In recent years, Taiwanese companies have enjoyed a more positive expansion in overseas markets due to increasing internationalization. In 2011, Taiwan's total foreign trade set a new record becoming the EU's 15th largest trading partner. The EU is Taiwan's largest source of foreign investment, but Taiwan only sees the EU as a secondary market for foreign investment and has yet to take full advantage of the opportunity to invest in the EU market. The EU is the world's largest single market which is home to a population of nearly 500 million people, and the EU is a major export market for more than 130 countries and is the market which gets the world's largest overseas investments. However, examining the ranking of the trade ratios of Taiwan and EU trading partners, Taiwan's direct investment in the EU is too low. The purpose of this study is to investigate foreign entry mode of Taiwanese companies in European Markets and the reasons affecting foreign entry mode choice, to identify the key factors considered by Taiwanese companies in deciding to enter the European market, to explain how to assess the most appropriate entry mode for Taiwanese companies entering the European market, and to explain why Taiwanese companies¡¦ average investment in the European market is low. According to the framework of this study, the first step is to explore the influence of the motivation of internationalization, host country environmental factors, and corporate identity for Taiwan companies when choosing European market entry mode. The second step would be to explore the process of development and changing reasons concerning exports, exclusive agents, and joint venture subsidiary entry mode. Expecting there would be some findings can be summed up through the literature review, secondary data, and interview providing Taiwan companies considering the European market as a reference. The results of this study show that the motivation of internationalization, host country environmental factors, and corporate identity will not only affect Taiwanese companies in choice of the European market entry mode, but also could be analyzed in which two or more factors to assess the most suitable for its own entry modes and strategies to improve the success rate of entering overseas markets. As cases where the Taiwanese companies¡¦ European market investment is low, this situation could be explained by motivation of internationalization and corporate identity. Since Taiwan companies are mostly small and medium-sized enterprises which lack of adequate resources and capabilities, but want to use the quickest way to enter the vast overseas markets, the export model is the mode that can make Taiwan companies reach its purpose of entering overseas market in the shortest amount of time.

There are hundreds of millions of world citizens - tourists traveling in earth to do business or Sightseeing in today of E-generation. Tourist industry is now in widespread value by all the nations of the world as a no-smokestack industry, the service industry of fourth dimension, superstar enterprises of 21 century with technology enterprise and also could be a good way to earn money in international diplomacy. So, all nations of the world regard tourism as an important enterprise during depression situation in global. Tourism developing is a representation to show the entire development in a modern nation 20th-century Taiwan is an island of economic, trade and industry. 21st- century Taiwan will transfer to be a green silicon island of tourism and technology. But the development of tourist industry in past Taiwan could be described as ¡§birth defects and postnatal disorder.¡¨ No matter to develop international or domestic tourism in Taiwan was involved a lot of departments. Foreigners had many environmental limitations if they want to sightseeing in Taiwan, such as getting visa and air line are still have many problems existed. Besides, appreciation of the NT dollar also made prices of commodities in Taiwan higher than other countries and consequently, international price competitiveness was insufficient comparatively. Moreover, the level of Taiwan related construction in how to service tourists and internationalization of software design are also still insufficient. Therefore, when considering about the main shaft of future development in tourism should be set from the perspective of internationalization, diversification of tourist productions and head towards high quality. Then, it will reach the effect to pursue sightseeing attraction activities both at home and abroad. It will also bring the effect of both tangible and intangible into full play to let countrymen happy to have internal traveling and attract foreigners to Taiwan sightseeing. Kaohsiung has the potential and character to be an international transshipment center of Taiwan and even to be an international city of entertainment and tourism of whole Taiwan. However, if Taiwan wants to like a butterfly emerging from its chrysalis to out from international market with cutthroat competition and attract international tourists come to Taiwan, it is necessary that to improve the strategy and difference of tourist internationalization thoroughly. This article will discuss and find out the direction about the theory and bibliography of tourism internationalization. This research could undertake from 3 ways, discusses from the theory of tourism marketing, development analysis of Kaohsiung city tourist industry and research into evidential area to test and verify. It also hope to understand the issue and policy of Kaohsiung city tourist marketing from concept of tourist marketing, special regional industries of Kaohsiung city, character of nature landscape, Festival activities, artistic cultural atmosphere and city whole image¡K and also from the order and analysis those in-depth interview with representatives of the industrial, governmental, and academic sectors. Then, the next step is drafting the marketing strategy of Kaohsiung city tourism internationalization. The final step is specifying how to carry out, control strategy and action plan of Kaohsiung city tourism marketing internationalization.

This research is to analyze the growth and evolution process of the Chinese enterprise group in China market place base on longitudinal perspective. In accordance with the finding of this study, we propose an integrated process model to explain the growth path and so does the dynamic mechanism among these dimensions in the model. The findings of this study are stated as below: 1. The integrated model of the evolution process Through the case study of Chai-Tai group in China, we consider the evolution and growth process is part of its internationalization activities. The dynamic interaction among the three dimensions of this model and the path dependence of each stage constitute the characteristics of this model. 2. The meaning of the un-related diversification strategy The growth strategy of the Chinese Business groups is deeply affected by their specific social network or guanxi, entry timing and the industry/business environment situation. Un-related diversification is a common selected strategy of these Chinese business groups. But they are usually suffering from the delusion of business focus and cannot produce synergy from the un-related business units. Consequently, the un-related diversification strategies are without benefits for the enterprises to maintain their market position and develop their core competences.

