal protein restriction during the periods of gestation and lactation. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: 1) control group 21 days - the offspring of mothers fed during gestation and lactation a normal protein diet (17 %); 2) restricted group 21 days - the offspring of mothers fed during gestation and lactation with a low protein diet (6 %); 3) control group 365 days - the offspring of mothers fed during gestation and lactation on a normal protein diet (17 %) until the day of weaning, and after this period the diet was standard diet until age 365 days; and 4) restricted group 365 days - the offspring of mothers fed during gestation and lactation with a low protein diet (6 %) until the day of weaning, and after this period the diet was standard diet until age 365 days. After the periods of 21 and 365 days, the male rats of each group were weighed and euthanized for the removal of the EDL muscle. The hematoxylin-eosin (HE) technique was performed for the histological analysis of the muscle fibers and histoenzymological analysis was performed using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH - TR). The ultrastructural study of the EDL muscle fibers was conducted using a transmission electron microscope. For the end-plates staining, muscle samples were subjected to nonspecific esterase reaction. Restricted animals with 21 or 365 days old showed a significant decrease in body weight. Histological analysis of the fibers in the restricted animals aged 21 days showed an increased amount of fetal fibers, myotubes and centered nuclei, compared with the respective control group. Histoenzymological analysis revealed a significant decrease in the area of type IIa fibers in the animals of the restricted group aged 365 days compared with the control group of the same age. Regarding the ultrastructural study, the EDL muscle of restricted animals with 21 days old showed dissolution of the Z line, the presence of lipid droplets in the midst of myofibrils, myelin figures in the subsarcolemmal and intramiofibrilar regions and nuclei in the central position in the muscle fiber line were frequent. Disorganization of the Z line and the myofibrils was also found in animals from the restricted group aged 365 days. The analysis of the end-plates showed a significant decrease in the area, and in the major and minor diameters of the restricted animals aged 21 days compared to their respective controls. These results suggest that maternal protein restriction during gestation and lactation alters the development and morphology of the offspring skeletal muscle / A desnutrição energético proteica (DEP) causa alterações em diversos sistemas e órgãos, sendo seus efeitos mais intensos e permanentes quanto mais precocemente ocorrer a desnutrição. O presente trabalho buscou avaliar os aspectos morfológicos e morfométricos das fibras musculares e junções neuromusculares (JNMs) do músculo extensor longo dos dedos (EDL) de ratos submetidos à restrição proteica materna, durante os períodos de gestação e lactação. Ratos da linhagem Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo controle 21 dias - prole de mães alimentadas durante a gestação e lactação com ração normoproteica (17%); Grupo restrito 21 dias - prole de mães alimentadas durante a gestação e lactação com ração hipoproteica (6%); Grupo controle 365 dias - prole de mães alimentadas durante a gestação e lactação com ração normoproteica (17%) até o dia do desmame e, após este período, a dieta fornecida para a prole foi ração normoproteica até a idade de 365 dias e Grupo restrito 365 dias - prole de mães alimentadas durante a gestação e lactação com ração hipoproteica (6%) até o dia do desmame e, após este período, a dieta fornecida foi ração normoproteica até a idade de 365 dias. Após os períodos 21 e 365 dias, os ratos machos de cada grupo foram pesados e eutanasiados para a retirada do músculo EDL. Para o estudo histológico das fibras musculares foi realizado a técnica Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE) e para análise histoenzimológica foi feita a marcação com o Nicotinamida Adenina Dinucleotídeo - Tetrazolium Reductase - (NADH-TR). O estudo ultraestrutural das fibras musculares do EDL foi conduzido no microscópio eletrônico de transmissão. Para a marcação das JNMs, amostras do músculo foram submetidas à reação Esterase Inespecífica. Os resultados mostraram diminuição do peso corpóreo nos animais restritos com 21 e 365 dias de idade. A análise histológica das fibras musculares nos animais restrito com 21 dias mostrou