The US-Israel relations were based on the US political and strategic interests in the Middle East. The beginning of relations resulted from the Israel&rsquo / s strategic importance for United States to contain the Soviet sponsored-communism and its location to easy access oil reserves. The bilateral relation, especially after the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, was transformed into a special relation. However, following the election of George Bush as President of the US, the US-Israeli relations rose and reached its peak in the 8-year period of his Administration. For that reason, this thesis aims at analyzing the role of the Jewish lobbies, in the context of the US-Israeli relations from 1948 to 2008, particular focusing on the Bush Administration period. This study tries to answer the question of to what extent does the Jewish lobby influence foreign policy or to what extent does the Jewish lobby has the relative strength of influence than other ethnic groups or lobbies in the US foreign policy-making process is another aim of this study. This thesis argues that the Jewish lobby has been highly affectively to influence the US foreign policy-making process. In addition, it also argues that the US foreign policy is based on importance of presidency and therefore it is impossible to explain American foreign policy without highlighting the personality and belief system of Presidents.

&lsquo / Bag&rsquo / settlements have been a part of dynamic spatial systems, which seasonally depend on and reciprocally interact with Anatolian towns throughout centuries. This thesis presents the transforming setting of &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements related to changing values and meanings through an ontological assessment. Therefore, the thesis assumes that the main values of spatial organization, farmland pattern, ecological formation, settlement character, socio-cultural structure and lifestyle of the inhabitants constitute the unique entity of &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements. In time, the pressures of changing socio-economic conditions have destroyed the interaction between Anatolian towns and &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements. The thesis explains the changing role of &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements, changing and conflicting land uses and the loss of unique &lsquo / bag&rsquo / character in the case of Mugla-Karabaglar. Karabaglar is a &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlement in the southwestern Turkey, where Mugla town residents live seasonally. It is a third grade natural site, the unique character, the natural and cultural assets and the lifestyle of which must be preserved. However, with transformation of the main values, meanings and practices, Karabaglar could no longer perpetuated its initial existence of being. Karabaglar is significant for two reasons: it has natural and cultural beings that need to be conserved, and as it still goes through a transformation process. The master&rsquo / s thesis of the author evaluated conservation plan of Karabaglar. Differently, this doctoral thesis evaluates the dynamics of the spatio-temporal transformation process in Karabaglar. It presents the changing role and significance of Karabaglar within the town-country continuum. This situation brings forward the conservation problematic of the character, landscape and uniqueness of Karabaglar. Within this respect, the thesis contributes to the literature of &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements in terms of defining their being and changing role throughout the history.

This study is focusing on the conflict-induced internally displaced Kurdish women&rsquo / s experiences. There has been an ongoing internal armed conflict in Turkey since 1984 and one of the consequences of this conflict is the internal displacement that occured in 1990s. In the displacement process, women and other family members were victimized. They did not only loose their homelands, but they also had to struggle in the city centers with poverty and discrimination. After they started to live in the city centers, women may become both marginalized and empowered. The aim of the study is to understand the situations that lead Kurdish women to be marginalized and/or empowered in the cities to which they have been forced to migrate. After the displacement process, which is one of the major victimization processes for these women, some of them may be trapped in ethnic and gender-based discrimination and may become more marginalized in the city centers. But marginalization and empowerment are not fixed categories and there is always a possibility for these women to transform their marginalized position into empowerment. By political engagement, working outside house and/or being head of the househod these women may break the cycle of their marginalization and becomes empowered in the city centers.

The main purpose of this study is to compare the effects of the Multiple Intelligences based instruction versus traditional instruction on ninth grade students&#039 / physics achievement. MI inventory, Attitude Scale Toward the Content &ldquo / Coulomb&rsquo / s Law&rdquo / , Multiple Choice Physics Achievement test on the content &ldquo / Coulomb&rsquo / s Law&rdquo / , and MI based Physics Achievement rubric were used as measuring tools. The study was conducted with 268 ninth grade public high school students in Sincan district in the spring semester 2002-2003. There were two teachers and their eight classes in this study. MI inventory, Attitude Toward the Content &ldquo / Coulomb&rsquo / s Law&rdquo / , and Multiple Choice Physics Achievement test were administered as pretest to both experimental and control groups. Then, students in experimental groups were iv exposed to the MI based lessons. Students in experimental classes were grouped with respect to the students&rsquo / strongest intelligences in Verbal/Linguistic, Logical/Mathematical, Visual/Spatial, Interpersonal intelligence dimensions. In control groups, traditional teaching method was used. After three weeks treatment, all the students were posttested with the same tests. In experimental groups, students&rsquo / MI based physics achievement was measured on the last treatment week. The data were analyzed using SPSS by multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA). According to the results of this study, multiple intelligences based instruction made significant effect on students&rsquo / physics achievement on the content &ldquo / Coulomb&rsquo / s Law&rdquo / with respect to the traditional method. However, multiple intelligences based instruction showed no significant effect on students&rsquo / physics attitude toward the content &ldquo / Coulomb&rsquo / s Law&rdquo / with respect to the traditional method.

This study explores the in-service teachers` expectations from an educational portal which is being developed by the Ministry of National Education. This is a descriptive survey study that examined the factors which contribute to teachers` expectations from an educational portal. Data were obtained 130 teachers (37 primary and 90 secondary school teachers) in Eskisehir province. Sampling was convenience thus the findings of this study could only be generalized to teachers who work at the central province of Eskisehir. According to the results of data analysis portal expectations of teachers were so high, attitudes towards computers were positive. However, teachers Internet literacy levels were low. There was a positive relation between teachers` attitudes towards computers portal expectations.

The purpose of this study was to determine the fourteen pre-service mathematics teachers&rsquo / beliefs about mathematics and teaching and learning of mathematics, and their expectations and acquisitions of the Five Year Integrated Program in the Department of Secondary Science and Mathematics Education at Gazi University, Turkey, and the development in their beliefs during the last three semesters of the program. The data were collected through four longitudinal interviews from each participant. Data collection process began at the beginning of the spring semester of the 2002&ndash / 2003 academic year and ended at the end of spring semester of the 2003&ndash / 2004 academic year. The interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim to produce a complete record of the interviewees&rsquo / conversation. The findings that were gathered from analyses of individual interviews show that pre-service teachers came to teacher education programs with some beliefs about mathematics, and teaching and learning of it. The interviews have provided evidence that pre-service teachers seemed to develop some new beliefs about mathematics during the first 3.5 years of program, and that the courses of the last 1.5 years of the program improved and consolidated pre-service teachers&rsquo / attitudes towards and beliefs about mathematics, and beliefs about the teaching and learning of mathematics. The research findings lead to the conclusion that OFD406, OFD408, OFD509 and OFD501 courses were perceived as the most effective courses and OFD402, OFD410 and OFD507 courses were considered as the least effective courses of the program.

Since the 1990&rsquo / s, interest in the European Union (EU) gender equality policies has increased among feminist scholars and activists. In this context, studies focusing on equal pay for work of equal value, equal treatment in education, and access to employment, among others have been undertaken and different dimensions of the EU gender equality policies have been a subject of much debate. This thesis is an effort to critically review the potential of these policies vis-&agrave / -vis their capacity to bring about gender equality in the EU Member States and examine their implications for Turkey as a candidate country. The fundamental argument that underlines this thesis is that the EU gender equality regime, which is mainly concerned with equality in the work place, falls short of effectively responding to the complexities of gender inequality within diverse women&rsquo / s experiences and socioeconomic settings. In Turkey, women&rsquo / s organizations have used the EU accession process to demand major legislative reforms. As a result, it can be said that &lsquo / equality before law&rsquo / is now more or less achieved in Turkey. However, in practice, gender inequality is a pervasive problem in all spheres of life. In the area of employment serious gender v pay gaps exist and unemployment rate of Turkish women is on the rise. Women also face discrimination in other areas of concern such as in access to education and political participation and they encounter multiple forms of violence in both public and private spheres of life. In view of the diversities of women&rsquo / s experiences both in member as well as candidate countries of the EU, the thesis concludes that if the EU is to be a viable project in truly bringing about gender equality it needs to move beyond economics to include social goals within its core policies as well.

In this study, Turkey&rsquo / s Internet visibility will be analyzed based on data to be collected from multiple different resources (such as / Google, Yahoo, Altavista, Bing and AOL). Analysis work will involve inspection of DNS queries, Web crawling and some other similar techniques. Our goal is to investigate global Internet and find webs that has common pattern of representing Internet visibility of Turkey and compare their characteristics with other webs&#039 / on the world and discover their similarities and differences.

