This study, which aims to portray the circumstances of Ottoman women&rsquo / s movement during the first years of Second Constitutional Era from the eyes of the writers of Kadinlar D&uuml / nyasi Periodical, makes an analysis of the meanings ascribed to the efforts for the restoration of women&rsquo / s position in social life and the roles claimed for women during Ottoman modernization period. This research intends to confirm the fact that the basis for the mentality of defenders voicing women&rsquo / s rights was the progressive outlook which chose the &ldquo / women question&rdquo / as the focus on the way of securing not only social progress but also social integration, solidarity, national consciousness and progressiveness. Thus, the ideas expressed in the articles all written by women writers of Kadinlar D&uuml / nyasi are evaluated with the question in mind that whether the boundaries of Ottoman women&rsquo / s movement and the social role granted for them in the modernization process were wholly determined by the women themselves or theorized predominantly by the policymakers of the state who were all men. Deducing from the self-evaluation of women in Kadinlar D&uuml / nyasi of 1913, this thesis consequently underlines the fact that the struggle for women rights, which were carried out on behalf of patriotic and nationalist claims in accordance with the socio-political conditions of the time, could not overcome their invariable position of being &ldquo / historical objects&rdquo / despite of the fact that women held a considerable progress in their status during the Second Constitutional Era which laid the parameters of the &ldquo / women question&rdquo / during the early Republican Era.

Controlling unsteady combustion induced gas flow fluctuations and the resultant motor vibrations is a very significant step in rocket motor design. It occurs when the unsteady heat release due to combustion happens to feed the acoustic oscillations of the closed duct forming a feed-back system. The resultant vibrations concerned may even lead to total failure of the rocket system unless analysed and tested thoroughly. This thesis aims developing a linear numerical analysis method for the growth rate of instabilities and possible mode shape of a liquid-propelled chamber geometry. In particular, A 3-D Helmholtz code, utilizing Culicks spatial averaging linear iterative method, is developed to find the form of deformed mode shapes iteratively to obtain possible effects of heat source and impedance boundary conditions. The natural mode shape phase is solved through finite volume discretization and the open-source eigenvalue extractor, ARPACK, and its parallel implementation PARPACK. The iterative method is particularly used for analyzing the geometries with complex shapes and essentially for disturbances of small magnitudes to natural mode shapes. The developed tools are tested via two simple cases, a duct with inactive flame and a Rijke tube, used as validation cases for the code particularly with only boundary contribution and heat contribution respectively. A sample 2-D and 3-D liquid-propelled combustion chamber is also analysed with heat sources. After comparing with the expected values, it is eventually proved that the method should be only used for determining the modes instability analysis, as to whether it keeps vibrating or decays. The methodology described can be used as a preliminary design tool for the design of liquid-propellant rocket engine combustors, rapidly revealing only the onset of instabilities.

The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in early childhood teachers&rsquo / views about and practices of integration of visual art into science activities that occured after they attended the workshop. In order to explore the changes in five early childhood teachers&rsquo / views about science teaching, semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and activity plans were used in this study. The study was conducted in a private preschool located in the &Ccedil / ayyolu district of Ankara. The first phase of the analysis consisted of portraying all the data related to participant teachers&rsquo / views about science teaching and the integration of science and visual art on the basis of pre-interviews, observation, and post-interviews. The second phase of the analysis involved finding out whether there was any difference between pre- and post-interviews of participant teachers in terms of their views about science teaching and the integration of early childhood science and art. Meanwhile, observational fieldnotes and teachers&rsquo / activity plans were examined based on the themes emerged from the pre- and post-interviews. The findings of this study indicated that early childhood teachers believed in the importance of science activities in their practices. They provided child-centered activities for children to improve their science experiences. In addition, they used different learning experiences that were naturalistic, informal, and structured in early childhood classrooms. In terms of the place of visual art in early childhood curriculum, all participant teachers stated the importance of visual art in early childhood settings. They also mentioned that visual art could be considered as an effective tool for teaching science because children like attending art activities. They preferred to use art activities after they implemented their science activities. Teachers also mentioned that children could easily express themselves with the help of art activities so they stated that they generally used art activities in their classroom practices.

This dissertation aims to uncover the main parameters, the decisive dynamics within Kyrgyz politics not only through an examination of the socio-political context of post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan, but also through an analysis of the events that came to be known as the &lsquo / Tulip Revolution&rsquo / . It examines the general and immediate contexts, course of events, dynamics and implications of the &lsquo / Tulip Revolution&rsquo / in order to understand what kind of dynamics account for the continuing instability in Kyrgyzstan in its aftermath. Despite a variety of factors can be considered as relevant, this study argues that the continuity in the decisive role of informal dynamics in shaping Kyrgyz politics accounts for the continuing instability in Kyrgyz politics. Bases of the informal dynamics are embedded in Kyrgyzstan&rsquo / s historical context and they are strengthened by its transitional context / they played decisive roles in shaping the course of events during the &lsquo / Tulip Revolution&rsquo / and their decisive role remained as such in its aftermath. Not only various developments in Bakiev era, but also the events that led to the end of it provide reinforcing evidence for such continuity. Hence, the &lsquo / Tulip Revolution&rsquo / did not bring about an &lsquo / impetus for democratization&rsquo / , but indicated to an &lsquo / impetus for the decisive role of informal dynamics&rsquo / in shaping Kyrgyz politics, which paves the way for the persistent instability in the country.

This study aimed to investigate the antecedents and consequences ofachievement goals. While self efficacy, task value, fear of failure, perceived parents&rsquo / and teachers&rsquo / achievement goals were investigated as antecedents of achievement goals in science, students&rsquo / metacognition and coping strategies were examined as consequences of achievement goals in science. In this investigation, a model of the potential associations among these variables was proposed and tested by using path analysis. 977, 7th grade, elementary students participated in the study. According to the results, students&rsquo / higher levels of task value, perceived parents&rsquo / mastery goals, and perceived teachers&rsquo / mastery goals were positively related to mastery approach goals. Additionally, students&rsquo / higher levels of perceived parents&rsquo / mastery goals, fear of shame and embarrassment, fear of devaluing one&rsquo / s self-estimate were positively related to mastery avoidance goals. Concerning to performance goals, the model suggest that higher levels of self efficacy and perceived parents&rsquo / performance goals were positively related to performance approach goals. Furthermore, students&rsquo / higher level of task value, perceived parents&rsquo / performance goals and fear of upsetting important others were positively related to performance avoidance goals. The path model also suggest that students who adopt mastery approach goals tend to use more adaptive coping strategies, and less maladaptive coping strategies than others. Besides, students who adopt mastery avoidance goals tend to use maladaptive coping strategies when they face an academic failure in science. Moreover, students&rsquo / performance approach goals are related to both adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies. Lastiy students&rsquo / performance avoidance goals positively associated to metacognition.

The significance of Yesemek Stone Quarry and Sculptural Workshop in Gaziantep Islahiye province is rooted in its basalt quarry and stone sculptures found at the site. Yesemek was first discovered by Felix Von Luschan in 1890 while he was excavating Zincirli (Sam&rsquo / al). Between 1958 and 1961, the site was excavated by a team under the leadership of Prof. Dr. Bahadir Alkim. The excavations at the site yielded approximately three hundred finished or unfinished lion, sphinx and mountain god sculptures. While the exact function of these sculptures are still not known, the thesis will explore the function of these sculptures by examining the architectural structures where the sculptures could have been used as architectural decoration. Another issue that will be discussed in the thesis is the date of Yesemek workshop and sculptures. To that end, Yesemek sculptures will be stylistically compared to Late Bronze and Iron Age sculptures.

Evolutionary relationships within and among three Astragalus sections (Incani DC., Hypoglottidei DC., and Dissitiflori DC.) that were native to Turkey were inferred from variations of nucleotide sequences of both chloroplast and nuclear genome regions. In the current study, Fifty-six species included in the three Astragalus sections were utilized to figure out phylogenetic relationships and estimate evolutionary divergence time based on DNA sequence of trnL intron (trnL5&rsquo / -L3&rsquo / ) , trnL3&rsquo / -F(GAA) (trnL-F intergenic spacer), trnV intron, matK (maturase kinase) cpDNA (chloroplast) and ITS (internal transcribed spacer) nDNA (nuclear) regions. Fifty-six Astragalus species with their replicas and one Cicer species as outgroup were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and DNA sequencing methods. Eleven unknown samples were also used in the current study to understand their section and species name. The results of the study indicated that unknown A35 and A52 samples could be named as A. dasycarpus, while unknown A65 and A66 samples as A. ovatus and lastly unknown A2 sample as A. nitens or A. aucheri. Section of unknown A3, A16, A20, A108, A109 and A110 samples were determined as Incani, but the exact species identification of these samples were not possible because of their close phylogenetic associations with more than one species. Highest genetic diversity was observed when the DNA sequences of ITS nrDNA (nuclear ribosomal) region comprising three subregions as ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 was used, while the lowest one was calculated when DNA sequence of trnL-F cpDNA region was analyzed. The genetic divergence between Incani and Dissitiflori sections was highest whereas between Hypoglottidei and Dissitiflori was lowest based on all used regions. To figure out phylogenetic relationships among Astragalus species distributed in Turkey and in other regions of the World, DNA sequences of studied regions of foreign samples were collected from the NCBI database and were evaluated with DNA sequence of Turkish species used in the curent study. The Iranian samples either scattered in the phylogenetic tree or attached to our samples externally. South and North American samples (New World Astragalus or Neo Astragalus group) were nested within a different subcluster, which was located in the main cluster produced by samples of Old World Astragalus group (Turkish samples). With these results, we can say that New World Astragalus group is monophyletic and diverged from Old World Astragalus group. Evolutionary divergence time for Astragalus genus was estimated as about 12.5 - 14.5 million years (Ma), and that of New World Astragalus group as 5.0 - 4.0 Ma when rates of nucleotide substitutions of trnL intron and matK cpDNA regions were analyzed. In addition to evolutionary divergence time estimation for Astragalus and New World Astragalus group, divergence times among used three sections of the genus were also calculated by using DNA sequences of trnL, trnV intron and matK cpDNA regions and results indicated that Hypoglottidei and Dissitiflori sections diverged about 5.0-7.0 million years later than Incani section.

This study investigated the effects of journal writing with or without giving feedback and grade, compared to the traditional teaching on integral achievement of students with different learning styles. In addition, students&rsquo / ideas about the journal writing activities in the mathematics classes were investigated. The study was carried out with 87 first year engineering students at Atilim University from three classes. Two groups were assigned as experimental groups (EG1 and EG2) and one group was assigned as the control group (CG). Students in all groups received the same instruction on integral. Experimental groups (EG1 and EG2) also engaged in journal writing activities besides lectures. Journal writings of the EG1 students were graded and feedback was given. Journal writings of the EG2 students, however, were not graded and feedback was not given. Two open-ended achievement tests on integral were developed. One of them was used as pre-test / the other was used as post-test. In addition, Kolb&rsquo / s Learning Style Inventory was administered as pre-test to determine the learning styles of the students. Follow-up interviews were conducted with ten students from EG1 and EG2. Additionally, v classrooms were observed during the treatment. The results of the ANCOVA suggest that neither the groups&rsquo / achievement nor the achievement of the students having different learning styles in each group differ significantly on integral. The results of the interviews, however, showed that students found journal writing activities as an effective teaching method and wanted to be engaged in the activity for the future.

This thesis aims to find out the job satisfaction level in large and small enterprises by founding on Locke&rsquo / s model and to compare job satisfaction levels. Although, Locke&rsquo / s job satisfaction model includes many dimensions, it is lack of some variables, which are very important for sociology. In order to fill this gap, demographical information and status in the work place have ben added within variables. Consequently, job satisfaction levels of workers who work in large and small size enterprises in different status (white collar, blue collar) and who comes from different demographical structures have been determined / additionally, their expectations from work and their point of views about the work have been tried to understand. In order to reach these findings, a field research, which took approximately 10 months, has been conducted in a large and a small enterprise. Field research has been conducted by applying questionnaire for 64 questions to 85 people. However, some of important information about the work place has been found as consequence of depth interviews done with respondents. While social rights in large enterprises and image of the enterprise effect the job satisfaction positively, in small enterprises social environment and behavior to the workers are important. To get homogeneous answers are easy in large enterprises / because, changes like promotion, increase of salaries are done within a system and formal / which is permanent is not people but the works. However, answers and results are heterogeneous in small enterprises because works are done within informal relations by attaching to people. Whatever the size of the enterprise, as qualifications of the work and educational level increase, as expectations increase and to get satisfaction from the work becomes difficult. On the other hand, most difficult part of conducting this research in Turkey is that workers pay attention to the workplaces where they can get their total salary at right time and where they feel secure, instead of job satisfaction and most of time they think that get satisfaction from work is luxury. Field research was not only of help to this research, but also provide workers who participated to the research to think about their job satisfactions.

In this research, STANAG 4285 HF modem software is implemented on TMS320C54x fixed point digital signal processor. The software is optimized in order to meet real-time operation requirements. A fractionally spaced least mean square (LMS) decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is employed for the receiver. In order to improve the convergence of the LMS algorithm a multipass technique is utilized. Based on Watterson&rsquo / s model, an HF channel simulator is employed for evaluating the performance of the modem. The simulation results show that the convergence of the LMS algorithm is improved by using multipass technique. It is also shown that the software meets the real-time operation requirements.