Hidrogéis são macromoléculas tridimensionais formadas por polímeros hidrofílicos, os quais são entrecruzados para manter sua estrutura. Quando expostos a água apresentam grande absorção, porém sem sofrer a dissolução. Nesta tese foram preparados hidrogéis para serem aplicados como materiais de liberação controlada de fertilizantes e condicionadores de solo. Os hidrogéis foram sintetizados através de reações de entrecruzamento de goma gelana (GGHA e GGLA) com (i) quitosana (CH), (ii) Jeffamina (JEF), (iii) L-lisina (LYS), (iv) gelatina (GEL) e alginato (ALG) com quitosana (CH). A formação de redes poliméricas foi confirmada por espectroscopia FT-IR e análises térmicas, também evidenciando a estabilidade térmica dessas amostras acima de 200°C. As morfologias dos hidrogéis liofilizados foram observadas por MEV, evidenciando as estruturas abertas e porosas. Os resultados de hidratação dos hidrogéis mostraram altos valores de absorção de água em relação ao seu peso seco, sendo 218 vezes para GGHA:CH, 164 vezes para GGHA:LYS, 145 vezes para GGHA:JEF, 113 vezes para GGHA:GEL e 80 vezes para ALG:CH. Amostras de GGLA apresentaram baixos valores de absorção de água. Os testes de perda de água dos hidrogéis ALG:CH apresentam tempo 59% maior e os hidrogéis de GGHA:CH 100% maior e, aproximadamente 60% maior para os hidrogéis GGHA:LYS, GGHA:JEF e GGHA:GEL quando comparados com a evaporação de água pura. A liberação completa do fertilizante comercial monopotássio de fosfato (MKP) ocorreu em 8 h de imersão dos hidrogéis em água e foi estimada em aproximadamente 400 mg por um grama de polímero, independente do hidrogel utilizado, enquanto os ensaios de liberação controlada do fertilizante nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio (NPK) revelaram liberação de aproximadamente 300 mg de fertilizante por um grama de hidrogel, também independente do hidrogel utilizado. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a possível utilização de hidrogéis entrecruzados a base de macromoléculas naturais em sistemas de controle de umidade do solo e liberação controlada de fertilizantes. / New hydrogels based on natural macromolecules such as gellan gum, chitosan, alginate, gelatin and lysine were synthetized and characterized by spectroscopic, thermal and microscopic analysis. The samples were also investigated in terms of water absorption and fertilizers release. The samples were obtained by crosslinking reactions of gellan gum (GGHA and GGLA) with (i) chitosan (CH), (ii) Jeffamine (JEF), (iii) L-lysine (LYS) and (iv) gelatin (GEL). The samples of alginate (ALG) and chitosan (CH) were also obtained and characterized. The formation of polymer networks was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis, which revealed the thermal stability of the samples above 200°C. The morphology of lyophilized hydrogels was observed by SEM presenting open and porous structure. Moreover, the results of swelling showed high water absorption values in relation to the samples dry weight. These values were of 218 times for GGHA:CH, 164 times for GGHA:LYS, 145 times for GGHA:JEF, 113 times for GGHA:GEL and 80 times for ALG:CH. GGLA samples showed lower values of water absorption when compared with other samples. The water retention time of hydrogel ALG:CH hydrogels was 59% higher than pure water. For the sample GGHA:CH the water retention time was 100% higher and about 60% higher for the hydrogels GGHA:LYS, GGHA:JEF and GGHA:GEL. The samples were charged with commercial fertilizers such as phosphate monopotassium (MKP) and phosphate monopotassium (MKP), and they were tested as controlled fertilizer release materials for agriculture. It was observed for all samples that a complete release of MKP occurred after 8 h of its immersion in water and was estimated in about 400 mg per one gram of polymer. The controlled release of NPK was in about 300 mg per one gram of hydrogel, independent of the hydrogel composition. In conclusion, all the obtained results revealed that the natural macromolecules-based hydrogels are very promising alternatives for humidity control system and controlled fertilizers release in agriculture.

