No description available.

The basal ganglia (BG) is known for its function not only in motor modulation but also in action selection and reward learning. There are two major anatomical pathways through the BG, the direct and the indirect pathways. The direct pathway starts from the striatum and then directly projects to the globus pallidus, pars interna (GPi) and the substantia nigra, pars reticulata (SNr) respectively, while the indirect pathway starts from the striatum but then indirectly projects to GPi and SNr through the globus pallidus, pars externa and then to the subthalamic nucleus. In addition, the output from GPi not only projects to the thalamus where it has been proposed to function in motor control, but also to the lateral habenula (LHb) where it has been proposed to function in outcome evaluation. Previous studies have found that there are three major genetically distinct neuron groups in the entopeduncular nucleus (EP) (rodent homologue of the primate GPi): 1) purely glutamatergic neurons projecting to LHb neurons expressing parvalbumin (PVLHb); 2) purely GABAergic neurons projecting to motor thalamic neurons expressing parvalbumin (PVThal); 3) GABA/glutamate co-releasing neurons projecting to LHb neurons expressing somatostatin (SstLHb). In this study, we knocked out the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 in SstLHb neurons through an adeno-associated virus in mice to test for the impact on goal-directed behavior using a probabilistic switching, two-armed bandit task (2ABT). Results obtained from the freely moving, water-restricted somatostatin-cre mice with the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 ablated in SstLHb neurons showed that: 1) there was neither improvement nor decline in their performance on the task; 2) they might be more distracted between trials while more concentrated within a trial; 3) they had an increase in the probability of switching between ports on consecutive trials when uncertainty in the location of the highly rewarded port was maximum compared to the control animals with intact glutamate release from SstLHb neurons to LHb. The success of the viral expression was then confirmed through whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings of postsynaptic neurons of the LHb, receiving projections from SstLHb neurons. In conclusion, our study has suggested that the glutamate release from the GABA/glutamate co-releasing neurons of EP projecting to LHb may play a role in reinforcement learning and motivation to obtain rewards, and the loss of glutamate in the GABA/glutamate co-releasing vesicles results in increasing uptake of GABA into these vesicles, leading to possible rebound burst firing of SstLHb neurons that eventually increases the sensitivity towards low rate of reward-delivery dramatically. / 2026-03-13T00:00:00Z

As hydrogel products are manufactured and used for applications ranging from biomedical to agricultural, it is useful to characterize their behavior and interaction with other materials. This thesis investigates the adhesion between two different solvated semi-interpenetrating polymer network (S-IPN) silicone hydrogels and a cyclo-olefin (COP) polymer through experimental, analytical, and numerical methods. Interfacial fracture data was collected through the application of the wedge test, a relatively simple test allowing for the measurement of fracture properties over time in environments of interest. In this case, the test was performed at discrete temperatures within range of 4Ë C to 80Ë C. Two COP adherends were bonded together by a layer of one of the S-IPN silicone hydrogels. Upon the insertion of a wedge between the two adherends, debonding at one of the two interfaces would initiate and propagate at a decreasing rate. Measurements were taken of the debond length over time and applied to develop crack propagation rate versus strain energy release rate (SERR) curves. The SERR values were determined through the application of an analytical model derived for the wedge test geometry and to take into account the effects of the hydrogel interlayer. The time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) was applied to the crack propagation rate versus SERR curves by shifting the crack propagation rates with the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation-based shift factors developed for the bulk behavior of each hydrogel. The application of TTSP broadened the SERR and crack propagation rate ranges and presented a large dependency of the adhesion of the system on the viscoelastic nature of the hydrogels. Power-law fits were applied to the master curves in order to determine parameters that could describe the adhesion of the system and be applied in the development of a finite element model representing the interfacial fracture that occurs for each system. The finite element models were used to validate the analytical model and represent the adhesion of the system such that it could be applied to future geometries of interest in which the S-IPN silicone hydrogels are adhered to the COP substrate. <i>[Files modified per J. Austin, July 9, 2013 Gmc]</i> / Master of Science