A presente tese compõe-se de três capítulos. Capitulo I. Uma revisão geral é apresentada sobre os padrões de consumo de alimentos e a problemática da segurança alimentar diante do acelerado crescimento populacional, além dos desafios impostos pelas mudanças climáticas previstas para o futuro próximo. Busca-se neste capítulo uma compreensão abrangente sobre possíveis alterações na qualidade nutricional da planta oriunda de alterações climáticas que se esperam até o final do século em curso. Capitulo II. O capítulo refere-se à caracterização e determinação dos teores de substâncias fenólicas solúveis de órgãos de plantas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) var. \'BRS 330\', cultivadas sob déficit hídrico e distintas concentrações atmosféricas de CO2. As plantas foram cultivadas em Câmaras de Topo Aberto (OTC) por 120 dias após o plantio (DAP), sob condições de CO2 ambiente (400 ppm) e elevado (800 ppm) (tratamentos A e E, respectivamente). Após 60 dias, a irrigação foi reduzida a 23% em relação às plantas controle. As coletas foram estabelecidas em duas fases de desenvolvimento do grão: estádio imaturo (90 DAP) e maduro (120 DAP). Foram feitas determinações de flavonoides e fenilpropanoides de folhas, pedúnculo, colmo, raízes escoras, raízes e grãos por CLAE, utilizando orientina, vitexina, pinocembrina e ácido clorogênico como padrões externos para dosagem de flavonoides e fenilpropanoides, respectivamente. O teor de taninos totais dos mencionados órgãos foi determinado por precipitação com albumina de soro bovino e espectrofotometria. Técnicas de CLAE-DAD-MS-MS foram utilizadas para a caracterização das substâncias fenólicas de todos os órgãos da planta. Análises Multivariadas de Agrupamento e Componentes Principais (PCA) foram utilizadas para avaliar afinidades entre 132 substâncias detectadas e 72 substâncias caracterizadas, respectivamente. As variações de abundância relativa de fenilpropanoides (24 substâncias) e flavonoides (48 substâncias), devidas aos distintos estádios de maturação e formas de tratamento, são apresentadas por meio de heat maps para cada órgão. A maior diversidade de substâncias fenólicas foi observada em folhas, e a menor, nos grãos. Derivados de ácido ferúlico, ácidos clorogênicos, flavonas e flavanonas foram caracterizados na planta toda. Flavanonas foram detectadas apenas em raízes escoras, raízes e grãos. As O-glicoflavonas foram detectadas com frequência muito maior do que C-glicosídeos. Aos 90 DAP, alterações significativas devidas a E foram observadas no conteúdo de fenilpropanoides das folhas e raízes escoras e no conteúdo dos flavonoides das folhas e grãos. Aos 120 DAP, foi detectado incrementos no conteúdo de flavonoides das raízes escoras. O teor de taninos nos grãos da var. \'BRS 330\' é relativamente elevado, e foi reduzido significativamente com o tratamento E aos 120 DAP. Capitulo III. Esse capítulo tem por objetivo a comparação da composição de substâncias fenólicas da parede celular e ligninas das mesmas plantas e órgãos enfocados no Capítulo II. Material de folhas, pedúnculo, colmo, raízes escoras, raízes e grãos nos estádios imaturo (90 DAP) e maduro (120 DAP) foram submetidos à hidrólise alcalina para remoção dos ácidos p-cumárico e ferúlico, principais ácidos fenólicos ligados à parede celular de gramíneas. O teor de ligninas e a distribuição de seus monômeros constituintes p-hidroxifenila (H), guaiacila (G) e siringila (S) foram determinados por meio de tratamento da parede celular total dos órgãos com brometo de acetila e nitrobenzeno, respectivamente. A análise dos monômeros de lignina foi por CLAE-DAD. Aos 90 DAP, alterações significativas induzidas por E foram observadas relativamente ao teor de ácido p-cumárico de folhas, pedúnculo e grãos. Paralelamente, o teor de ácido ferúlico foi alterado nas folhas e raízes escoras. Aos 120 DAP, reduções significativas nos teores de ácidos p-cumárico e ferúlico foram observadas nas folhas. O conteúdo de lignina foi alto nas raízes escoras em ambos os estádios de maturação e reduzido significativamente por E nos grãos. O conteúdo dos monômeros H, G e S do colmo foi também reduzido significativamente por E / The present Dissertation comprises three chapters. Chapter I. Taking into account the fast population growth, a broad revision is made in this chapter about patterns of food consumption and problems related to food safety. In addition, comments are made about challenges imposed by climate changes expected to occur in the near future. It is aimed to reach a broad understanding about possible changes on food quality due to the world changes foreseen to happen by the end of the current century. Chapter II. This chapter refers to the characterization and measurement of the contents of phenolic substances of organs of sorghum plants (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) var. \'BRS 