maior quantidade de fibras fetais, miotubos e núcleos centralizados, quando comparado com seu respectivo grupo controle. O estudo histoenzimológico revelou uma diminuição significativa da área das fibras tipo IIa nos animais do grupo restrito 365 dias de idade em relação ao grupo controle de mesma idade. Quanto ao estudo ultraestrutural, o músculo EDL nos animais do grupo restrito 21 dias apresentou dissolução da linha Z, presença de gotículas de lipídios em meio às miofibrilas e figuras de mielina nas regiões subsarcolemal e intramiofibrilar e núcleos em posição central na fibra muscular foram frequentes. No grupo restrito 365 dias também foi verificado uma desorganização da linha Z e das miofibrilas. A análise das JNMs mostrou que houve diminuição significativa da área e dos diâmetros maior e menor nos animais restritos com 21 dias quando comparado com seu respectivo grupo controle. Esses resultados sugerem que restrição proteica materna durante a gestação e lactação altera o desenvolvimento e morfologia do músculo estriado esquelético da prole

Problemas relacionados a lesões de nervos periféricos com consequentes perdas sensitivas e motoras tornaram-se frequentes no dia a dia da prática clínica e hospitalar, em consequência do aumento da violência urbana, dos acidentes de trânsito, acidentes profissionais e domésticos. Por esta razão, a busca por estratégias e técnicas que possam reparar a lesão nervosa e restabelecer a função do tecido lesado é importante e de grande valia no âmbito da saúde. Para reparar lesões nervosas com perda de tecido nervoso, várias técnicas cirúrgicas têm sido utilizadas, uma das técnicas mais comum é o uso do enxerto autógeno, mas técnicas alternativas têm sido propostas a fim de evitar as complicações ao local doador e acelerar o processo de regeneração nervosa como, por exemplo, a da tubulização. O uso desta técnica tem sido mais utilizado para o preenchimento dos tubos com substâncias que acelerem ou induzam o crescimento axonal. Baseado no exposto anteriormente pensou-se na realização desta pesquisa com o objetivo de verificar se uso de tubo de polietileno poroso preenchido ou não com tecido adiposo na técnica de tubulização alteraria a recuperação dos músculos sóleo (de contração lenta) e Extensor longo dos dedos (de contração rápida). Para isso foram utilizados 45 ratos (Rattus norvegicus),Wistar, machos, que foram divididos em cinco grupos, sendo, três controles, e dois experimentais. Nos grupos experimentais foram realizados a tubulização de polietilieno poroso preenchido ou não com tecido adiposo (GECP e GESP, respectivamente). Os tubos foram testados para avaliar a eficácia em reduzir a lacuna crítica de 10 mm do nervo isquiático. Os animais dos grupos experimentais foram sacrificados 150 dias após a cirurgia. Dos três grupos controles, dois não sofreram intervenção cirúrgica, e receberam o nome de inicial (GCI) e final (GCF) e foram sacrificados com 80 e 230 dias de vida respectivamente. E no outro grupo controle, denominado desnervado (GCD) os animais foram submetidos à secção do nervo isquiático. Antes do sacrifício os animais foram submetidos à análise funcional da marcha. Durante o sacrifício foram retiradas amostras dos músculos sóleo e Extensor longo dos dedos, que foram submetidas à coloração de Hematoxilina e Eosina, Tricrômico de Masson, e também a reações de m-ATPase e NADH-Tr. Imunomarcações foi utilizada para a expressão de Myod e miogenina. Os dados foram submetidos ao tratamento estatístico. Os resultados mostraram que nos animais dos grupos experimentais tiveram melhor recuperação muscular do que os dos animais desnervados e foi inferior quando comparado com o grupo controle final (GCF). Baseado nestes dados pode-se concluir que o uso do tubo de polietileno poroso com preenchimento de tecido adiposo interferiu positivamente na recuperação tanto do músculo sóleo quanto o extensor longo dos dedos. / Problems related to injuries of peripheral nerves with consequent sensory and motor losses are seen more frequently in daily clinical and hospital practice due to an increase in urban violence, traffic accidents, domestic and labour accidents. For this reason, the search for strategies and techniques that can repair nerve damage and restore function of damaged tissue is important and of great value in health care. To repair nerve damage with loss of nerve tissue, several surgical techniques have been used, one of the common techniques is the use of the autograft, but alternative techniques have been proposed to avoid complications to