Smart Grid technology is likely to be implemented in various magnitudes across utilities in the near future. To accommodate these technologies significant changes will have to be incorporated in building design construction and planning. This research paper attempts to evaluate public utility executives’ plans to adopt smart grid technologies and to assess timing of smart grid impacts on future design and construction practices. Telephone survey was the data collection method used to collect information from executives at cooperative and municipal utilities. The study focuses on small and medium utilities with more than five thousand customers and fewer than one hundred thousand customers. A stratified random sampling approach was applied and sample results for fifty-nine survey responses were used to predict the timing of smart grid implementation and the timing of smart grid impacts on future design and construction practices. Results of this research indicate that design and construction professionals should already be developing knowledge and experience to accommodate smart grid impacts on the built environment.

This Master’s Report outlines graduate research work completed by Akshay Sriprasad, who is supervised by Professor Tom Edgar, in the area of modeling and systems optimization for the smart grid. The scope this report includes the development and validation of strategies to elicit demand response, defined as reduction of peak demand, at the residential level, in conjunction with collaborative research efforts from the Pecan Street Research Institute, a smart grid research consortium based in Austin, TX. The first project outlined is an artificial neural network-­‐based demand forecasting model, initially developed for UT’s campus cooling system and adapted for residential homes. Utilizing this forecasting model, a number of demand response-­‐focused optimization studies are carried out, including optimization of community energy storage for peak shifting, and electric vehicle charging optimization to harness inexpensive night-­‐time Texas wind energy. Community energy storage and electric vehicles are chosen as ideal dynamic charging media due to increased proliferation and focus of Pecan Street Research Institute on critical emerging technologies. As these two technologies involve significant capital investment, an alternative mobile application-­‐based demand response strategy is outlined to complete a comprehensive portfolio of demand response strategies to suit a variety of budgets and capabilities. / text

ITC/USA 2014 Conference Proceedings / The Fiftieth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 20-23, 2014 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, CA / This paper describes a device that integrates remote monitoring and control electronics into a commercial off the shelf 120 VAC power distribution strip and surge protector. An integrated microcontroller collects data on power usage from each of four AC outlets, along with two USB ports, and relays this information to a remote location. Using a conventional web browser to generate a graphical user interface, an untrained user can easily visualize their current and past energy usage patterns, and send commands to control individual outlets.

In this report some possible consequences of introducing demand response in the electric power grid are studied. Demand response is a part of the Smart Grid, which is a technology being developed to use our electric power grids more efficiently. Demand response programs aim to move people’s power usage over different times of the day, for example to distribute the power usage more evenly throughout the day or to permit a larger share of renewable, intermittent power sources in the system without making the delivery of electric power less stable.  A distribution system operator (DSO) can encourage customers to shift their power usage between different hours by various tariffs, for example by using time-differentiated or power dependent tariffs.   In this thesis, the change in power losses and possible environmental impact of introducing due to a power shift is studied. Power input curves from a DSO, Sala-Heby Energi AB, are studied and modified to simulate a power shift with an evened out electric power usage. The studies made show that in the best-case scenario, that is a electric power usage evened out to 100% each day, the power losses in the whole grid can be reduced with 2.6%. The environmental study shows that the result varies greatly with what method is chosen to do the calculations. The results are presented in kg CO2-equivalents (CO2e), and depending on method used they can either decrease or increase. The environmental study show that the environmental impact from the power usage is more dependent on the shift in power usage between hours than the decrease in electric power losses.

Smart grids seem to be the solution to use energy from renewable and intermittent energy sources in an efficient manner. There are many research projects around the world and two of them are Jeju Smart Grid Test-bed and Smart Grid Gotland. They have in common that they are both island-based projects and connected to the Powergrid on the mainland by HVDC-link. The purpose of this thesis is to compare the two projects and find out what challenges and strategies they have related to wind power integration. The objective of the two projects were somewhat different. Jeju Smart Grid Test-bedare the starting point for South Korea’s smart grid road map, where the objective ultimately is to construct a smart grid on a national scale in South Korea. For Smart Grid Gotland there are three main focus areas; electricity market, power quality and wind power integration. In this thesis focus is on wind power integration. Wind power integration in smart grids would benefit from energy storage technology connected to the wind power-park to even out the power output. Properties for a potential energy storage connected to Näsudden wind power park situated on the southern tip of Gotland has been investigated and the result is that such an energy storage would likely need to be big and expensive, but able to stabilize the power output.

