Polymeric materials are widely used in diverse applications. However, a major weakness in the majority of the thermoplastic polymers is their lack of ability to resist fire. Most of the chemicals and additives currently used to improve fire retardancy have deleterious effects on the environment. This research focuses on developing an environmentally safe and effective fire-retardant system for high density polyethylene (HDPE), using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and zinc oxide (ZnO). The effect of CNCs coated with nano ZnO has been investigated for improving the fire resistance properties of the HDPE. Improved dispersion of CNCs into HDPE matrix was achieved by employing maleic anhydride as a coupling agent. It was found that addition of CNCs-ZnO can introduce a reasonable level of flame retardancy in HDPE matrix in addition to improving the maximum tensile strength and elongation at break.

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The influence of silane treated amorphous fumed silica fillers on properties of the cured epoxy was examined in the first part of the study. Silica particles were treated with 3- aminopropyldiethoxymethylsilane (APDS) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) coupling agents. The filler and coupling agents decreased the mobility of the polymer chains in the vicinity of the filler leading to an increase in the activation energy for the glass transition and an increase in cooperativity. Fumed silica did not significantly affect moisture diffusion properties. Next, a linear dilatometer was used to investigate the effects of cure conditions, mold types, and the presence of filler in the model epoxy. These studies revealed that there was substantial shrinkage in the cured epoxy on heating it through its glass transition region. The shrinkage was determined to be the result of stress in the epoxy generated during cure and could be minimized by curing at lower temperatures, followed by a postcuring heat treatment. Additional free volume in the sample increased the magnitude of the shrinkage by allowing increased stress release through increased network mobility. Decreasing the polymer mobility by adding fillers decreased the observed shrinkage. The influence of the model epoxy crosslink density was examined by varying the content of 1,4-butanediol in the model system. Addition of 1,4-butanediol led to a decrease in the modulus and glass transition temperature, which resulted in a reduction in residual stress and subsequent shrinkage. Moisture uptake increased with the addition of 1,4-butanediol due to an increase in the free volume of the epoxy. However, even with greater moisture uptake, the addition of 1,4-butanediol to the epoxy increased its adhesion to quartz by promoting lower residual stress and increased energy dissipation. These results indicate that bulk diffusion of water is not the controlling factor in adhesive degradation in this system. / Ph. D.

A necessidade de desenvolver novos materiais que atendam aos aspectos econômicos e ambientais leva à busca de se fazer uso dos recursos naturais para várias aplicações tecnológicas. Assim, o desenvolvimento de materiais compósitos poliméricos utilizando fibras naturais como reforço é crescente, e vem ocupando novos segmentos de mercado, devido ao baixo custo das fibras, biodegradabilidade, menor densidade e boas propriedades mecânicas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a separação dos principais componentes da palha e do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar para a obtenção de insumos químicos com maior valor econômico, sendo proposta a obtenção e caracterização da celulose, que será utilizada como reforço, e da lignina que atuará como agente compatibilizante em compósitos poliméricos. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos no projeto, foi realizado o pré-tratamento por ácido diluído da palha e do bagaço de cana-deaçúcar, seguido de uma etapa de deslignificação com NaOH. As polpas de bagaço e de palha foram submetidas a um pré-branqueamento com xilanase e a um branqueamento composto de extração alcalina, quelação com EDTA e tratamento com peróxido de hidrogênio. O licor negro foi acidificado para que as ligninas precipitassem. Após lavagem, secagem e maceração, as ligninas obtidas foram submetidas ou não à oxidação química em meio ácido com peróxido de hidrogênio. Além da caracterização química das frações a cada etapa do processamento, foram determinados o número Kappa, viscosidade, e também foram feitas medidas de DRX e MEV. A confirmação e extensão da reação de oxidação das ligninas foi avaliada por RMN, FTIR, MEV e TGA/DSC. Os compósitos foram obtidos por mistura em homogeneizador termocinético de alta intensidade e, depois de injetados, caracterizados por ensaios mecânicos, análises térmicas, microscopia, FTIR, medidas de ângulo de contato e energias de superfície, absorção de água e sorção dinâmica de vapor. Os resultados obtidos por meio da caracterização química, número Kappa e viscosidade indicaram expressiva remoção de hemiceluloses e de lignina durante todas as etapas de obtenção da celulose branqueada, tanto de bagaço quanto de palha, mas também houve significativa perda