the donor site and accelerate the process of nerve regeneration, such as tubulization. The use of this technique has been further utilized by filling the tubes with substances that speed up or induce axonal growth. Based on the previous work, in this research we wanted to see whether tubilization with the help of porous polyethylene tube filled with and without adipose tissue alter the recovery of the soleus (slow twitch) and extensor digitorum longus (fast twitch) muscles. For this we used 45 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), who were divided into five groups, three control and two experimental. In the experimental groups, tubulization was performed using porous polyethylene filled with (GECP) and without adipose tissue (GESP). The conduits were tested for efficacy in bridging the critical gap length of 10 mm in sciatic nerves.The animals of experimental groups were sacrificed 150 days after surgery. Of the three control groups, two did not undergo surgery, and were named as (GCI) for Initial and (GCF) for final group in which the animals were sacrificed at 80 and 230 days old respectively. And another control group, called denervated (GCD), the animals were subjected to sciatic nerve section. Prior to sacrifice the animals were subjected to functional analysis of gait. During the sacrifice, samples were taken from soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles, which were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson\'s trichrome and were also subjected to reactions of m-ATPase and NADH Tr. Immunostaining was also utilised for the expression of MyoD and myogenin. The data were analyzed statistically. The results showed that animals of experimental groups have better muscle recovery than those of denervated animals however the recovery was inferior when compared with the final control group (GCF).Based on these data we can conclude that the use of porous polyethylene tube filled with adipose tissue had a positive influence on the recovery of both the soleus and extensor digitorum longus.

Orientador: Mary Anne Heidi Dolder / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T21:18:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monteiro_JulianaCastro_D.pdf: 3195959 bytes, checksum: df90aa1ceb6206d4b8d1a040083df0c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este estudo investigou os efeitos da infusão de Heteropterys aphrodisiaca no músculo esquelético, tendão e osso de ratos submetidos ao treinamento de endurance. Ratos Wistar machos foram agrupados da seguinte maneira: CS-controle sedentário, HS-H. aphrodisiaca sedentário, CT-controle treinado, HT-H. aphrodisiaca treinado. O protocolo de treinamento consistiu de corrida em esteira motorizada, cinco vezes por semana, com aumento semanal de velocidade e duração. Os animais dos grupos controle receberam água, enquanto HS e HT receberam infusão de H. aphrodisiaca, diariamente, por gavagem durante 8 semanas, correspondente ao período de treinamento. O sangue foi coletado para dosagem de testosterona. O músculo extensor longo dos dedos (EDL), tendão calcanear e a tíbia foram congelados para análises histoquímicas, bioquímicas, biomecânicas e para Western Blot, ou preservados em fixador Karnovsky, sendo posteriormente processados para análises morfométricas e estereológicas utilizando microscopia de luz e eletrônica. O conteúdo de hidroxiprolina, a tensão máxima e o módulo de elasticidade aumentaram (p<0,05) nos tendões dos animais do grupo HT. A atividade da metalopeptidase-2 foi reduzida significativamente nos tendões dos animais do grupo HT. A região de compressão dos tendões dos animais do grupo HT apresentou intensa metacromasia, o que sugere aumento na concentração de glicosaminoglicanos nessa região tendão. Foi observada intensa birrefringência nas regiões de tensão e compressão dos tendões dos animais do grupo HT, o que pode indicar maior nível de organização dos feixes de colágeno. Os níveis de testosterona plasmáticos e a concentração de receptores de andrógeno no músculo esquelético aumentaram significativamente nos animais do grupo HS. A área média de secção transversa das fibras musculares dos animais do grupo HT foi semelhante à área das fibras dos animais sedentários, e aumentou significativamente quando comparados com os animais do grupo CT. A vascularização intramuscular e a densidade volumétrica de mitocôndria foram significativamente maiores nos animais do grupo HT. Nenhuma alteração foi observada nos tipos de fibras musculares para todos os grupos. Os animais do