There is growing interest in the development of biomimetic matrices that are simultaneously cell-friendly, allow rapid vascularization, exhibit enough mechanical integrity to be comfortably handled and resist mechanical stresses when implanted in the site of interest. Meeting all these requirements with a single component material has proved to be very challenging. The hypothesis underlying this work was that hybrid materials obtained by combining scaffolds with bioactive hydrogels would result in a synergy of their best properties: a construct with good mechanical properties, easily handled and stable thanks to the scaffold; but also, because of the gel, cell-friendly and with enhanced oxygen and nutrients diffusion, and promoter of cell colonization. Moreover, such a composite material would also be useful as a controlled release system because of the gel’s incorporation. Poly (ethyl acrylate) (PEA) scaffolds prepared with two different morphologies were envisaged to provide the mechanical integrity to the system. Both types of scaffolds were physicochemically characterized and the effect of the scaffolds production process on the PEA properties was examined. The scaffolds preparation methods affected the PEA properties; nevertheless, the modifications induced were not detrimental for the PEA biological performance. Two different bioactive gels were studied as fillers of the scaffolds’ pores: hyaluronan (HA), which is a natural polysaccharide, and a synthetic self-assembling peptide, RAD16-I. HA is ubiquitously present in the body and its degradation products have been reported to be angiogenic. RAD16-I is a synthetic polypeptide that mimics the extracellular matrix providing a favourable substrate for cell growth and proliferation. Given the hydrophobic nature of poly(ethyl acrylate), the combination of PEA scaffolds with aqueous gels raised a number of problems regarding the methods to combine such different elements, the ways to gel them inside the pores, and the procedures to seed cells in the new composite materials. Different alternatives to solve these questions were thoroughly studied and yielded protocols to reliably obtain these complex structures and their biohybrids. An extensive physico-chemical characterization of the components’ interaction and the combined systems was undertaken. As these materials were intended for cardiac tissue engineering applications, the mechanical properties and the effect of the fatigue on them were studied. The different composite systems here developed were homogeneously filled or coated with the hydrogels, were easy to manipulate, and displayed appropriate mechanical properties. Interestingly, these materials exhibited a very good performance under fatigue. The use of the composite systems as a controlled release device was based on the possibility of incorporating active soluble molecules in the hydrogel within the pores. A release study of bovine serum albumin (BSA), intended as a model protein, was performed, which served as a proof of concept. The biological performance of the hybrid scaffolds was first evaluated with fibroblasts to discard the materials cytotoxicity and to optimize the cell seeding procedure. Subsequently, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultures were performed for their interest in angiogenic and vascularization processes. Finally, co-cultures of HUVECs with adipose-tissue derived mesenchymal cells (MSCs) were carried out. These last cells are believed to play an important role for clinical regenerative medicine, and their cross-talk with the endothelial cells enhances the viability and phenotypic development of HUVECs. Through the different experiments undertaken, hybrid scaffolds exceeded the outcome achieved by bare PEA scaffolds. / Arnal Pastor, MP. (2014). New scaffolding materials for the regeneration of infarcted myocardium [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/46129 / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

[EN] The present PhD thesis, which is entitled "Design of new bio-gated nanodevices for advanced communication processes and targeted controlled release of therapeutic agents" is focused on the development of new functional hybrid organic-inorganic materials for applications in the field of the controlled delivery of target molecules. The first chapter of the present thesis gives an introduction to the organic-inorganic hybrid materials functionalized with "molecular gates" and its application in controlled release processes. The second chapter of this thesis is focused on the development of a new nanodevice able to deliver its cargo as a function of the glucose concentration. The nanodevice is based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with a suitable fluorophore and functionalized with propylbenzymidazole moieties on the pore outlets. The mesopores are then capped with an active cyclodextrin modified glucose oxidase enzyme (through the formation of an inclusion complex between the cyclodextrins and the propylbenzymidazole group anchored to the solid support). When glucose is added its enzymatic oxidation produced gluconic acid. This acid induced a decrease in the pH of the medium and the protonation of the benzymidazole group that might result in the inclusion complex dethreading and the subsequent cargo release. The third chapter of the thesis is focused on the development of a new redox-responsive material for the controlled delivery of cytotoxic drugs in cancer cells. The system is based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with a reporter (safranin O) and functionalized with two different sized polyethylene glycol chains in the pore outlets using a disulfide linkage. In presence of glutathione, the disulfide bonds are cleaved allowing the release of the entrapped cargo. Once confirmed the aperture protocol, the uptake of the gated nanoparticles and their ability to deliver the cargo (fluorophore or cytotoxic agent) in HeLa cells were tested. Moreover, cell viability assays were also performed. The fourth chapter of the thesis is focused on the preparation and the study of a nanodevice for the controlled delivery in senescent cells in a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis. The material is prepared using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (as an inorganic support) and galactoligosaccharide (molecular gate) moieties anchored on the external surface. In presence of senescent cells, which overexpress ß-galactosidase enzyme, the hydrolysis of the galactooligosaccharide capping molecules take place and the cargo release from the inner of the pores is produced (rhodamine B). After the in vitro studies, the ability of nanoparticles to accumulate and release their payload in tissues with abundance of senescent cells was evaluated in vivo. For that purpose, mice with induced pulmonary fibrosis, pathogenesis with associated