de celulose. Os resultados de DRX mostraram significativa diminuição da cristalinidade da celulose, para as duas biomassas estudadas. Os resultados de FTIR e RMN confirmaram a mudança na estrutura das ligninas após a oxidação. O tempo de mistura dos compósitos variou com a composição e/ou presença ou não de lignina/lignina oxidada. Nas análises de TGA observou-se que os compósitos PP/celulose sem a adição de lignina/lignina oxidada apresentaram temperatura inicial de decomposição menor do que os compósitos nos quais utilizou-se a lignina como aditivo. As curvas de DSC dos compósitos apresenta perfil e picos de temperatura e entalpias de fusão semelhantes ao PP puro. A lignina não tem notável efeito sobre as propriedades mecânicas dos compósitos, sendo que a melhora nestas propriedades é principalmente devido à incorporação das fibras de celulose. As imagens de MEV para as ligninas mostraram o grande efeito da oxidação sobre a superfície deste material. A análise do ângulo de contato estático para ligninas mostrou que a oxidação produziu um material mais hidrofóbico. As energias de superfície mostraram que os compósitos têm uma superfície mais hidrofóbica do que o PP puro. As curvas de FTIR dos materiais mostraram-se bastante similares, porém as maiores diferenças foram na intensidade das bandas correspondentes aos grupos hidroxila presentes nas fibras e, aos anéis aromáticos da estrutura da lignina. Os resultados DVS mostraram que a absorção de umidade dos compósitos é muito baixa, e corrobora os resultados de absorção de água. / The need of developing new materials that attend economic and environmental aspects leads to the search of using natural resources for various technological applications. Thus, the development of polymeric composite materials using natural fibers as reinforcement is growing, and occupying new market segments, due to the low cost of fibers, biodegradability, low density and good mechanical properties. This work aimed to separate the main components of sugarcane straw and bagasse for obtaining chemical products with higher economic value, it proposes the obtaining and characterization of cellulose, which will be used as a reinforcement, and of the lignin that will act as coupling agent in polymeric composites. To achieve these objectives, it was carried out a dilute acid pretreatment of straw and bagasse of sugar cane, followed by a step of delignification with NaOH. The pulps of bagasse and straw were submitted to a pre-bleaching with xylanase and a bleaching step, composed by an alkaline extraction, EDTA chelation and a treatment with hydrogen peroxide. The black liquor was acidified for the precipitation of the lignins. After washing, drying and milling, the lignins obtained were subjected or not to an oxidation reaction in acid medium with hydrogen peroxide. In addition to the chemical characterization of the fractions at each stage of processing, the Kappa number and viscosity were determined, and it was also made measures of DRX and MEV for bagasse and straw. The confirmation of the oxidation reaction of the lignins was analysed by NMR, FTIR, MEV and TGA/DSC. The composites were obtained by mixing in thermokinetic mixer and once injected, they were characterized by mechanical tests, thermal analysis, microscopy, FTIR, contact angle and surface energies, water absorption and dynamic vapor sorption. The results obtained by the chemical characterization, Kappa number and viscosity indicated a great solubilization of hemicelluloses and lignin during all stages of production of bleached cellulose, both from bagasse and straw, but it was also observed an expressive cellulose loss. The results of DRX showed a great decrease of cellulose crystallinity, for both biomasses, demonstrating that the removal of hemicellulose and lignin affected the structure of cellulose. The FTIR and NMR results confirmed the change in structure of the lignins after oxidation. The mixing time of composites varied with the composition and the presence or absence of lignin/oxidized lignin. From TGA analyses it was observed that the composites PP/cellulose without the addition of oxidized lignin/lignin showed an initial degradation temperature lower than the composites in which lignin was used as an additive. The DSC curves of composites presents profile and temperature peaks and enthalpies of fusion similar to pure PP. Lignin has no remarkable effect on the mechanical properties of the composites, and the improvement in these properties is mainly due to the incorporation of the cellulosic fibers. MEV pictures of lignins showed that the oxidation had a great effect on the surface of this material. From the analysis of the static contact angle for lignins, it was observed that the oxidation produced a more hydrophobic material. The energies of surface showed that the composites have a more hydrophobic surface than the pure PP. FTIR curves of materials were quite similar, however the greatest differences were in the intensity of the bands corresponding to the hydroxyl groups present in the fibers and the aromatic rings of lignin structure. DVS results showed that the moisture absorption of composites is very low, and corroborates the results of water absorption.