Operações de revestimento são amplamente utilizadas em diversos setores industriais, tais como químico, agrícola, alimentício e farmacêutico. Dentre as principais razões para a aplicação de revestimento em partículas destacam-se fatores estéticos, proteção e o controle da taxa de dissolução de substâncias químicas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar o revestimento de sólidos farmacêuticos em leito fluidizado. Inicialmente foram realizados ensaios fluidodinâmicos visando à definição de parâmetros operacionais nos quais ocorre uma operação estável do sistema. Definidas condições de operação estável, realizaram-se ensaios de revestimento de grânulos contendo um fármaco modelo (paracetamol), empregando-se uma composição à base de Eugradit RS30D. Nesta etapa investigou-se a influência da vazão de ar de fluidização, do diâmetro das partículas, da temperatura do ar de fluidização e da vazão de suspensão de revestimento na fração revestida, Wrt; na eficiência do revestimento, ; e no índice de aglomeração, Agl. Ensaios de liberação in vitro foram realizados no sentido de se avaliar a alteração das propriedades de liberação do fármaco devido ao revestimento aplicado. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que um tempo maior de processo levou à formação de um filme de revestimento mais espesso, modificando o perfil de dissolução do fármaco. Amostras de grânulos revestidos em condições selecionadas foram submetidas a um tratamento térmico, que consistiu na armazenagem do produto em estufa à 40 oC por intervalos de tempo que variaram de 1 a 96 horas sendo, posteriormente, realizados ensaios de dissolução. Verificouse que, nas condições experimentais utilizadas, o tratamento térmico do grânulo revestido não influenciou na velocidade liberação do fármaco, independentemente do período de armazenagem. / Coating operations are widely used in several industrial sectors, such as the chemical, agricultural, food and pharmaceutical. Among the reasons for particle coating application, the aesthetic, protection against the environment and the control of the dissolution rate of chemical substances are prominent. The aim of this work was to investigate the fluidized bed coating of pharmaceutical solids. Initially, hydrodynamic tests were carried out in order to define the operating parameters which lead to a stable system operation. After selection of the conditions of stable operation, coating experiments of granules containing a model drug (acetaminophen), with a coating composition based on Eudragit RS30D were started. In this stage, it was investigated the effects of the flow rate of the fluidizing air, mean particle diameter, inlet temperature of the fluidizing air, and the feed flow rate of the coating suspension on the coating fraction, Wrt; on coating efficiency, ; and on agglomerating index, Agl. In vitro dissolution tests were performed to evaluate the modification of the drug release properties due to the coating application. The results showed that the thickness of the coating layer is dependent of the processing time, leading to a modification on drug release profiles. Samples of the coated granules obtained at selected conditions were submitted to a thermal treatment, which consisted of the product storage in an air circulated oven at 40 oC during 1 to 96 hours time intervals. After the thermal treatment the granules were submitted to dissolution tests. It was verified, in the experimental conditions used, that the thermal treatment of the coated granules do not influenced the drug release rate, independently of the storage period.