increased alveolar senescence, were treated with the synthesized material and subsequently examined to assess its ability to accumulate and release its payload (fluorophore) in lung's damaged areas. In the fifth chapter of the thesis it has been explored the concept of cascade chemical communication using different types of nanodevices, each of them loaded with a certain messenger and externally functionalized with a gate-like entity that controls the release of the payload. When the enzyme able to hydrolyze the molecular gate that blocks the pores of the first type of nanoparticles (S1), is added to an aqueous suspension containing the three nanoparticles, the delivery of the chemical messenger 1 is produced. This messenger is able to open the second type of nanoparticles (S2) which delivers the messenger 2. Finally, the messenger 2 triggers the aperture of the third group of gated system (S3), which ultimately delivers its load (a dye) as a final response. / [ES] La presente tesis doctoral titulada "Diseño de nuevos nanodispositivos para procesos avanzados de comunicación y liberación controlada y dirigida de agentes terapéuticos" está centrada en el desarrollo de nuevos materiales híbridos orgánico-inorgánicos funcionales para aplicaciones en el campo de la liberación controlada de moléculas de interés. El primer capítulo de la tesis ofrece una introducción a los materiales híbridos orgánico-inorgánicos funcionalizados con "puertas moleculares" y su aplicación en procesos de liberación controlada. En el segundo capítulo de la tesis se aborda el desarrollo de un nanodispositivo capaz de responder y liberar su carga en función de la concentración de glucosa. Este nanodispositivo está basado en nanoparticulas de sílice mesoporosa funcionalizadas en su superficie externa con grupos benzimidazol y con los poros cargados con un fluoróforo. Los poros se cierran al añadir la enzima glucosa oxidasa funcionalizada con ciclodextrinas (por formación de un complejo de inclusión entre el benzimidazol y los oligosacáridos cíclicos). Al adicionar glucosa se produce su oxidación enzimática dando ácido glucónico. Este ácido induce una bajada del pH del medio con la consiguiente protonación de los benzimidazoles y la ruptura de los complejos de inclusión. Esta ruptura provoca la salida de la enzima de la superficie y la liberación del colorante atrapado en los poros. El tercer capítulo de la tesis se ha centrado en el desarrollo de un material para la liberación controlada de agentes citotóxicos en células cancerosas en respuesta a cambios en el potencial redox. De nuevo se emplean nanopartículas de sílice mesoporosa con los poros cargados con un colorante (safranina O) y la superficie externa funcionalizada con dos polietilenglicoles conteniendo enlaces disulfuro. En presencia de glutatión se produce la reducción del enlace disulfuro con la consiguiente liberación del colorante. Una vez confirmado el protocolo de apertura, se estudió la internalización y la liberación de un fluoróforo y de un agente citotóxico en el modelo celular HeLa, realizando además ensayos de viabilidad. En el cuarto capítulo de la tesis se ha preparado y ensayado un nanodispositivo para la liberación controlada en células senescentes en un modelo murino de fibrosis pulmonar. El material se prepara empleando nanopartículas de sílice mesoporosa y un galactooligosacárido anclado en la superficie externa. En presencia de células senescentes, que sobreexpresan la enzima ¿-galactosidasa, se produce la hidrólisis del oligosacárido con la consiguiente liberación de la carga atrapada en los poros del soporte (rodamina B). Tras los estudios in vitro, la capacidad del nanodispositivo de acumularse y liberar su carga en tejidos ricos en células senescentes se evaluó in vivo. Para ello, ratones con fibrosis pulmonar inducida, patología en la que se ha descrito la aparición de senescencia, se trataron con el material sintetizado y posteriormente fueron examinados para comprobar la capacidad de acumularse y liberar su carga (fluoróforo) en la zona pulmonar dañada. En el quinto capítulo se ha explorado el proceso de comunicación química en cascada empleando tres tipos de nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice cargadas con diferentes mensajeros y funcionalizadas con tres puertas moleculares distintas. Cuando sobre una suspensión de las tres nanopartículas se añade la enzima capaz de hidrolizar la puerta molecular que bloquea los poros del primer tipo de nanopartículas (S1), se produce la liberación del mensajero 1. Este mensajero es capaz de inducir la apertura del segundo tipo de nanopartículas (S2), que a su vez liberan al medio el mensajero 2. Por último, el mensajero 2 es capaz de abrir la puerta molecular del tercer tipo de nanopartículas (S3), que liberan finalmente su carga (un colorante) como respuesta final. / [CA] La present tesis doctoral titulada "Disseny de nous nanodispositius per a processos avançats de comunicació i lliberació controlada i dirigida d'agents terapèutics" està centrada en el desenvolupament de nous materials híbrids orgànic-inorgànic funcionals per a aplicacions en el camp de la lliberació controlada de molècules d'interès. El primer capítol de la tesis ofereix una introducció als materials híbrids orgànic-inorgànic funcionalitzats amb "portes moleculars" i la seua aplicació en processos de lliberació controlada. En el segon capítol de la tesis s'aborda el desenvolupament d'un nanodispositiu capaç de respondre i lliberar la seua càrrega en funció de la concentració de glucosa. Este nanodispositiu està basat en nanopartícules de sílice mesoporoses funcionalitzades a la seua superfície externa amb grups benzimidazol i amb els pors carregats amb un fluoròfor. Els pors queden bloquejats al afegir el enzim glucosa oxidasa funcionalitzada amb ciclodextrines (per formació d'un complex d'inclusió entre el benzimidazol i els oligosacàrids cíclics). Al afegir glucosa es produeix la seua oxidació enzimàtica donant lloc a àcid glucònic. Este àcid indueix una baixada del pH del