To adapt to the new global system, internationalization is increasingly being accepted as a necessity in higher education. Although the process involves the research, service, and education components of academic institutions, many authors have contended that the internationalization of the curriculum is the most important component of the process and that faculty are its main drivers and actors. While a number of the issues involving internationalization are very well documented, there is still little published information regarding the perspectives of random samples of faculty regarding strategies by which to internationalize the undergraduate curriculum. The purpose of this study was to analyze perspectives of faculty in two land grant colleges of agriculture regarding academic and institutional strategies for the internationalization of the undergraduate agricultural curriculum. A mixed method research approach was used to gather data, combining the use of a questionnaire with both quantitative and open-ended questions sent to a census of the teaching faculty of the two colleges, and conducting eight one-hour interviews. The researcher also carried out an in-depth assessment of the effect of nonresponse error in the study by using and comparing various methods of nonresponse analysis. Faculty knowledge of international issues was positively correlated with their participation in the internationalization process. Knowledge and participation were, in turn, positively correlated with faculty perceptions of relevance of internationalization of the curriculum, and with faculty acceptance of most of the proposed academic and institutional strategies for internationalization. Faculty ranked mobility and infusion approaches as their preferred academic strategies for internationalization of the curriculum, and there were clear patterns of associations between selections by faculty, with mobility and infusion belonging to different groups. When asked about incentives to participate in the internationalization process, faculty mentioned funds, "real" recognition, and release time as their foremost choices. Also, faculty expressed a need for increased leadership, vision, and focus for the process. When looking at the academic and institutional strategies together, various patterns of association also appeared, reiterating the notion that there is not a single best approach to internationalization, but that multiple and complementary strategies are needed.

¡@The decision of company¡¦s capital structure should depend on each company¡¦s characteristic and environment for determining the proper debt level. Nowadays, in the global environment, corporation has been affected by the global variables. In addition to the involvement of international activity for corporation, the factor of global environment will also strike the corporation¡¦s characteristic and operating. ¡@This study uses the electronics industry as sample, and the sample period is from 2000 to 2006. This study will be divided into three parts. First, separate global activity into two dimensions: operating and finance, and to build respective measurement indicator of the internationalization. Second, discuss how these two dimensions influencing on the financial characteristic and capital structure for company. Finally, explore whether the international factors of exchange rate risk and political risk will affect the corporation capital structure. ¡@As a result, this study discovers three main conclusions. First, the international activity variables such as operating and financial characteristics actually exist in the electronics industry. Corporation can diversify the operating risk and reduce the cost of bankruptcy through the international activity of operating, however, that also restricts the investment opportunity and reduces the debt¡¦s agency cost at the same time. In addition, we find that the international level of operating will affect corporation¡¦s capital structure significantly. But if we control the variables of capital structure theory such as size, bankruptcy cost, debt¡¦s agency cost and the earning ability, it will become insignificant. However, the international level of finance always has significant and positive effect on corporation¡¦s capital structure no matter do we control the variables of capital structure theory or not. Third, as for the international environment factors, exchange rate risk is significant and positive factor for capital structure, conversely, political risk is significant and negative factor. Finally, this study exhibits that the decision of company¡¦s capital structure should consider the international environment for each company.

<p>Background: For Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SME), international expansion is important strategy for growth. However, considering the facts that SMEs often are characterized by limited personal and financial resources, and that new international markets pose challenges in terms of differences in for instance culture, language and political systems, international expansion is a risky business. We argue that there might be an easier way for SMEs to enter challenging markets and regions through establishing in a springboard country. Such a country is characterized by a possibility to in a westernized context accumulate learning about countries in the rest of the region and also to develop and utilize networks. At the moment, Asia is a rapid developing region and is expected to contribute with two thirds of the world’s GDP in 2050. Hence, the Asian region provides immense opportunities for companies, however particularly for SMEs, also severe challenges. We argue that Swedish SMEs could learn how to overcome these challenges establishing in the westernized Singapore, hence finding an easier way when entering more difficult Asian countries.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explore the phenomenon of SMEs expanding their international activities via a springboard country. This will be done by studying how Swedish SMEs perceive that their establishment in Singapore has affected (1) the development of their networks with other actors in the Asian region, and (2) their accumulation of knowledge and experience regarding doing business in Asia.</p><p>Method: In order to fulfil the purpose, we have conducted a qualitative multiple case study including seven Swedish SMEs that are established in Singapore. We have primarily used semistructured telephone interviews for our data collection.</p><p>Conclusion: We found that there is support for the existence of the Springboarding phenomena. We can conclude that Swedish SMEs, by being established in Singapore, can develop and utilize their networks as well as gaining general market knowledge of other countries in the Asian region. We can also see tendencies regarding how these benefits associated with the Singapore establishment can decrease the perceived uncertainties of doing business in other more difficult Asian counties.</p>