Tem sido reportado que os danos UV induzidos são devidos principalmente pela geração de EROs. Assim, compostos capazes de inibir a ação e a formação destas EROs, serão capazes de proteger a pele dos danos UV induzidos. Devido suas propriedades, a própolis pode ser aplicada como antioxidante tópico para prevenir e/ou tratar os danos UV induzidos. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o conteúdo de flavonóides e polifenóis e a atividade antioxidante, em diferentes sistemas ?in vitro?, dos extratos fluido e seco de própolis brasileira verde. Em adição, formulações tópicas adicionadas com extrato fluido de própolis verde foram desenvolvidas e sua estabilidade física e funcional foi avaliada. Foram também avaliadas a capacidade de liberação, permeação e retenção dos compostos antioxidantes destas formulações. O conteúdo de flavonóides e polifenóis encontrado para ambos extratos foi de 2,29 mg/g e 18 mg/g, respectivamente. Foi observado que o extrato de própolis verde apresentou a mesma quantidade de polifenóis que outros extratos de própolis já estudados, entretanto apresentou menor quantidade de flavonóides. Este extrato demonstrou ainda, atividade antioxidante de forma dose dependente contra diferentes radicais, tais como DPPH?, superóxido (O2-), hidroxila (OH?), peroxila (LOO?) e alkoxila (LO?). E ainda, as formulações desenvolvidas foram estáveis fisicamente e funcionalmente. A F 01 foi capaz de liberar seus compostos antioxidantes mais eficazmente que as outras formulações desenvolvidas. Entretanto, somente a F 03 reteve seus compostos antioxidantes na epiderme viável. Estes resultados dão boas perspectivas para aplicar o extrato de própolis verde topicamente para prevenir e/ou tratar os danos UV induzidos na pele. Em adição, pode ser sugerido que F 03 pode ser aplicada topicamente para prevenir e/ou tratar o estresse oxidativo UV induzido na pele com probabilidade de sucesso. / It has been reported that UV- induced damage is due mainly to the generation of ROS. Then, compounds able to inhibit the action and the formation of these ROS, will be able to protect the skin from UV-induced damage. Due to their properties, propolis can be applied as topical antioxidants to prevent and/or treat UV-induced damages. Thus, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the polyphenol and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activity, in different ?in vitro? systems, of the Brazilian green propolis fluid and dry extracts. In addition, topical formulations added with green propolis fluid extract were developed and their physicalchemical and functional stabilities were assessed. It was also evaluated the release, permeation and skin retention capacity of the antioxidant compounds from these formulations. The flavonoid and polyphenols contents found for both extracts were 2.29 mg/g and 18 mg/g, respectively. It was observed that green propolis extract showed the same amount of polyphenols as other propolis extracts which has already been studied, however showed lower amounts of flavonoids. This extract also showed antioxidant activity in a dose dependent manner against different radicals, such as DPPH?, superoxide (O2-), hydroxyl (OH?), alkoxyl (LO?) and peroxyl radicals. Furthermore, the formulations developed were physically and functionally stable. F 01 was able to release its antioxidant compounds in more efficient way than the other developed formulations. However, only F 03 retained its antioxidant compounds on viable epidermis. These results give good perspectives to apply green propolis extract topically in order to prevent and/or treat UV-damaged skin. In addition, it may be suggested that F 03 could be topically applied to prevent and/or treat UV- induced oxidative stress on skin with probability of success.

Introduction: Patient outcome after trauma is influenced by their immune response to injury. How trauma activates the immune system and why this affects recovery is unclear. This investigation examined three aspects of the immune response after trauma: cytokine production, alarmin release and the innate immune cell populations. Methodology: Timed blood samples were drawn from trauma patients recruited to a prospective observational cohort study at a London Major Trauma Centre. The first sample was drawn at admission, within 2h of injury and prior to intervention in order to capture early inflammation events. Patients were observed until death or discharge for clinical outcomes. Results: Inflammation after traumatic tissue damage can be described in isolation. If haemorrhagic shock is also present, the inflammatory effects cannot be separated using the seven cytokines examined in this investigation. Within 2h of injury, isolated tissue damage is associated with systemic release of intracellular nuclear molecules. Tissue damage combined with shock, is associated with release of different nuclear materials. Low numbers of lymphocytes at 48h from injury are associated with poor clinical outcome. Patients who develop infections and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome during recovery, have high numbers of cytotoxic lymphocytes in their peripheral blood at admission. Conclusion: Inflammation is activated prior to arrival at hospital. Haemorrhagic shock augments the inflammatory response after isolated tissue damage. Tissue damage and blood loss may lead to the release of different alarmin substances. Lymphocytes are implicated in the pathogenesis of poor outcome. The molecular events which lead to poor clinical outcome are activated before hospital admission and prior to intervention. Greater understanding of the activation mechanism(s) may result in development of therapeutics for early delivery, in order to improve patient recovery.