medi amb la consegüent protonació dels benzimidazols i el trencament dels complexes d'inclusió. Este trencament provoca l'eixida del enzim de la superfície i la lliberació del colorant atrapat als pors. El tercer capítol de la tesis s'ha centrat en la preparació d'un material per a la lliberació controlada d'agents citotòxics en cèl¿lules canceroses en resposta a canvis en el potencia redox. De nou s'empren nanopartícules de sílice mesoporoses amb els pors carregats amb un colorant (safranina O) i la superfície externa funcionalitzada amb dos polietilenglicols (de diferent pes molecular) contenint enllaços disulfur. En presència de glutatió es produeix la reducció del enllaç disulfur amb la consegüent lliberació del colorant. Una volta confirmat el protocol d'obertura, es va estudiar la internalització i la lliberació d'un fluoròfor i d'un agent citotòxic en el model cel¿lular HeLa, realitzant ademés assajos de viabilitat. En el quart capítol de la tesis s'ha preparat i s'ha estudiat un nanodispositiu per a la lliberació controlada en cèl¿lules senescents, en un model murí de fibrosis pulmonar. El material es prepara emprant nanopartícules de sílice mesoporoses i un galactooligosacàrid anclat a la superfície externa del material. En presència de cèl¿lules senescents, que sobreexpresen el enzim ¿-galactosidasa, es produeix la hidròlisis del oligosacàrid amb el consegüent alliberament de la càrrega atrapada en els pors del suport (rodamina B). Després dels estudis in vitro, la capacitat del nanodispositiu d'acumular-se i lliberar la càrrega en teixits rics en cèl¿lules senecents es va evaluar in vivo. Amb este propòsit, ratolins amb fibrosis pulmonar induïda, patologia en la que s'ha descrit l'aparició de senescència en els teixits danyats, es van tractar amb el material sintetitzat i posteriorment van ser examinats per a comprovar la capacitat d'acumular-se i lliberar la seua càrrega (fluoròfor) en la zona dels pulmons afectada. En el quint capítol s'ha explorat el procés de comunicació química en cascada utilitzant tres tipus de nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice carregades amb diferents missatgers i funcionalitzades amb tres portes moleculars diferents. Quan, sobre una suspensió de les tres nanopartícules, s'afegeix l'enzim capaç d'hidrolitzar la porta molecular que bloqueja els pors del primer tipus de nanopartícules (S1), es produeix la lliberació del missatger 1 des de S1. Este missatger és capaç d'induir l'obertura del segon tipus de nanopartícules (S2), les quals lliberen al medi el missatger 2. Per últim, el missatger 2 és capaç d'obrir la porta molecular del tercer tipus de nanopartícules (S3), que lliberen finalment la seua càrr / Giménez Morales, C. (2016). Design of new bio-gated nanodevices for advanced communication processes and targeted controlled release of therapeutic agents [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62822

Tesis por compendio / The present PhD thesis, entitled: "Essential oil components encapsulated in mesoporous silica supports: a bioactive properties evaluation and a toxicological approach" focuses on the study of protection and controlled release of natural bioactive agents, derived from essential oil components (EOCs), encapsulated in mesoporous silica particles (MSPs). In addition, this thesis evaluatesthe silica-based supports to reduceundesirable sensorial propertiesandfor ensuring a low-health risk. The first section of the thesis shows the effect of encapsulation of EOCs in mesoporous silica supports. This study evaluates the efficiency of free and encapsulated EOCs to reduce the viability of cancer colon cell lines. This sectionalso shows the selectivity of encapsulated EOCs against cancer linesandtheir effect onnormal (non-cancer) colon cells. Results indicate that EOCs effect can be enhanced and sustained in time when EOCs are encapsulated. Moreover, EOCs' encapsulation shows promising specificity indices, reaching to double effect on colon cancer cells above normal cells. On the other hand,the encapsulation supports and their surface functionalization allows the odour masking of high volatility EOCs. Therefore, the delivery system based on MSPs represents an excellent alternative to promote controlled EOCs release, taking advance of their bioactive properties and solving the technical disadvantages related to volatility and unpleasant odours. Finally, samples used for garlic components encapsulation were immobilised in nanofibers to provide homogeneous and easy-to-handle hybrid system for controlling delivery.The developed 'composite' has potential applications on food, pharmacology, medical or engineering fields. The second sectionof the thesis evaluates the toxicity of the mesoporous silica supports through in vitro and in vivo assessments. Cell viability allows to identify the cytotoxic impact based on the kind of silica-based support, and their features (doses range, size and surface structure changes). Furthermore, the use of Caednorhabditis elegansmodel,shows the in vivo effects afterMSPs ingestion. The toxicological study confirms that size and surface structure, are decisiveMSPs' featuresfor reducing the toxicity risks for health. In summary, the present thesis evaluates the mesoporous silica-based particles as supports for EOCs encapsulation and identifies the main MSPs' features forreducingthe health-toxicity impact. Results of this thesis show that MSPs improve the EOCs activity and help to solve technical problemsof EOCs' volatility.Moreover, these results open up a suitable and safety option for oral delivery devices. / La presente tesis titulada: "Componentes de aceites esenciales encapsulados en soportes mesoporosos de sílice: una evaluación de sus propiedades bioactivas y un enfoque toxicológico" se centra enla evaluación de las propiedades funcionales y organolépticas de agentes naturales bioactivos, derivados de componentes de aceites esenciales, encapsulados en materiales mesoporosos de sílice; a la vez que evalua la toxicidad de los soportes utilizados,con el fin de proponer nuevos sistemas de liberación controlada por vía oral. La primera sección de esta tesis muestra el efecto de la encapsulación de los compuestos de aceites esenciales (EOCs, por sus siglas en inglés) en soportes mesoporosos de sílice. Por un lado, seevalúa la eficiencia de los EOCs libres y encapsulados para reducir la viabilidad en líneas celulares de cáncer de colon. Además, se evalúa la selectividad de los EOCs frente a células de colon normales (líneas no tumorales). Por otro lado, seestudia la capacidad de enmascaramiento de olor de los soportes. Los resultados obtenidos, evidencian en primer lugar, que los EOCs encapsulados mejoran su actividad frente a células de cáncer,en comparacióncon la respuesta de los compuestos sin encapsular. La encapsulación hace que el efecto de los EOCs sea sostenido en el tiempo, y muestra índices de especificidad prometedores, cuandose evalua el efecto toxico de los EOCsfrente a células de cáncer de colon y células normales. Los resultados de esta primera sección, indican que los soportes basados en partículas de sílice mesoporosa (MSPs, por sus siglas en inglés) protegen y liberan eficientemente los compuestos, sino que, a la vez que la funcionalización de la superficie de las MSPs permite enmascarar el olor de los compuestos de mayor volatilidad, y con mayores inconvenientes a nivel sensorial (p.e. compuestos derivados del ajo). Por lo tanto, el sistema de encapsulación se plantea como una excelente alternativa para (i) promover la liberación controlada de EOCs, (ii) aprovechar y mejorar el efecto de sus propiedades bioactivas en células de cáncer de colón y (iii) controlar las desventajas técnicas relacionadas con la volatilidad y limitaciones organolepticas. Por último, se ha comprobado que los soportes empleados en la encapsulación de los compuestos derivados de ajo, mantienen su funcionalidad luego der ser inmovilizados en nanofribras de nylon.Con esto, se busca desarrollar un nuevo sistema de 'composite';un material híbrido y homogéneo, fácil de manejar, que libera controladamente los compuestos encapsulados desde soportes tipo fibras (composites).Estoexpande el abanico de aplicaciones de los EOCs en laindustria alimentaria y farmacológica. La segunda sección de esta tesis, evalúa la toxicidad de los soportes de sílice mesoporosa (MSPs) mediante ensayos in vitro e in vivo. En primer lugar, la viabilidad celular permite identificar el impacto citotóxico de los MSPs sobre líneas celulares de colón. En particular, se evalúa los soportes mesoporosos de sílice, tipo MCM41, en función de (i) las dosis empleadas, (ii) la diferencia de tamaño (micro y nanopartículas) y (iii) el efecto que la funcionalización de la superficie genera en la viabilidad celular. Por otro lado, empleando el modelo Caednorhabditis elegans, yadministrando por vía oral las MSPs,se evalua la influencia de las características de laspartículas (MSPs) en función de la esperanza de vida (lifespan) y la calidad con la que viven y envejecen (healthspan) los nematodos. Los resultados de este estudio,muestran que el tamaño y la estructura de la superficie de las partículas, son parámetros determinantesal momento de diseñar soportes de bajoriesgo toxicológico. En resumen, la presente tesis ha evaluado las características de la sílice mesoporosa, micro y nanoparticulada, como soporte de encapsulación para mejorar la actividad y las aplicaciones de los compuestos de aceites esenciales, al mismo tiempo / La present tesi titulada: "Components d'olis essencials encapsulats en suports mesoporosos de sílica: una avaluació de les seves propietats bioactives i un enfocament toxicològic" se centra en estudis de protecció i alliberament controlat d'agents naturals bioactius, derivats de components d'olis essencials, encapsulats en materials mesoporosos de sílica. Els components d'olis essencials encapsulats milloren les seves propietats funcionals i redueixen els problemes sensorials per aplicacions futures, garantint, al mateix temps, la baixa toxicitat dels suports desenvolupats. La primera secció de la tesi mostra l'efecte d'encapsulació dels components d'olis essencials (EOCs, per les seves sigles en anglès) en suports mesoporosos de sílica sobre la millora de les seues propietats bioactives i el camuflament de problemes sensorials. Este estudi avalua l'eficiència dels EOCs lliures i encapsulats per a reduir la viabilitat en línies cel¿lulars de càncer còlon. A més, la selectivitat dels EOCs es va provar enfront de cèl¿lules de còlon normals (no canceroses). Els resultats han demostrat que l'efecte dels EOCs pot ser millorat i sostingut en el temps quan els EOCs estan encapsulats. Encara més, l'encapsulació dels EOCs mostra índexs d'especificitat prometedors, arribant a duplicar la toxicitat en l'efecte en les cèl¿lules de càncer de còlon amb comparacio en les cèl¿lules normals. Els resultats també mostren que els suports basats en partícules de sílice mesoporoses (MSPs, per les seves sigles en anglès) no sols protegixen i alliberen EOCs eficientment, sinó que, a més, la funcionlització en superfície de les MSPs permet emmascarar l'olor dels EOCs d'alta volatilitat, que té una aplicació limitada a causa dels seus problemes sensorials(p.e. compostos derivats de l'all). Per tant, el sistema de subministrament proposat resulta una excel¿lent alternativa per a (i) promoure l'alliberament controlat de EOCs, (ii) avançant en les seues propietats bioactives en cel¿lulas de càncer còlon i (iii) controlant els desavantatges tècnics relacionats amb la volatilitat i la disseminació desagradable de les olors. Finalmet, les mostres utilitzades per encapsulació de compostos d'all es van immobilitzar en nanofibres per a proporcionar un sistema híbrid homogeni i fàcil de manejar amb administració controlada i característiques bioactives, per aplicacions potencials en l'àrea d'alimentació, farmacologia, medicina o enginyeria. La segona secció avalua la toxicitat del suports de sílice mesoporosa per mitjà d'avaluacions in vitro e in vivo. La viabilitat