Recently, there have been many initiatives to incorporate advanced controls, two way communications, digital technologies and advanced power system components in the operation and control of power distribution systems. These initiatives are aiming to realize what becomes known as the “Smart grid”. It is expected that a Smart Grid will lead to enhancement in the reliability and efficiency of the power system. The movement towards the Smart Grid is motivated by many factors; the need to integrate more renewable power to mitigate the global warming, the increasing interest in connecting more distributed generation (DG) as a way to postpone large investment in transmission and bulk generation, and the need to increase the reliability of the power system overall to minimize disturbance costs. It is the overall goal of this research to introduce novel distribution system operation techniques to assist in the effort of realizing the “Smart Distribution System” in both normal and system restoration modes. In particular, three main operation functions are dealt with in this research work; Voltage Control, Reactive Power Control and Distribution System Restoration. First for Voltage Control, a reliable and efficient method is proposed to control voltage regulators in order to enable the regulation of multiple feeders with diversified loads using only one regulator provided that no DG is connected to the feeders. Regulator’s tap is selected based on the solution of an integer linear optimization problem. The method has a closed form solution for the optimal tap; that is valuable for real time operation. In addition, necessary condition for feasible solutions is examined. Next, a novel coordinated voltage control scheme is proposed to enable the voltage regulator to efficiently regulate the voltage of multiple feeders in the presence of DGs. The proposed technique is based on placing a Remote Terminal Unit (RTUs) at each DG and each line capacitor. These RTUs coordinate together, through communication, and form a multi-agent system. An important contribution of this research is that the proposed scheme provides the minimum hardware requirement to efficiently estimate the voltage profile of a feeder with DGs. The proposed scheme enables the integration of more DGs into the system by, efficiently, coordinating the operation of voltage regulators and DGs to mitigate voltage rise problem caused by the connection of DGs to the system. Second, for Reactive Power Control, a decentralized reactive power control scheme is proposed to optimally control switched shunt capacitors of the system in order to minimize system losses and maintain acceptable voltage profile. The proposed algorithm provides capacitors with “Advanced Voltage Sensing” capability to enable capacitors to switch in and out according to the global minimum and maximum voltage of the feeder. The proposed technique utilizes the same RTU used for voltage control and relies on the voltage profile estimation technique proposed in this research for the coordinated voltage control. In addition, novel decentralized algorithm is proposed to estimate the feeder voltage profile change as a result of injecting reactive power at the capacitor bus. The proposed reactive power control scheme can be used to coordinate the operation of any number of capacitors connected to the distribution system. Combining voltage control and reactive power control schemes, generalized coordinated voltage control is proposed to coordinate between DGs, shunt capacitors and voltage regulators in order to achieve optimal voltage control for the distribution system and solve the steady state voltage rise problem caused by the connection of DGs, hence, allowing more DGs to be connected to the system. Over and above, the proposed generalized coordinated voltage control enables the realization of a new operation-time DG connection impact assessment concept. Based on this concept, the system will carry out a real-time assessment and decide, based on the available control actions, the maximum DG power that can be allowed to connect to the system at particular operating conditions. This new concept will allow great flexibility to the connection of DGs, most notably, when, due to a change in system configuration, the DG is needed to be connected to a feeder other than the one it was planned for during the planning stage. The last operation function dealt with in this research work is the distribution system restoration. Novel decentralized distribution system restoration scheme is proposed. The proposed scheme is based on dividing the distribution system into zones based on the availability of disconnecting switches. Each zone is controlled by an Agent. The restoration is done based on the coordination between these Agents. Proposed communication protocols between Agents are discussed in details. The goal of the proposed restoration scheme is to maximize the restored power while preserving the radial structure of the distribution system and without exceeding the thermal limit of any equipment in the system. As the proposed technique does not assume any supervision from any central point, this technique will enable the realization of a self-healing distribution system restoration.

Although modern society is critically reliant on power grids, even modern power grids are subject to unavoidable outages due to storms, lightning strikes, and equipment failures. The situation in developing countries is even worse, with frequent load shedding lasting several hours a day due to unreliable generation. We study the use of battery storage to allow a set of homes in a single residential neighbour- hood to avoid power outages. Due to the high cost of storage, our goal is to choose the smallest battery size such that, with high target probability, there is no loss of power despite a grid out- age. Recognizing that the most common approach today for mitigating outages is to use a diesel generator (genset), we study the related problem of minimizing the carbon footprint of genset operation. Drawing on recent results, we model both problems as buffer sizing problems that can be ad- dressed using stochastic network calculus. We show that this approach greatly improves battery sizing in contrast to prior approaches. Specifically, a numerical study shows that, for a neigh- bourhood of 100 homes, our approach computes a battery size, which is less than 10% more than the minimum possible size necessary to satisfy a one day in ten years loss probability (2.7 ∗ 10^4 ). Moreover, we are able to estimate the carbon footprint reduction, compared to an exact numerical analysis, within a factor of 1.7. We also study the genset scheduling problem when the rate of genset fuel consumption is given by an affine function instead of a linear function of the current power. We give alternate scheduling, an online scheduling strategy that has a competitive ratio of (k1 G/C +k2)/(k1+k2) , where G is the genset capacity, C is the battery charging rate, and k1, k2 are the affine function constants. Numerically, we show that for a real industrial load alternate scheduling is very close to the offline optimal strategy.