This thesis focuses on improved processing methods for enhanced mechanical properties in polymer nanocomposites, and controlled drug release in polymer based delivery systems. Supercritical carbon dioxide assisted mixing was successfully used in preparation of polypropylene/sepiolite and polypropylene/multiwall carbon nanotube nanocomposites. Relatively homogeneous dispersed and well separated nanofillers were obtained throughout the PP matrix. A better preservation of nanofiller lengths was observed in the scCO 2 assisted mixing. Mechanical property studies showed a marked increase in Young's modulus and tensile strength with the addition of nanofillers. More interestingly, techniques usually designed to achieve high quality PP nanocomposites, such as the use of masterbatches, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene compatibilizers or polymer coated MWNTs are not needed to achieve equivalent mechanical properties with scCO2 assisted mixing. ScCO2 was also used as a foaming technique to modify the traditional cured poly(ethyl methacrylate/tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate) system for a controlled release of chlorhexidine. Highly porous structures were produced and chlorhexidine released from scCO2 foamed samples was more than 3 times higher than traditionally cured samples. By altering the processing conditions, such as CO2 saturation time and depressurization time the CX release rate was altered. Finally, the electrospinning method was combined with the layering encapsulation technique in order to enable the incorporation of water-soluble drugs in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) fibres for biomedical applications. Water-soluble drug, Rhodamine 6G or protein bovine serum albumin, loaded calcium carbonate microparticles were successfully incorporated in PLGA fibres and a bead and string structured composite fibres.

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be produced from a variety of lipid feedstocks. It has a number of perceived advantages over conventional petroleum diesel and as a result world production of biodiesel has increased dramatically since the turn of the century. Amongst its reported disadvantages is a widely observed increase in emissions of oxides of nitrogen, or NOx. Several explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon; in reality it is likely to be due to a combination of factors. The interplay of multiple factors affecting NOx emissions means that the increase in NOx when fuelling on biodiesel is not consistent or ubiquitous, but is instead dependent upon operating conditions and the specifics of the fuels being compared. The work documented in this thesis explores the nature and causes of the change in NOx emissions associated with biodiesel. The intention was that, by adjusting operating conditions, and using a wide range of fuels, doped with additives to achieve an even broader range of combustion characteristics, the impact of important variables would be made clearer, making it possible to reduce the problem to its lowest common denominators. In early experiments it was found that NOx emissions from biodiesel tended to be lower than those of petrodiesel under conditions where combustion was relatively highly premixed, but higher under more conventional diesel conditions where diffusion combustion constituted a larger proportion of heat release. The main experimental set revealed a definite increase in NOx emissions when fuelling on biodiesel, for a fixed start of combustion and equivalent degree of premixing. The addition of an oxygenate to petrodiesel elicited comparable NOx emissions to biodiesel, as a function of fuel-bound oxygen content; the data implies that the like-for-like biodiesel NOx increase may be a direct result of fuelbound oxygen. However, the like-for-like biodiesel NOx increase varies dependent upon operating conditions. In part, this may be related to higher apparent heat release rate (AHRR) through the diffusion burn phase when fuelling on biodiesel. This may result from the extended biodiesel injection duration. Across operating conditions, the extent to which smoke emissions when fuelling on petrodiesel exceeded those when fuelling on biodiesel was generally correlated with the magnitude of the biodiesel NOx increase; where the difference in smoke emissions was small, the biodiesel NOx increase was small, and where the difference in smoke emissions was more substantial, so was the difference in NOx emissions. This suggests a possible connection to changes in mixture stoichiometry. When differentiating between fuels, increased cetane number reduces NOx, and increased oxygen content increases NOx. Biodiesel does not necessarily have higher NOx emissions than petrodiesel: the biodiesel NOx increase exists where the difference in cetane number is insuffi cient to counteract the effects of fuel-bound oxygen content.