330\', cultivated under the influence of hydric deficit and distinct atmospheric CO2 concentration. The plants were cultivated inside Open Top Chambers (OTC) over 120 days after planting (DAP) under the effects of environmental (400 ppm) and elevated CO2 (800 ppm) (treatments A and E, respectively). After 60 days, irrigation was dropped to 23% relative the control. Material collection was scheduled to occur on two developmental phases: immature stage (90 DAP) and mature stage (120 DAP). Measurements were made of the contents of flavonoids and phenylpropanoids from leaves, peduncle, culm, prop roots, roots and grains by HPLC, using orientin, vitexin, pinocembrin and chlorogenic acid, respectively, as calibration external standards. The contents of tannins of the mentioned sorghum organs were determined by precipitation with bovine serum albumin and spectrophotometry. Techniques of CLAE-DAD-MS-MS were used for characterization of phenolic substances of all plant organs. Multivariate Cluster and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were used to evaluate affinities among 132 detected and 72 characterized substances, respectively. Variations of relative abundance of phenylpropanoids (24 substances) and flavonoids (48 substances), due to distinct maturation stage and CO2 concentration, are presented by means of heat maps for each organ. The highest diversity of phenolic substances was observed in leaves and the lowest in grains. Derivatives of ferulic acid, chlorogenic acids, flavones and flavanones were characterized in extracts of all organs. Flavanones were detected only in prop roots, roots and grains. O-Glycoflavones largely predominated over C-glycosides. At 90 DAP a significant increase of phenylpropanoids due to E was observed in leaves and prop roots and of flavonoids in leaves and grains. At 120 DAP an increase was observed in the flavonoid content of prop roots. The content of tannins in grains of var. \'BRS 330\' is relatively high and was significantly reduced by treatment E at 120 DAP. Chapter III. This chapter aimed to compare the composition of phenolic substances of the cell wall and lignins of the same plants and organs dealt with in Chapter II. Material of leaves, peduncle, culm, prop roots, roots and grains at the immature (90 DAP) and mature (120 DAP) stages were treated by alkaline hydrolysis for removal of p-coumaric and ferulic acids, the main phenolic acids attached to grasses cell walls. The contents and lignins and the distribution of their monomer constituents p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G) and siringyl (S) were determined by treatment of whole cell walls of all organs with acetyl bromide and nitrobenzene, respectively. The analysis of lignin monomers was by CLAE-DAD. At 90 DAP, significant changes induced by E were detected in connection with the content of p-coumaric acid of leaves, peduncle and grains. At the same time, the content of ferulic acid was changed in leaves and prop roots. At 120 DAP, significant decreases of the contents of p-coumaric and ferulic acids were detected in leaves. The content of lignin was high in prop roots at both maturation stages and was significantly lowered by E in grains. The contents of the monomers H, G and S of the culm was also significantly lowered by E

The main objective of this thesis is to examine both external and internal dynamics in terms of their preparation for the ways to democratization in Turkey between 1945 and 1950. It was asserted in many academic and nonacademic works that the main influences for democratization of Turkey in this period came from outside as external dynamics. But in this study, it will be argued that while the external dynamics may stimulate different actors for democratization, survival and consolidation of this democratization process requires internal dynamics more than the external ones. In order to check the validity of this argument, the thesis focuses on Turkish democratization period between 1945 and 1950. This historical interval is important / because, although there were some efforts for transition to democratic regime by that time, all those efforts failed due to the unpreparedness of the Turkish rulers, the Turkish people, and also insufficient social, economic and political conditions in the country. Within the five year period between 1945 and 1950, both the internal and the external dynamics which would contribute democratization in Turkey had changed. The new conditions emerging from the WW II and the post war period transformed economic, political, and social structures of the society that changed expectations in the country. All these dynamics playing important roles in the democratization of Turkey will be mentioned in the thesis. The period in the thesis will start with the termination of the WW II and it will end with the general elections held on May 14, 1950.