cel¿lular permet identificar l'impacte citotòxic basat en el tipus de suport base de sílice i les seues característiques (rang de dosi, grandària i canvis en l'estructura superficial).A més, utilitzant el model in vivo Caednorhabditis elegants, s'ha estudiat la influència de les característiques de la sílice mesoporosa, administrant micro i nanopartícules de base sílice, no sols en l'esperança de vida, sinó també en el comportament dels nematodes durant el seu envelliment. Aquest estudi ha demostrat que la grandària i l'estructura superficial, són decisius per a reduir el risc de toxicitat dels suports de sílice mesoporosa i obrir la possibilitat d'utilitzar estos materials en aplicacions d'ingesta oral. En resum, la present tesi ha avaluat les característiques de les partícules de sílice mesoporosa, com a suports d'encapsulació per a millorar l'activitat i les aplicacions dels EOCs, alhora que es va avaluar el seu principal risc tòxicologic. En conseqüència, els resultats obrin una opció adequada i de seguretat per als dispositius d'administració oral. / Acosta Romero, C. (2017). Essential oil components encapsulated in mesoporous silica supports: a bioactive properties evaluation and toxicological approach [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90653 / Compendio

Tesis por compendio / La presente tesis doctoral, titulada "Nanotecnología y química supramolecular en procesos de liberación controlada y reconocimiento molecular para aplicaciones biomédicas", se centra en dos temas importantes: el reconocimiento molecular y los procesos de liberación controlada. Esta tesis doctoral está estructurada en cuatro capítulos. El primer capítulo introduce el concepto de materiales híbridos orgánicos-inorgánicos funcionalizados con puertas moleculares y sus aplicaciones biomédicas como nanomateriales para dirigir y controlar la liberación controlada de fármacos. Además se introduce una breve descripción sobre sensors colorimétricos basados en la base de la quimica supramolecular, particularmente en los procesos de reconocimiento molecular. En particular, el capítulo 2 describe la preparacion de cinco nanodispositivos que responden a enzimas. Estos materiales híbridos se componen de dos unidades principales: un soporte mesoporoso basado en sílice inorgánica, capaz de encapsular moléculas orgánicas y un compuesto orgánico anclado en la superficie externa del soporte mesoporoso inorgánico que actúa como puerta molecular. Todos los sistemas propuestos utilizan puertas moleculares peptídicas que responden a temperatura o enzimas como estímulo. La segunda parte de esta tesis doctoral se centra en el diseño y desarrollo de un nuevo compuesto químico capaz de detectar monóxido de carbono in vivo. En resumen, para todos los resultados antes mencionados podemos decir que esta tesis doctoral constituye una contribución científica original al desarrollo de la química supramolecular. Sus resultados derivados de los estudios presentados dejan rutas abiertas para continuar el estudio y el desarrollo de nuevos materiales híbridos y sensors químicos más eficientes para aplicaciones biomédicas y terapeuticas. / This PhD thesis entitled "Nanotechnology and supramolecular chemistry in controlled release and molecular recognition processes for biomedical applications", is focused on two important subjects: molecular recognition and controlled delivery processes. This PhD thesis is structured in four chapters. The first chapter introduces the concept of organic-inorganic hybrid materials containing switchable "gate-like" ensembles and their biomedical applications as nanomaterials for targeting and control drug delivery. Furthermore, is introduced a short review about chromo-fluorogenic chemosensors based on basic principles of supramolecular chemistry, particulary in molecular recognition processes. In particular, in chapter 2 is focus on the development of enzymatic-driven nanodevices. These hybrid materials are composed of two main units: an inorganic silica based mesoporous scaffold, able to store organic molecules and an organic compound anchored on the external surface of the inorganic mesoporous support than acts as molecular gate. All the systems proposed use peptidic gates that respond to temperature or enzimatic stimulis. The second part of this PhD thesis is focused on the design and development of a new chemical compound capable of detecting carbon monoxide in vivo. In summary, for all the results above mentioned we can say that this PhD thesis constitutes an original scientific contribution to the development of supramolecular chemistry. Its results derived from the studies presented leaves open routes to continue the study and development of new hybrid materials and more efficient chemical sensors with biomedical and therapeutic applications. / La present tesi doctoral, titulada "Nanotecnologia i química supramolecular en processos d'alliberament controlat i reconeixement molecular per a aplicacions biomèdiques", es centra en dos temes importants de la química: el reconeixement molecular i els processos d'alliberament controlat. Aquesta tesi doctoral està estructurada en quatre capítols. El primer capítol introdueix el concepte de materials híbrids orgànics-inorgànics funcionalitzats amb portes moleculars i les seves aplicacions biomèdiques com nanomaterials per dirigir i controlar l'alliberament controlat de fàrmacs. A més s'introdueix una breu descripció sobre sensors colorimètrics fonamentats en la base de la química supramolecular, particularment en els processos de reconeixement molecular. En particular, el capítol 2 descriu la preparació de cinc nanodispositius que responen a enzims. Aquests materials híbrids es componen de dues unitats principals: un suport mesoporos basat en sílice inorgànica, capaç d'encapsular molècules orgàniques i un compost orgànic ancorat a la superfície externa del suport mesoporós inorgànic que actua com a porta molecular. La segona part d'aquesta tesi doctoral es centra en el disseny i desenvolupaent d'un nou compost químic capaç de detectar monòxid de carboni in vivo. En resum, per a tots els resultats abans mencionats podem dir que esta tesi doctoral constituïx una contribució científica original al desenvolupament de la química supramolecular. Els seus resultats derivats dels estudis presentats deixen rutes obertes per a continuar l'estudi i el desenvolupament de nous materials hibrids i sensors químics més eficients per a aplicacions biomèdiques i terapeutiques. / De La Torre Paredes, C. (2017). Nanotechnology and supramolecular chemistry in controlled release and molecular recognition proceses for biomedical applications" [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/94043 / Compendio