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2019-02-14T11:29:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) William Roger Macenhan.pdf: 3712226 bytes, checksum: a7520ccd10d2cb5efa8ebec928e1f80c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-14T11:29:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) William Roger Macenhan.pdf: 3712226 bytes, checksum: a7520ccd10d2cb5efa8ebec928e1f80c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-12 / O adapaleno (ADAP) é uma importante droga amplamente utilizada no tratamento tópico da acne. É um retinoide de terceira geração e fornece ação queratolítica, antiinflamatória e antiseborreica. No entanto, alguns efeitos adversos tópicos, como eritema, secura e descamação foram relatados com sua fórmula comercial. Nesse sentido, a microencapsulação desse fármaco usando poliésteres pode contornar seus efeitos colaterais tópicos e pode levar ao aumento da liberação de fármaco nas glândulas sebáceas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter micropartículas de poli (εcaprolactona) (PCL) carregadas com ADAP, preparadas pelo método de emulsão simples / evaporação do solvente. Formulações contendo 10 e 20% de ADAP foram obtidas com sucesso e caracterizadas por estudos morfológicos, espectroscópicos e térmicos. Valores de eficiência de encapsulação acima de 98% foram alcançados. As micropartículas apresentaram forma esférica e superfície lisa. Os resultados de espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) não apresentaram ligação química do fármaco-polímero e a técnica de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) mostrou uma parcial amorfização do fármaco. A permeação do ADAP na membrana Strat-M® para teste de difusão transdérmica foi avaliada por espectroscopia fotoacústica (PAS) na região espectral entre 225 e 400 nm após 15 min e 3 h da aplicação de formulações de PCL carregadas com ADAP. A PAS foi utilizada com sucesso para investigar a penetração de micropartículas de poliéster. Além disso, a microencapsulação diminuiu a difusão transmembrana in vitro do ADAP. / Adapalene (ADAP) is an important drug widely used in topical treatment of acne. It is a third generation retinoid and provides keratolytic, anti-inflammatory, and antiseborrhoic action. However, some topical adverse effects such as erythema, dryness, and scaling have been reported with its commercial formula. In this sense, the microencapsulation of this drug using polyesters can circumvent its topical side effects and can lead to the enhancement of drug delivery into sebaceous glands. The goal of this work was to obtain ADAP-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) microparticles prepared by simple emulsion/solvent evaporation method. Formulations containing 10 and 20% of ADAP were successfully obtained and characterized by morphological, spectroscopic and thermal studies. Values of encapsulation efficiency above 98% were achieved. Microparticles showed spherical shape and smooth surface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results presented no drug-polymer chemical bond and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique showed a partially amorphization of drug. ADAP permeation in Strat-M® membrane for transdermal diffusion testing was evaluated by photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) in the spectral region between 225 and 400 nm after 15 min and 3 h from application of ADAP-loaded PCL formulations. PAS was successfully used for investigating the penetration of polyester microparticles. In addition, microencapsulation decreased in vitro transmembrane diffusion of ADAP.