grupo HT mostraram significativo aumento de força e tensão no limite elástico durante o teste biomecânico da tíbia. O conteúdo de colágeno e os dados morfométricos da tíbia não foram alterados nos diferentes grupos. A força e tensão máxima, rigidez e módulo de elasticidade da tíbia foram semelhantes em todos os grupos experimentais. As microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou aumento de lacunas e canais de Havers nos ossos dos animais treinados, além disso, os ósteons estavam mais desorganizados quando comparados com os ossos dos animais sedentários. Essas alterações podem indicar que os ossos dos animais treinados estavam sendo remodelados. Portanto, com oito semanas de treinamento não foi possível verificar alterações nas medidas morfométricas, composição e nas propriedades mecânicas (rigidez e módulo de elasticidade) dos ossos dos animais treinados e/ou tratados com a infusão da planta. Por outro lado, a associação do treinamento de endurance com H. aphorodisiaca resultou em tendões mais resistentes para suportar as altas cargas geradas pelas contradições musculares repetidas, aumentou a área de secção transversa das fibras musculares, a densidade volumétrica de mitocôndrias e a vascularização do músculo, assim, sugerindo um aumento da capacidade de endurance dos animais. / Abstract: This study investigated the effects of Heteropterys aphrodisiaca infusion on the skeletal muscle, tendon and bone of rats under endurance training. Male Wistar rats were grouped as follows: CS- control sedentary, HS- H. aphrodisiaca sedentary , CT-control trained, HT- H. aphrodisiaca trained. The training protocol consisted in running on a motorized treadmill, five times a week, with weekly increase in treadmill velocity and duration. Control groups received water while the HS and HT groups received H. aphrodisiaca infusion, daily, by gavage for the 8 weeks of training. The blood was collected for testosterone dosage. Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle, Achilles tendons and tibiae were frozen for histochemical, Western Blotting, biochemical and biomechanical analylis or preserved in Karnovsky's fixative, then processed for morphological analysis by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Biomechanical analysis showed significant increase (p<0.05) in maximum stress and modulus of elasticity of the tendons of the HT animal. The metalloproteinase-2 activity was reduced in the HT tendons. The compression region of tendons of HT animals had a stronger and more intense metachromasy, which suggests increase in glycosaminoglycan concentration in this region of the tendon. The most intense birefringence was observed in both compression and tesion regions of the tendon of HT animals, which may indicate a higher organizational level of collagen bundles. The tendon hidroxyproline content increased significantly is HS animals. The EDL mean cross-section area of HT group was similar to sedentary groups and increased significantly when compared with CT group. The intramuscular vascularization and mitochondria volume density were significantly greater in the HT group compared with other groups. No alterations were observed in the muscle fiber composition for all groups. The HT group showed significantly higher yield load and yield stress in the tibiae three-point bending test. The tibiae collagen content, morphometrical data were not significantly different for the four groups. The maximum load, stiffness, maximum stress and elastic modulus were statistically similar for all for the experimental groups. Scanning electron microscopy showed more lacunae and Havers canals in the bone of trained animals, moreover the osteons were more disorganized, when compared with sedentary groups. These alterations may indicate that the bone of trained animals was being remodeled. Possibly, the duration of training in this study was not sufficient to alter the bone morphometrical measurements, composition and mechanical properties (stiffness and modulus of elasticity) of the trained and treated animals. On the other hand, the association of endurance training with H. aphrodisiaca resulted in more resistant tendons to support high loads from repeated muscle contraction. Also, the association of H. aphrodisiacaI and the exercise protocol increased the mean area of muscle fiber, mitochondrial volume density and muscular vascularization , suggesting an increase of the endurance capacity of these animals. / Doutorado / Biologia Celular / Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural