Underwater static targets are objects under the water that can¡¦t move autonomously. Apparatus feasible for detecting underwater static targets includes: optics, acoustics and geophysical instruments. The purpose of this research is discussing the efficiency of applying side-scan sonar, magnetometer, sub-bottom profiler and echo sounder simultaneously to search, detect, identify and locate underwater static targets. Procedures of this research include: 1. Discussing the capabilities of instruments and identification principles on target. 2. Using a real case to groundtruth target identification principles. 3. Assessing the superiority of the methodology. According to the characteristics of these apparatus, the water depth, collected by echo sounder, is capable of expressing the relief of the seabed. Seabed sonographs, recorded by side-scan sonar, show that it is feasible to detect, identify and locate targets on the seabed. Sub-bottom profiler provides the sub-surface sedimentary information which can be used to detect buried targets. Magnetometer can detect environmental magnetic intensities, which can locate and determine the size of ferrous targets. Analysis of the data collected at Hai-Köu Wan, Ping-Dong County yields following conclusions: 1. The water depth data, recorded per 15 meters by the echo sounder, is capable of detecting large targets and concentrated artificial reefs only. 2. Sonographs obtained by side-scan sonar show target¡¦s characteristics and location on seabed. It can be utilized to identifying targets and mapping targets distributions. 3. Sub-bottom profile graphs show the composition and thickness of sub-surface sediments. 4. Magnetic anomalies show that there are evident variations around the battle-ship reef or concentrated electric-pole reefs on the research area. It represents that the magnetometer is capable in detecting underwater ferrous targets. 5. Targets detecting rate and identifying accuracy can be increased by the mutual comparison of various information. By applying the technique established in this research and the survey results at Hai-Köu Wan, targets at the survey site can be identified and located precisely. There are about 1100 units of 2-m concrete reefs, 670 units of electric-pole reefs and a battle-ship reef at Hai-Köu Wan. It can be concluded that, applying echo-sounder, side-scan sonar system, sub-bottom profiler and magnetometer simultaneously can search, detect, identify and locate underwater static targets more effective than applying a single instrument such as side-scan sonar system.

This thesis focuses on the structures of plated through holes in organic substrate, and discusses the high-frequency electrical characteristics of various plated through hole structures. This thesis consists of four parts. The first part introduces various kinds of vias in multilayer substrate. This content includes substrate drilling processes and capabilities, and discussions on plated through hole structures and their manufacture concerns. The second part focuses on actual measurement of plated through holes, and introduces high-frequency double-side probing technique. The difference from traditional high-frequency coplanar probing measurement is also discussed. The third part focuses on the high-frequency simulation by full-wave software ¡V Ansoft HFSS, and discusses the effects of various excited source and model structures on simulations. Part4 focuses on developing the broadband equivalent circuit model based on the physical structures, and discusses the electrical characterization of different plated through holes, and provides the related design concept.

The existing researches on interface properties between heterology materials mainly focus on semiconductor-metal and dielectric materials, but little on organic-inorganic ones. In recent years, the nanometer scale phenomena of interfaces between organic-inorganic is gaining a lot of attentions and becoming new frontier regions of nano-related research. Since gold exhibits excellent optical, electrical and mechanical properties, which can be applied to nano-optics, mechanics and electronics. Therefore this study aims to investigate the deformation behavior of nanaoindentation using molecular dynamics simulation and nanoindentation experiments. The nano-effect of mechanical properties between the interface of gold and heterologous Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) with different side groups; i.e., Isotactic-PMMA, Syndiotactic-PMMA and Atactic-PMMA, are explored, respectively. The molecular structures of those side groups of the different PMMAs are identified and characterized. Those PMMA isomer thin films are prepared using spin-coater to deposit the different side groups of PMMA upon Au thin film. Sputter technique is used to form gold thin film with different thickness. The morphology on the surface of samples is characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The indenter equipment is applied to realize the interface mechanical properties. The time-dependent properties of viscoelastic materials in nanoscale are measured using continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) nanoindentation technique. The effects of displacement rates on the hardness and modulus behavior of PMMA-based are investigated by nanoindentation. The mechanical properties are correlated with the side groups of the PMMA. The hardness of the PMMA-based increases with the raising displacement rate of the Berkovich tip. On the other hand, the modulus of the variation PMMA-based with the varied displacement rate of the Berkovich tip is not significant. The nanoindentation test shows different constituents in nanocomposite systems with a stronger material properties of the interface region than the matrix in each material.

The polyglutamate which grafts with flexible alkyl side-chain by ester exchange reaction is like rod-hairy molecule. The numbers of methylene group of side-chain and the graft-density affect the molecular packing of poly(gama-alkyl-L-glutamate)s. To be sure the correct chemical structure of poly(gama-alkyl-L-glutamate)s by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and find out the graft-density of each sample by proton nuclear resonance spectrometer (1H-NMR). Phase behavior of poly(gama-alkyl-L-glutamate)s were studied via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and variable temperature x-ray diffraction (XRD).We combine the results from C. C. Hsu(24). When the side-chain length is long enough (m>10), side-chains will crystallize into a 3D hexagonal lattice. The results of DSC and XRD analyses show that the side-chain crystalline phase will melt at Tm1, where as a liquid crystalline (LC) phase transition exists at Tm2. Poly(gama-alkyl-L-glutamate)s with shorter side-chain (m<8) tend to form 2D hexagonal LC structure. On the other hand, longer side-chains (m>10) tend to give lamellar structure. The critical number of methylene group of side-chain between hexagonal and lamellar structure is between 8 and 10.

Simpson Bay is a turbid, outwash fjord located in northeastern Prince William Sound, Alaska. A high ratio of watershead:basin surface area combined with high precipitation and an easily erodable catchment create high sediment inputs. Fresh water from heavy precipitation and meltwater from high alpine glaciers enter Simpson Bay through bay head rivers and small shoreline creeks that drain the catchment. Side scan sonar, seismic profiling, and high resolution bathymetry were used to investigate the record of modern sedimentary processes. Four bottom types and two seismic faces were described to delineate the distribution of sediment types and sedimentary processes in Simpson Bay. Sonar images showed areas of high backscatter (coarse grain sediment, bedrock outcrops and shorelines) in shallow areas and areas of low backscatter (estuarine mud) in deeper areas. Seismic profiles showed that high backscatter areas reflected emergent glacial surfaces while low backscatter areas indicated modern estuarine mud deposition. The data show terminal morainal bank systems and grounding line deposits at the mouth of the bay and rocky promontories, relict medial moraines, that extend as terrestrial features through the subtidal and into deeper waters. Tidal currents and mass wasting are the major influences on sediment distribution. Hydrographic data showed high spatial variability in surface and bottom currents throughout the bay. Bottom currents are tide dominated, and are generally weak (5-20 cm s-1) in the open water portions of the bay while faster currents are found associated with shorelines, outcrops, and restrictive sills. Tidal currents alone are not enough to cause the lack of estuarine mud deposition in shallow areas. Bathymetric data showed steep slopes throughout the bay suggesting sediment gravity flows. Central Alaska is a seismically active area, and earthquakes are most likely the triggering mechanism of the gravity flows.

Knowledge of surface sediment distribution in Galveston Bay is important because it allows us to better understand how the bay works and how human activities impact the bay and its ecosystems. In this project, six areas of bay bottom were surveyed using acoustic techniques to make maps of bay bottom types and to investigate the types and extent of anthropogenic impacts. A total of 31 km2 was surveyed in six areas, one in Bolivar Roads (6.1 km2), one near Redfish Bar (3.1 km2), two in East Bay (12 km2), one southeast of the Clear Lake entrance (5.3 km2), and one in Trinity Bay (4.3 km2). Sidescan sonars (100 kHz and 600 kHz) were used to image the bay bottom, and a chirp sonar (2-12 kHz) was used to image subsurface sediment layers and bottom topography. In the side-scan records, objects as small as a few meters in extent were visible, whereas the chirp sonar records show a vertical resolution of a few tens of centimeters. The sidescan images display strong backscatter in some areas due to coarse sediments in addition to weak backscatter in areas of fine sediment. The bay bottom was classified using three levels of sonar backscatter ranging from high to low. Areas of differing sonar backscatter intensity were sampled with cores and grab-samples. High backscatter corresponded to coarse shell debris and oyster reefs, medium backscatter corresponded to a sand-silt-shell mixture, and low backscatter corresponded to silty loam. Chirp sonar records were classified as one of nine different bottom reflection types based on changes in amplitude and stratigraphy. Parallel, layered sediments are seen filling the bay valley and resting atop a sharp contact at which the acoustic signal fades out. Along the flanks of the valley fill the acoustic response revealed an absent or weakly laminated stratigraphy, whereas areas of high oyster productivity produced mounds, strong surface returns, and strong, shallow subsurface reflectors surrounding current oyster reefs. Anthropogenic features imaged with the sonar included sediment disruptions, such as the ship channels, dredge holes, gouges, and trawl marks, as well as debris, such as submerged boats, pipes, and unidentified objects.

The advantages that a side-scan sonar can offer include large-scale survey areas and high-resolution imagery which can provide the detection and positioning of underwater targets effectively. The purpose of image analysis, classification and positioning in this research was presented by the development of an automated recognition and classification system based on sonographs collected off Kenting area. Major components of the system include gray level co-occurrence matrix method, Baysian classification and cluster analysis. The sonograph classified by the automated recognition and classification system was split into two stages. The first stage divided the seafloor into three categories: (1) Rocky seafloor. (2) Sandy seafloor. (3) Acoustic shadow seafloor. Based on the characteristics of the rocky seafloor, the rocky seafloor was subdivided into five types in the second stage: (1) Flank reef and small independent reef. (2) Smooth reef. (3) Small coral on reef. (4) Coral on independent reef. (5) Large coral on reef. Analysis and proof of the system was conducted by underwater photographs collected off Kenting area in August 4, to 6, 2004. The identification accuracy of the first stage can reach 93% in Shiniuzai area. The characteristic features selected in this research (i.e., entropy and homogeneity) for the classification of various coral reef seafloors was proved adequate and the results was described in map within a Geographic Information System in the second stage. The results of this research illustrated that the rocky area identified in Shiniuzai was 98,863 m2. Due to image resolution restrictions, only 62,199 m2 of the total rocky area could be defined and classified properly. Among them, the flank reef and small independent reef covered an area of 15,954 m2 (26.3%); the smooth reef covered 3,133 m2 (5.0%); the small coral on reef covered 8,021 m2 (12.8%); the coral on independent reef covered 25,504 m2 (40.7%) and the large coral on reef covered 9,587 m2 (15.3%). Key words:side scan sonar,coral reef,gray level co-occurrence matrix

P3DDT (3-dodecylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and PCBM( [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester) were fabricated to the active layer of Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells .We obtained the device efficiency was 0.64 % by evaporating solvent at room temperature. We measured Thermal decomposition Temperature (Td) of P3DDT was 487¢J. But operational temperature was over 90¢J, it could affect the roughness of thin film and make efficiency to be 4¡Ñ10-3(%). For results of experiments, we know that roughness changed by the crystallization of side chain and exciton dissociation modified by the morphology between P3DDT and PCBM. Thin film solar cell has a large effect on the formation of active layer, such as heat treatment, choices of solvents, composition ratio, and speed of spin coating. The efficiency of solar cell has been shown to be highly sensitive to the size, composition and crystallization of the formed domains. We studied two kinds of conjugated polythiophenes with the same main chain but different side chain. When the number of carbon atoms of alkyl side chains is more than 10, some orderly arrangements will occur for side chains between the layers. We tried to explain the crystallization caused by long alkyl side chains determined which intrinsic phenomena are the most evident for altering the PCE of solar cell. After recrystallization, the layered structures of P3DDT can be improved, but those orderly degrees of the arrangements with PCBM are further aggregated. The main point for low PEC and Jsc by heat treatment is the unfavorable and roughened morphology. Charge transfer only occurs at the boundary ,which is interfacial area between donor and acceptor materials, hence, the low Jsc could be caused by poor charge transfer between P3DDT and PCBM. The redistributed arrangement of P3DDT domains exclude PCBM from original space, and it makes PCBM to aggregate large particles, from nanophase to mesophase scales, which reduce mutual solubility to be the source of PCE and Jsc reduction.

Recognition of speech at the receiver end generally gets degraded in distant talking atmospheres of laptops, teleconfereing, video conferences and in hands free telephony, where the quality of speech gets contaminated and severely disturbed because of the additive noises. To make useful and effective, the exact speech signals has to be extracted from the noise signals and the user has to be given the clean speech. In such conditions the convenience of microphone array has been preferred as a means of civilizing the quality of arrested signals. A consequential growth in laptop technology and microphone array processing have made possible to improve intelligibility of speech while communication. So this contention target on reducing the additive noises from the original speech, beside design and use of different algorithms. In this thesis a multi-channel microphone array with its speech enhancement of signals to Wiener Beamformar and Generalized side lobe canceller (GSC) are used for Laptops in a noisy environment. Systems prescribed above were implemented, processed and evaluated on a computer using Mat lab considering SNR, SNRI as the main objective of quality measures. Systems were tested with two speech signals, among which one is Main speech signal and other is considered as Noise along with another random noise, sampling them at 16 KHz .Three Different source originations were taken into consideration with different input SNR’s of 0dB, 5dB, 10dB, 15dB, 20dB, 25dB. Simulation Results showed that Noise is been attenuated to a great extent. But Variations in SNR and SNRI has been observed, because of the different point origination of signals in the respective feilds.Variation in SNR and SNRI is been observed when the distance between the main speech originating point and microphone is too long compared to the noise signals. This states that origination of signals plays a huge role in maintaining the speech quality at the receiver end. / D.No 4-22, Gandla street, papanaidupeta-517526 chittoor district,Andhra pradesh India naveenkumarthupalli@gmail.com

This report presents a survey of the state-of-the-art methods for building recommendation systems. The report mainly concentrates on systems that use the available side information in addition to a fraction of known affinity values such as ratings. Such data is referred to as Dyadic Data with Covariates (DyadC). The sources of side information being considered includes user/item entity attributes, temporal information and social network attributes. Further, two new models for recommendation systems that make use of the available side information within the collaborative filtering (CF) framework, are proposed. Review Quality Aware Collaborative Filtering, uses external side information, especially review text to evaluate the quality of available ratings. These quality scores are then incorporated into probabilistic matrix factorization (PMF) to develop a weighted PMF model for recommendation. The second model, Mixed Membership Bayesian Affinity Estimation (MMBAE), is based on the paradigm of Simultaneous Decomposition and Prediction (SDaP). This model simultaneously learns mixed membership cluster assignments for users and items along with a predictive model for rating prediction within each co-cluster. Experimental evaluation on benchmark datasets are provided for these two models. / text