A amilose, na presença de agentes complexantes adequados, tende a formar complexos de inclusão. Os mesmos são carregadores promissores, já que os ligantes aprisionados podem ser libertados posteriormente, o que conduz a muitas aplicações. Porém, a utilização da amilose nativa (AM) na formação dos complexos é limitada devido a sua baixa solubilidade em água. Sendo assim, estudos envolvendo a modificação desta molécula tornam-se promissores. O objetivo da presente tese foi preparar complexos de inclusão a partir da amilose nativa (AM) e modificada (AMA) usando como ligantes Rifampicina (RIF), Rodamina B (RB) e o Azul de Bromotimol (AB). Primeiramente, dentre os métodos existentes para modificação, escolheu-se a acetilação. O grau de acetilação foi investigado e a estrutura da amilose foi caracterizada por meio de FTIR, MEV, TGA e DSC. Quando comparada à AM, AMA apresentou maior solubilidade em água. A presença das bandas de absorção no FTIR à 1727, 1240 e 1122 cm-1, confirmaram a acetilação. Os resultados de MEV sugeriram que a superfície lisa da AM foi transformada em uma superfície mais áspera em AMA e as análises de TGA e DSC mostraram uma estrutura instável para a mesma. Após esta etapa os complexos foram produzidos e a influência da temperatura e dos ligantes foi avaliada através da caracterização físico-química. UV-vis, DLS, PZ e MEV foram as técnicas usadas neste processo. As análises de UV confirmaram a formação dos complexos e aqueles desenvolvidos na temperatura de 65°C foram mais eficientes. Dentre estes destacam-se aqueles complexos preparados com RIF. O diâmetro hidrodinâmico médio (dh) dos complexos medidos por DLS variou entre 70 e 100 nm, indicando que os mesmos podem ser utilizados em sistema de liberação controlada. Comparando o dh da AM e AMA, observou-se que os tamanhos são maiores após a complexação, o que pode indicar que para AMA ou a interação forma complexos mais compactos, ou os ligantes não interagiram com a AMA. Análise de PZ mostrou que os complexos AM-RB e AM-AB apresentam alta estabilidade (PZ < -30 mV) e que os demais complexos apresentam valores de PZ próximos da neutralidade, o que pode melhorar a adsorção dos mesmos em sistemas biológicos. Os complexos AMA-RB e AMA-AB não formaram complexos no estado sólido e os demais formaram uma estrutura amorfa após precipitação. Em conclusão, este estudo levou ao desenvolvimento de um método eficaz para a preparação de complexos de inclusão de amilose. / In the presence of suitable complexing agents, amylose tends to form inclusion complexes. This polymer is considered a promisor carrier since the ligands confined in its chains can be released later, leading to various applications. However, the use of native amylose (AM) in complexes formation is restricted due to its low water solubility. Therefore, studies regarding amylose modification become promising. The aim of this thesis was preparing inclusion complexes made of native (AM) and modified (AMA) amylose using rifampicin (RIF), rhodamine B (RB), and bromothymol blue (AB) as ligands. At first, acetylation was the chosen modification among the modified methods described in the literature. The acetylation degree was investigated and the modified macromolecule was characterized using FTIR, SEM, TGA, and DSC analysis. Compared with AM, AMA presented increased water solubility. The presence of absorption bands at 1727, 1240, and 1121 cm-1 confirmed the acetylation. SEM images suggested that the smooth surface of AM was turned into a rougher surface in AMA, while TGA and DSC results showed a less stable structure for AMA. After this step, the complexes were prepared and the influence of the temperature and ligand type was evaluated through physicochemical characterization. UV-Vis, DLS, PZ, and SEM were the techniques used in this process. UV-Vis analysis confirmed complexes formation, revealing that the ones prepared at 65°C were more efficient. Among those, complexes prepared with RIF stand out. The average hydrodynamic diameter (dh) of the complexes measured by DLS ranged from 70 to 100 nm, indicating that these complexes can be used in controlled release systems. Comparing the dh of AM and AMA, it was observed that the sizes were larger after complexation, which may indicate more compact complexes or no interaction between AMA and ligands. ZP results showed that AM-RB and AM-AB complexes presented high stability (PZ < -30 mV), while the others presented PZ values near neutrality, which can increase their adsorption in biological systems. AMA-RB and AMA-AB did not form complexes in solid state, while the others formed an amorphous structure after precipitation. In conclusion, this study leaded to an effective method development for the amylose inclusion complexes preparation.