Our objective was to analyze longitudinal cellular and humoral immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) on B-cell depleting treatment (BCDT) compared to pwMS without immunotherapy. We further evaluated the impact of COVID-19 infection and vaccination timing. PwMS (n = 439) on BCDT (ocrelizumab, rituximab, ofatumumab) or without immunotherapy were recruited for this prospective cohort study between June 2021 and June 2022. SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibodies and interferon- release of CD4 and CD8 T-cells upon stimulation with spike protein peptide pools were analyzed at different timepoints (after primary vaccination, 3 and 6 months after primary vaccination, after booster vaccination, 3 months after booster). Humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 was consistently lower whereas T-cell response was higher in patients with BCDT compared to controls. Cellular and humoral responses decreased over time after primary vaccination and increased again upon booster vaccination, with significantly higher antibody titers after booster than after primary vaccination in both untreated and B-cell-depleted pwMS. COVID-19 infection further led to a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2-specific responses. Despite attenuated B-cell responses, a third vaccination for patients with BCDT seems recommendable, since at least partial protection can be expected from the strong T-cell response. Moreover, our data show that an assessment of T-cell responses may be helpful in B-cell-depleted patients to evaluate the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

In order to achieve efficient therapeutic effect, it is important to understand the structure of biomaterials that are used in the therapeutic delivery system. This dissertation is dedicated towards understanding the hydrolysis pattern of plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery vehicles comprised of poly(glycoamidoamine)s (PGAAs) under physiological conditions and effects of subtle changes in the chemical structure of the PGAAs on its biological performance. The unusual hydrolysis of the tartarate and galactarate based PGAAs was investigated by studying the hydrolysis of small model molecules which mimic the repeat unit of the respective polymers. In the case of galactarate and tartarate based molecules with terminal amines showed faster hydrolysis of the amide bonds. In addition for the tartarate based compounds, it was also found that it is necessary to have terminal amine functionality for the intramolecular hydrolysis to occur. The model compounds consists of two amide bonds and were designed symmetric, however amide bond on only one side of the tartarate moiety show underwent hydrolysis. Further studies show that one side of the amine assists the hydrolysis of the amide bond on the other side of the tartarate moiety. The degradation of poly(L-tartaramidopentaethylenetetramine) (<strong>T4</strong>) was also used to study the sustained release of pDNA from the layer-by-layer constructs of <strong>T4</strong>/pDNA. The thickness of the constructs was characterized by ellipsometry while the UV-visible spectroscopy was used to characterize the loading capacity of the constructs for pDNA. The indirect sustained release of pDNA under the physiological conditions with respect to time was characterized by the cellular uptake studies in HeLa cells. The increase in the uptake of the Cy5 labeled pDNA was seen at extended period of eleven days. The integrity of the sustained released pDNA for the transgene expression was characterized with an assay to see the expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the <strong>T4</strong>/GFP-pDNA layer-by-layer constructs. PGAAs show a very efficient delivery of the pDNA in a non-toxic manner. The chemical structure of the polymer can dictate the binding with pDNA and also the release of the pDNA form the polymer-pDNA complexes. In order to better understand the fundamentals of the nucleic acid delivery and to better design the nucleic acid delivery vehicles, subtle changes in the chemical structure of the PGAAs were designed and studied for the biological activity. The effect of charge type was investigated by designing and synthesizing guanidine based polymer series analogues to galactarate and tartarate based PGAAs (<strong>G1</strong> and <strong>T1</strong>) which incorporate secondary amines as the charge type on the polymer backbone. The guanidine based polymer series, poly(glycoamidoguanidine)s (PGAGs), show very non toxic behavior in HeLa cells at all the different polymer to pDNA ratio (<i>N/P</i> ratio) studied. Interestingly PGAGs are the only non-toxic guanidine containing polymers which are reported in the literature to the date. The cellular uptake of pDNA assisted from the PGAGs is a little higher than PGAAs compared although both the series of polymers show similar transgene expression. The transgene expression in case of PGAGs also imply the release of the polymer-pDNA complexes from the endosome. In another study of structure-bioactivity relationship based on the degree of polymerization (DP) of poly(galactaramidopentaethylenetetramine) (<strong>G4</strong>), it was found that the increase in the DP of <strong>G4</strong> increases the toxicity of the polymers in the HeLa cells. / Ph. D.