A necessidade de desenvolver novos materiais que atendam aos aspectos econômicos e ambientais leva à busca de se fazer uso dos recursos naturais para várias aplicações tecnológicas. Assim, o desenvolvimento de materiais compósitos poliméricos utilizando fibras naturais como reforço é crescente, e vem ocupando novos segmentos de mercado, devido ao baixo custo das fibras, biodegradabilidade, menor densidade e boas propriedades mecânicas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a separação dos principais componentes da palha e do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar para a obtenção de insumos químicos com maior valor econômico, sendo proposta a obtenção e caracterização da celulose, que será utilizada como reforço, e da lignina que atuará como agente compatibilizante em compósitos poliméricos. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos no projeto, foi realizado o pré-tratamento por ácido diluído da palha e do bagaço de cana-deaçúcar, seguido de uma etapa de deslignificação com NaOH. As polpas de bagaço e de palha foram submetidas a um pré-branqueamento com xilanase e a um branqueamento composto de extração alcalina, quelação com EDTA e tratamento com peróxido de hidrogênio. O licor negro foi acidificado para que as ligninas precipitassem. Após lavagem, secagem e maceração, as ligninas obtidas foram submetidas ou não à oxidação química em meio ácido com peróxido de hidrogênio. Além da caracterização química das frações a cada etapa do processamento, foram determinados o número Kappa, viscosidade, e também foram feitas medidas de DRX e MEV. A confirmação e extensão da reação de oxidação das ligninas foi avaliada por RMN, FTIR, MEV e TGA/DSC. Os compósitos foram obtidos por mistura em homogeneizador termocinético de alta intensidade e, depois de injetados, caracterizados por ensaios mecânicos, análises térmicas, microscopia, FTIR, medidas de ângulo de contato e energias de superfície, absorção de água e sorção dinâmica de vapor. Os resultados obtidos por meio da caracterização química, número Kappa e viscosidade indicaram expressiva remoção de hemiceluloses e de lignina durante todas as etapas de obtenção da celulose branqueada, tanto de bagaço quanto de palha, mas também houve significativa perda de celulose. Os resultados de DRX mostraram significativa diminuição da cristalinidade da celulose, para as duas biomassas estudadas. Os resultados de FTIR e RMN confirmaram a mudança na estrutura das ligninas após a oxidação. O tempo de mistura dos compósitos variou com a composição e/ou presença ou não de lignina/lignina oxidada. Nas análises de TGA observou-se que os compósitos PP/celulose sem a adição de lignina/lignina oxidada apresentaram temperatura inicial de decomposição menor do que os compósitos nos quais utilizou-se a lignina como aditivo. As curvas de DSC dos compósitos apresenta perfil e picos de temperatura e entalpias de fusão semelhantes ao PP puro. A lignina não tem notável efeito sobre as propriedades mecânicas dos compósitos, sendo que a melhora nestas propriedades é principalmente devido à incorporação das fibras de celulose. As imagens de MEV para as ligninas mostraram o grande efeito da oxidação sobre a superfície deste material. A análise do ângulo de contato estático para ligninas mostrou que a oxidação produziu um material mais hidrofóbico. As energias de superfície mostraram que os compósitos têm uma superfície mais hidrofóbica do que o PP puro. As curvas de FTIR dos materiais mostraram-se bastante similares, porém as maiores diferenças foram na intensidade das bandas correspondentes aos grupos hidroxila presentes nas fibras e, aos anéis aromáticos da estrutura da lignina. Os resultados DVS mostraram que a absorção de umidade dos compósitos