La capacité à incorporer le diclofenac de sodium (DFS) ou des composés à base de platine comme le cisplatine (CisPt), le sel de Zeise ou le tétrachlorure de platine IV (PtCl₄) au sein des matrices hybrides basées sur les chaînes polyéther de caractère hydrophilique (PEO) ou hydrophobique (PPO) et utilisant comme points de réticulation des nodules de type siloxane a été étudiée. Ces composés d’intérêt académique possèdent des applications dans le traitement du cancer (cipslatine) ou en catalyse (sel de Zeise). Dans les matrices avec DFS la diminution de la température de fusion de l'hybride PEO1900 semi- cristallin et la réduction des valeurs de Tg associés aux mesures Raman confirment l'existence d'interactions entre le DFS et les chaînes PEO de la matrice hybride. La coexistence dans l’hybride de phase amorphe et cristalline a été clairement démontrée par la libération bimodale du médicament pour PEO1900 matrice.Les quantités optimales pour avoir une matrice homogène incorporant le CisPt sont 5.4 % m/m avec PEO1900 et 1.8% m/m avec PPO2000. Les mesures EXAFS et Raman convergent vers une préservation de la structure locale du CisPt dans les matrices. Les mesures de SAXS montrent que l’intensité du pic de corrélation entre nœuds de réticulation de type siloxane est affectée par l’incorporation du CisPt dans la matrice en diminuant d’intensité sans changer de position. Ce résultat est interprété par le remplissage de l’espace entre les nœuds par le CisPt. Les profils de libération des matrices PEO1900 montrent que la libération est indépendante de la concentration en CisPt et que le gonflement de la matrice est le mécanisme dominant permettant d’expliquer la cinétique de libération.Pour les hybrides incorporant PtCl₄, il a été montré la coexistence de deux entités de Pt, une espèce Pt(II) et une espèce Pt(IV). L’espèce Pt(II) est identifiée comme (PtCl₄)²⁻ alors que l’espèce Pt(IV) est PtCl₄ dissout dans la matrice. Le rapport entre espèces Pt(II) et Pt(IV) change avec la matrice : L’espèce Pt(II) est dominante pour les matrices à base de PEO alors que les proportions Pt(II) et Pt(IV) sont quasi équivalentes pour les matrices à base de PPO. Il est proposé que l’espèce (PtCl₄)²⁻ interagisse avec les groupements urée localisés en bout de chaînes ainsi qu’avec les chaînes polymériques par les groupements éther. Ces interactions sont favorisées par le caractère anionique de l’espèce Pt(II). L’espèce neutre PtCl₄ interagit avec la matrice de la même façon que le CisPt, ie en remplissant l’espace libre laissé par les chaînes polymériques. Lors des tests de libération, l’espèce neutre est facilement libérée en solution aqueuse, l’espèce anionique Pt(II) restant emprisonnée.Tout comme PtCl₄, le sel de Zeise se montre soluble dans les matrices hybrides et permet l'obtention d'échantillons homogènes et transparents. L’EXAFS et la spectroscopie Raman montrent que si les liaisons Pt-Cl des échantillons hybrides sont identiques à celles caractérisant le sel de Zeise, les vibrations Pt-C₂H₄ ne sont mises en évidence dans les échantillons qu’après une période de vieillissement. Pour la matrice hybride PEO1900 avec sel de Zeise, la formation de platine métallique au cours du processus de libération a été mise en évidence.L’analyse structurale des matrices incorporant différentes molécules de platine et la corrélation des résultats obtenus avec les tests de libération montrent que l’interaction faible avec la matrice des molécules neutres comme le CisPt est responsable d’une libération contrôlée par les propriétés de la matrice vis-à-vis du gonflement. L’incorporation d’espèces de Pt anioniques, comme (PtCl₄)²⁻ ou le sel de Zeise, conduit à des échantillons pour lesquelles les quantités d’espèces Pt libérées sont notablement plus faibles comparativement au CisPt. Les fortes interactions de la matrice avec les espèces anioniques sont responsables des difficultés rencontrées pour les libérer en solution. / The capacity of hydrophilic (POE) or hydrophobic (POP) siloxane-polyether hybrid matrixes to incorporate platinum based compounds like platinum (IV) tetrachloride (PtCl₄), cisplatin (CisPt), Zeise salt and sodium diclofenac (SDF) was studied. These compounds present academic interest and are applied in cancer disease treatment (CisPt) or catalysis (Zeise salt).The decrease in melting temperature of the semi-crystalline POE1900 hybrid and the decrease of the Tg values together with the