<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p></p><p><p><strong><strong><p>Purpose:</p></strong><p> </p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to describe and to understand how a company within Swedish fashion industry, namely Frank Dandy, enters foreign mar-kets.</p><strong><strong><p>Background:</p></strong><p> </p><p>The Swedish fashion industry, defined as SMEs who have produced world-wide recognized brands created by designers and visionaries, has got a lot of coverage in media recently for its success abroad. Theories concerning in-ternationalization have previously not been applied to examine the latest development in the Swedish fashion industry or companies within it, such as Frank Dandy. A gap exists because previous studies have generalized re-tailers, textile industry, fashion houses, distributors and so on as fashion in-dustry. When in reality there is a big difference between these units, and what media refer to as the Swedish fashion industry.</p><strong><strong><p>Method:</p></strong><p> </p><p>For this study, a qualitative method has been chosen and the abductive ap-proach of systematic combing has been applied when creating a case study concerning Frank Dandy’s internationalization process. The abductive ap-proach enables the authors to successively modify their framework as new empirical findings arise and thus match it with the best theory suited to give insight to how Frank Dandy enters foreign markets.</p><strong><strong><p>Conclusion:</p></strong><p> </p><p>The purpose of this study has been fulfilled and the authors can conclude that Frank Dandy enters foreign markets through agents and distributors, as predicted by the Uppsala model. However, distributors are preferred over agents since they put less strain on the organization and finally that distribu-tors and agents are handpicked from an extensive international network.</p></strong></strong></strong></strong></p></p>

<p>Background and problem:</p><p>The industry of today is changing and many firms chose to internationalize due to the increased price competition. It is often cheaper to produce in a low cost country and sometimes it can be strategic to produce there in order to gain market shares.</p><p>Purpose:</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to study the decision proc-ess when manufacturing firms choose to locate production abroad.</p><p>Theoretical framework:</p><p>Decisions have different grade of rationality and complexity. To make a decision to establish abroad is a complicated decision, which often involves many people, requires time and information in order to avoid uncertainty. The people involved in the process need to be able to both gather and use the information in order to do as good decision as possible. Many factors affect the decision concerning foreign establishment, the most occurring are low costs, better market structure and the growth potential in the area of interest.</p><p>Empirical findings:</p><p>ABA Group, Balton AB, ITAB Shop Concept and Stilexo Industry AB are the four firms in which the decision process is investigated. They have all experienced increasing competition in the more globalized market, which has forced them to establish abroad in order to survive.</p><p>Analysis and final discussion:</p><p>For all firms investigated, the decision to establish abroad was influenced by availability of information and time, the people involved and their ability to use the information. All these factors are affected by uncertainties, from which the firms not completely can protect themselves. To do as good decision as possible the firms need to be careful and consider all factors that influence the outcome.</p>

Although understudied in emerging markets, in modern globalised economies, family business internationalization is becoming an increasingly more relevant topic. Consequently, our research focuses on investigating the listed family firms in Chinese Mainland in order to fill the research gap. Specifically, we studied the influence of family involvement in ownership and management of companies on their degree of internationalization. Existing theories on internationalization mainly focused on economic aspects, while we adopt the perspective of socio-emotional wealth (SEW) which refers to non economic aspects to investigate this subject. We take listed family firms in Chinese Mainland as our sample. The results show that family involvement in ownership is positively associated with the degree of internationalization and family involvement in management has no certain relation with the degree of internationalization. This is a different finding in this area since previous researches have not taken Chinese listed family firms as samples before. Future research can improve the SEW theory by testing wider samples.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes of community college general education faculty members regarding their perceptions of the importance of internationalizing the general education curriculum and to what extent those perceptions are related to their attitudes toward globalization. The study further examined the degree to which faculty members perceive that they are incorporating the teaching of global competencies into their courses. Finally, the study looked at faculty members' perceptions of administrative support - both from the perspective of what they felt their college should be doing to support internationalization and what their college was actually doing to support internationalization efforts. No studies were found that examined the importance of internationalizing the general education curriculum in Florida community colleges. Quantitative data were collected using an online survey instrument sent to full-time and part-time general education faculty members teaching at community colleges in the State of Florida. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and regression tables and descriptive statistics were also reported. Results showed that respondents generally believed that globalization and internationalization are important; however, respondents were not incorporating international instructional strategies at a level that correlated with their attitudes toward globalization and internationalization. Among those faculty members who were incorporating international instructional strategies, results indicated that the more years' experience in higher education a respondent had, the more likely they were to be incorporating these strategies in the classroom. Respondents also indicated that they would like more support from administration to internationalize the curriculum than they believe they are receiving. Release time, and professional development and training experiences are strategies colleges could use to help improve instruction in international education. Providing opportunities for faculty members to travel to conferences and meetings with a global/international scope would also help faculty to have a better understanding of international issues.