é muito baixa, e corrobora os resultados de absorção de água. / The need of developing new materials that attend economic and environmental aspects leads to the search of using natural resources for various technological applications. Thus, the development of polymeric composite materials using natural fibers as reinforcement is growing, and occupying new market segments, due to the low cost of fibers, biodegradability, low density and good mechanical properties. This work aimed to separate the main components of sugarcane straw and bagasse for obtaining chemical products with higher economic value, it proposes the obtaining and characterization of cellulose, which will be used as a reinforcement, and of the lignin that will act as coupling agent in polymeric composites. To achieve these objectives, it was carried out a dilute acid pretreatment of straw and bagasse of sugar cane, followed by a step of delignification with NaOH. The pulps of bagasse and straw were submitted to a pre-bleaching with xylanase and a bleaching step, composed by an alkaline extraction, EDTA chelation and a treatment with hydrogen peroxide. The black liquor was acidified for the precipitation of the lignins. After washing, drying and milling, the lignins obtained were subjected or not to an oxidation reaction in acid medium with hydrogen peroxide. In addition to the chemical characterization of the fractions at each stage of processing, the Kappa number and viscosity were determined, and it was also made measures of DRX and MEV for bagasse and straw. The confirmation of the oxidation reaction of the lignins was analysed by NMR, FTIR, MEV and TGA/DSC. The composites were obtained by mixing in thermokinetic mixer and once injected, they were characterized by mechanical tests, thermal analysis, microscopy, FTIR, contact angle and surface energies, water absorption and dynamic vapor sorption. The results obtained by the chemical characterization, Kappa number and viscosity indicated a great solubilization of hemicelluloses and lignin during all stages of production of bleached cellulose, both from bagasse and straw, but it was also observed an expressive cellulose loss. The results of DRX showed a great decrease of cellulose crystallinity, for both biomasses, demonstrating that the removal of hemicellulose and lignin affected the structure of cellulose. The FTIR and NMR results confirmed the change in structure of the lignins after oxidation. The mixing time of composites varied with the composition and the presence or absence of lignin/oxidized lignin. From TGA analyses it was observed that the composites PP/cellulose without the addition of oxidized lignin/lignin showed an initial degradation temperature lower than the composites in which lignin was used as an additive. The DSC curves of composites presents profile and temperature peaks and enthalpies of fusion similar to pure PP. Lignin has no remarkable effect on the mechanical properties of the composites, and the improvement in these properties is mainly due to the incorporation of the cellulosic fibers. MEV pictures of lignins showed that the oxidation had a great effect on the surface of this material. From the analysis of the static contact angle for lignins, it was observed that the oxidation produced a more hydrophobic material. The energies of surface showed that the composites have a more hydrophobic surface than the pure PP. FTIR curves of materials were quite similar, however the greatest differences were in the intensity of the bands corresponding to the hydroxyl groups present in the fibers and the aromatic rings of lignin structure. DVS results showed that the moisture absorption of composites is very low, and corroborates the results of water absorption.