Raman results confirm the interactions between SDF and the POE chains of the hybrid matrix. The coexistence of a crystalline and amorphous hybrid phase was clearly evinced by the bimodal drug release pattern achieved for the POE1900 matrix. Optimum amounts for the preparation of homogeneous matrix with CisPt are 5.4% m/m and with PEO1900 1.8% m/m with PPO2000. The local structure of CisPt inside the matrices is preserved. SAXS measurements show that the intensity of the correlation peak between siloxane crosslinks is affected by the CisPt incorporation in the matrix. The observed decrease in intensity without shift in position is interpreted as resulting from the filling of the space between the SiO2 nodes by CisPt. The release profiles of PEO1900 matrices show that the release is independent of the CisPt concentration and that the swelling of the matrix is the dominant process for explaining the release mechanism.For hybrids incorporating (PtCl₄), it has been shown the existence of two Pt entities, a Pt(II) species and a Pt (IV) ones. The Pt(II) species is identified as(PtCl₄)²⁻ whereas the Pt(IV) species is (PtCl₄) dissolved in the matrix. The ratio of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) species is dependent on the matrix nature: The Pt(II) species is dominant for the PEO-based matrices whereas Pt(II) and Pt(IV) proportions are almost equal for matrices based on PPO. It is proposed that the (PtCl₄)²⁻ species interact with the urea groups located at the ends of the polymeric chain and with the by ether groups of the polymer chains. These interactions are facilitated by the anionic nature of the species Pt(II). The neutral species PtCl₄ interact with the matrix in the same way that the CisPt, ie by filling the empty space between the polymer chains. During release essays, the neutral PtCl₄ species is easily released in aqueous solution, the anionic Pt (II) species remaining embedded inside the matrix. As PtCl₄, the Zeise salt is soluble in matrixes giving rise to homogeneous and transparent samples. Raman spectroscopy and EXAFS show that if the Pt-Cl bonds of the hybrid are identical to those found in the Zeise salt,Pt-C₂H₄ vibrations are only identified in the samples after a ageing period. For PEO1900 hybrid matrix loaded with Zeise salt, the formation of metallic platinum was observed during the release essays.The correlation of the structural results gained on the matrices incorporating different platinum molecules with the results of the release assays evidences that the weak interaction of neutral molecules with the matrix is responsible to the fact that the release of CisPt is mainly controlled by the swelling properties of the matrix. The incorporation of anionic Pt species, as (PtCl₄)²⁻ or Zeise salt, gives rise to samples for which the amount of released Pt species are significantly lower than the one obtained for hybrids loaded with CisPt. The strong interactions between the matrix and the anionic species are responsible for the fact that the anionic species is not easily released in solution.

Cotton as a dominating natural fibre imparts a major contribution in the whole textile market including natural and artificial fibres. The demand of this cellulosic fibre is increasing rapidly day by day, on the other hand supply cannot fulfill its demand, and as a result price goes higher in world market. Now people are looking for alternatives to cotton in different applications. Viscose as cellulosic origin, the cheapest of all cellulosic fibres could be the best alternative. Viscose fibre exhibits some similar properties compared to cotton except its poor wet strength. In this thesis work different chemical finishes were applied to improve the wet strength of viscose fabric. For this purpose water repellent and soil release finishes were applied. Both water repellent and soil release finishes helped in reducing the molecular barrier around the individual fibres that lowered the surface tension of the fibre. It reduces the absorbency of viscose fibre hence leads to higher wet strength. Water repellent finish was applied alone as well as in combination with soil release finish. It was seen that viscose fibre exhibited better wet strength after applying water repellent and soil release finishes on it. This improved property of viscose could replace the cotton fibre in certain applications like bed linen. / Program: Magisterutbildning i textilteknologi