Road administrators have to make decisions regarding the maintenance and rehabilitation of many existing jointed Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavements in the road network. Since these pavements are in general expensive to rehabilitate, agencies often opt for overlaying the deteriorated PCC pavement with Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), resulting in a composite pavement. Unfortunately, the tensile stresses and strains at the bottom of the overlay developed from the movement of the joints, which are caused by the traffic and the changes in temperature, will create cracks on the surface known as reflective cracking. Reflective cracking can reduce the life of a pavement by allowing water or other particles to get into the underlying layers, which causes the pavement structure to lose strength. To improve the performance of the composite pavement, road agencies have studied mitigations techniques to delay the initiation and propagation of those cracks reflected from the PCC joints and cracks. Traditionally, these studies have relied only on laboratory testing or nondestructive tests. This dissertation expands the traditional approach by adding full-scale Accelerate Pavement Testing (APT) to a laboratory effort to investigate enhanced asphalt overlays that delay the initiation and propagation of cracks reflected from the PCC joints. The study was organized into three complementary experiments. The first experiment included the first reflective cracking study of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) overlays over jointed Portland cement concrete pavements (PCCP) conducted at the Virginia APT facility. A Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) was used to compare the reflective cracking performance of a Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) control mix with a modified mix with a synthetic fiber. The discussion includes the characterization of the asphalt mixes, the pavement structure, construction layout, the equipment used, the instrumentation installed, and lessons learned. Results showed that the fiber-modified mix had a higher resistance to fracture, which increases the pavement life by approximately 50%. The second experiment compared the cracking resistance of the same control and modified mixes in the laboratory. Four cracking resistance tests were performed on each mix. These four tests are: (1) Indirect Tensile Asphalt Cracking Test (IDEAL-CT), which measures the Cracking Test index (CTindex); (2) Semicircular Bend Test-Illinois (SCB-IL), which measures the critical strain energy release rate (Jc); (3) Semicircular Bend-Louisiana Transportation Research Center (SCB-LTRC), which measures the Flexibility Index (FI); and (4) Overlay Test (OT), which measures the Cracking Propagation Rate (CPR). The results from the four tests showed that the fiber-modified mix had a better resistance to cracking, confirming the APT test results. The laboratory assessment also suggested that the IDEAL-CT and SCB-IL test appear to be the most practical for implementation. The third phase evaluated the performance of mixes designed with a high content of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and an enhanced asphalt-rubber extender, which comprises three primary components: plain soft bitumen, fine crumb rubber and an Activated Mineral Binder Stabilizer (AMBS). The experiment evaluated the fracture resistance of nine mixes designed with different rates of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and asphalt-rubber, compare them with a traditional mix, and propose an optimized mixture for use in overlays of concrete pavements. The mixes were designed with different rates of RAP (15, 30, 45%) and asphalt-rubber extender (0, 30, and 45%) following generally, the design requirements for an SMA mix in Virginia. The laboratory test recommended in the second experiment, IDEAL-CT and SCB-IL, were used to determine the fracture resistance of the mixes. The results showed that the addition of RAP decreases fracture resistance, but the asphalt-rubber extender improves it. A mix designed that replaced 30% of the binder with asphalt-rubber extender and 15% RAP had the highest resistance to fracture according to both. Also, as expected, all the mixed had a low susceptibility to rutting. / Doctor of Philosophy / Reflective cracking can reduce the life of a pavement by allowing water or other particles to get into the underlying layers, which causes the pavement structure to lose strength. To improve the performance of the composite pavement, road agencies have studied mitigations techniques that will delay the initiation and propagation of those cracks reflected from the PCC joints. Traditionally, these studies rely only on laboratory testing or nondestructive tests that will assist in the decision-making stage in a short time manner. This dissertation focusses on a reflective cracking study conducted through Accelerate Pavement Testing (APT) using a Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) and laboratory testing. The first task used an HVS to evaluate reflective cracking of a Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) control mix and a modified mix with synthetic fiber. One lane was constructed with two layers of 1.5-inches of a control Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mix and the second lane with an SMA mix modified with the synthetic fiber. Results from APT demonstrated that the modified SMA has a higher resistance to fracture which increases the pavement life by approximately 50%. The second task estimated the fracture resistance of the mixes studied in task one following the laboratory test: Indirect Tension Asphalt Cracking Test (IDEAL-CT), Texas Overlay Test (OT), Semi-Circular Bend-Louisiana Transportation Research Center (SCB-LTRC) and Semi-Circular Bend-Illinois (SCB-IL) to estimate the Cracking Test Index (CTindex), Cracking Propagation Rate (CPR), critical strain energy release rate (Jc) and Flexibility Index (FI), respectively. Results showed that the modified mix had a better resistance to cracking, confirming the APT test results. Specifically, CTindex results showed that the modified mix is more resistant than the control, with indices of 268.72 and 67.86. The estimated Jc indicated that less energy is required to initiate a crack for the control mix that achieved 0.48 kJ/m2 compared to the modified mix with synthetic fibers 0.54 kJ/m2. FI results for the control and fibers were 2.16 and 10.71, respectively. The calculated CPR showed that the control mix propagates a crack at a higher rate of 0.188 compared to the modified mix with a CPR of 0.152. The third phase evaluated the performance of mixes designed with a high content of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and an enhanced asphalt-rubber extender, which comprises three primary components: plain soft bitumen, fine crumb rubber and an Activated Mineral Binder Stabilizer (AMBS). The experiment evaluated the fracture resistance of nine mixes designed with different rates of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and asphalt-rubber, compare them with a traditional mix, and propose an optimized mixture for use in overlays of concrete pavements. The mixes were designed with different rates of RAP (15, 30, 45%) and asphalt-rubber extender (0, 30, and 45%) following generally, the design requirements for an SMA mix in Virginia. The laboratory test recommended in the second experiment, IDEAL-CT and SCB-IL, were used to determine the fracture resistance of the mixes. The results showed that the addition of RAP decreases fracture resistance, but the asphalt-rubber extender improves it. A mix designed that replaced 30% of the binder with asphalt-rubber extender and 15% RAP had the highest resistance to fracture according to both. Also, as expected, all the mixed had a low susceptibility to rutting.