Wood Plastic Composites (WPC) have advantages over natural wood such as improved stiffness, recyclability, and waste minimization. However, issues such as the difficulty of processing WPC with conventional methods, volatile emission from the wood and the composites’ lack of strength must be addressed. A system for continuous extrusion of rectangular profiles of WPC was developed and some critical processing strategies were identified. The use of a lubricant and a calibrator also improved the profile extrusion of WPC. In this work, glass was also added to improve WPC’s mechanical strength. Generally, a glass content of 2.5% appears to improve the properties but further addition does not have a significant effect. Foaming of WPC, which can enhance their properties, was investigated through studying the effect of heating time and temperature on void fraction and cell density. / UOIT

Isotropically conductive adhesives (ICAs) are promising as a lead-free interconnect material; However, ICAs have a higher resistivity compared to tin/lead solder. The higher resistivity of ICAs results from the large contact resistance between conductive fillers. Several novel approaches to engineer the interface between electrically conductive fillers were studied to develop highly conductive ICAs. Shown in this dissertation are three methodologies to reduce contact resistance: low temperature sintering, fast sintering and in-situ reduction. Furthermore, two approaches, surface modification and in-situ protection, were developed to prevent oxidation and corrosion of silver-coated copper flakes to produce low cost ICAs. The findings and insights in this dissertation significantly contribute to (1) understanding of filler-filler, filler-polymer and structure-property relationships of ICAs; (2) the structural design and formulation of high performance ICAs; and (3) the wider use of ICAs in emerging applications such as printed electronics and solar cells.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Domingos Antonio Jafelice.pdf: 1648906 bytes, checksum: 7df256805de6a2633c31c232d3d4e61c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-21 / Despite their many advantages for use in applications such as packaging, garbage bags, personal items, automotive components, appliance, marine, aviation, among others, plastics have a disadvantage at the time of disposal: harm the environment. For this reason, the recycling of plastic has been used frequently by their economic, social and ecological viability. To optimize the properties of plastics often recycled, natural or synthetic fibers are blended to the materials forming the composites. The polymeric composite materials are increasingly used in various applications for their outstanding mechanical, physical and chemical properties. In this study, we characterized the mechanical and morphological properties of recycled polypropylene with coconut fiber. Compounds were obtained by means of mechanical processing, with concentrations of 25%, 20%, 15% and 10% of fibrous reinforcement with and without addition of coupling agent (functionalized polypropylene with maleic anidride). The results showed that the addition of coconut fiber to recycled polypropylene, in the studied concentrations, causes an increase in thermal and mechanical properties such as tensile strength and impact, and a decrease in hardness, and there was almost no change in processing conditions (Melt Index). / Os plásticos, apesar de suas inúmeras vantagens para aplicações como embalagens, sacos de lixo, objetos de uso pessoal, peças utilizadas nas indústrias automobilística, de eletrodomésticos, naval, aeronáutica, entre outras, apresentam uma desvantagem no momento do descarte: nocividade ao meio ambiente. Por esse motivo, a reciclagem de plásticos vem sendo utilizada com freqüência por sua viabilidade econômica, social e ecológica. Devido ao reprocessamento, os plásticos perdem propriedades a cada ciclo de reciclagem. Para otimizar as propriedades dos plásticos, muitas vezes reciclados, são misturadas fibras naturais ou sintéticas a esses materiais, formando os compósitos. Os compósitos poliméricos são cada vez mais usados nas mais variadas aplicações por suas extraordinárias propriedades físico-mecânicas. Neste trabalho, foram caracterizadas as propriedades mecânicas e morfológicas do polipropileno reciclado com fibra de coco. Foram obtidos compósitos de polipropileno, por meio de processamento mecânico, com concentrações de 10, 15, 20 e 25% em massa de fibra de coco, com e sem adição de agente de acoplagem (polipropileno funcionalizado com anidrido maleico) nas concentrações de 0, 2 e 3% em massa. Os resultados mostraram que a adição da fibra de coco ao polipropileno reciclado, nas concentrações estudadas provoca um acréscimo nas propriedades térmicas e mecânicas, como a resistência à tração e impacto e um decréscimo na dureza, sendo que praticamente não houve alteração nas condições de processamento (índice de fluidez).