Submitted by RICARDO CESAR CAMARA FERRARI null (rccferrari@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-05T15:50:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEV59.pdf: 2999220 bytes, checksum: d4796fb104f36a34069600090d6741e9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-04-05T18:37:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ferrari_rcc_dr_ilha.pdf: 2999220 bytes, checksum: d4796fb104f36a34069600090d6741e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-05T18:37:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ferrari_rcc_dr_ilha.pdf: 2999220 bytes, checksum: d4796fb104f36a34069600090d6741e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-01 / O trabalho propõe uma aplicação com o uso de desvio padrão para definir limites máximos e mínimos de pacotes e bytes para detecção de anomalias nos fluxos de comunicação entre mestre e escravos com o uso do protocolo DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol v3.0) em uma Smart Grid, além de detecção e bloqueio de ataques originados de máquinas intrusas ou conhecidas. Atualmente, diversas pesquisas vêm sendo desenvolvidas sobre uso de sistemas Smart Grid, no entanto, sua implantação possui alguns fatores de risco. Esses fatores estão associados às redes de transmissão de dados, às tecnologias de aquisição e controle das informações, e às vulnerabilidades intrínsecas da união dessas tecnologias. A principal motivação dessa proposta origina-se da necessidade de se garantir segurança dos sistemas Smart Grid e o potencial apresentado pelas Redes Definidas por Software (Software Defined Networking – SDN) em analisar os fluxos de dados em um switch. Assim, a investigação dessas vulnerabilidades, bem como, a identificação de situações de ataques são relevantes a fim de propor soluções de defesa. Para isto, a tecnologia de SDN apresentou-se como uma solução viável e otimizada para a proteção de sistemas Smart Grid, permitindo que seja realizado um monitoramento dos fluxos entre mestre e escravos, e a coleta de informações para análise, abrindo oportunidades para aplicações de segurança em Smart Grid. Dessa forma, foram realizados três experimentos, o primeiro com o objetivo de mostrar a vulnerabilidade de uma Smart Grid, o segundo com o intuito de analisar uma aplicação SDN em uma Smart Grid e o terceiro com dois ataques DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) em uma Smart Grid. O primeiro ataque a partir de máquinas intrusas e o segundo ataque, de escravas, permitindo analisar e monitorar o fluxo de dados e o bloqueio das portas em um Open vSwitch (OVS). Nesse contexto, um componente de um controlador SDN foi modificado para adicionar segurança e monitoramento da rede, tendo um comportamento satisfatório, identificando anomalias e conseguindo realizar bloqueios de portas das máquinas atacantes. / The work proposes an application with the use of standard deviation to define limits of maximum and minimum of packets and bytes for detection of anomalies in the communication flows between master and slave using the Distributed Network Protocol v3.0 (DNP3), besides the detection and blocking of attacks originated from intrusive or known machines. Currently several researches have been developed on the use of Smart Grid systems, however, its implementation has some risk factors. These factors are associated with data transmission networks, information acquisition and control technologies and intrinsic vulnerabilities of the union of these technologies. The main motivation of this proposal comes from the need to guarantee security of Smart Grid systems and the potential presented by Software Defined Networking (SDN). Thus, the investigation of these vulnerabilities, as well as, identification of situations of attacks are relevant in order to propose defense solutions. For this, the SDN technology has presented a viable and optimized solution for the protection of Smart Grid systems, allowing the monitoring of masterslave flows and the collection of information for analysis, opening opportunities for security applications in Smart Grid. In this way, three experiments were carried out, the first to show the vulnerability of an insecure Smart Grid, the second to analyze a SDN application in a Smart Grid and the third with two Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack on a Smart Grid, the first from intrusive machines and the second from slaves, allowing to analyze and monitor the data flow and the lock of the doors in an Open vSwitch (OVS). In this context, a component of an SDN controller has been modified to add security and monitoring of the network, having a satisfactory behavior, identifying anomalies and being able to perform port blocking of the attacking machines.

Orientador: Ailton Akira Shinoda / Resumo: O trabalho propõe uma aplicação com o uso de desvio padrão para definir limites máximos e mínimos de pacotes e bytes para detecção de anomalias nos fluxos de comunicação entre mestre e escravos com o uso do protocolo DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol v3.0) em uma Smart Grid, além de detecção e bloqueio de ataques originados de máquinas intrusas ou conhecidas. Atualmente, diversas pesquisas vêm sendo desenvolvidas sobre uso de sistemas Smart Grid, no entanto, sua implantação possui alguns fatores de risco. Esses fatores estão associados às redes de transmissão de dados, às tecnologias de aquisição e controle das informações, e às vulnerabilidades intrínsecas da união dessas tecnologias. A principal motivação dessa proposta origina-se da necessidade de se garantir segurança dos sistemas Smart Grid e o potencial apresentado pelas Redes Definidas por Software (Software Defined Networking – SDN) em analisar os fluxos de dados em um switch. Assim, a investigação dessas vulnerabilidades, bem como, a identificação de situações de ataques são relevantes a fim de propor soluções de defesa. Para isto, a tecnologia de SDN apresentou-se como uma solução viável e otimizada para a proteção de sistemas Smart Grid, permitindo que seja realizado um monitoramento dos fluxos entre mestre e escravos, e a coleta de informações para análise, abrindo oportunidades para aplicações de segurança em Smart Grid. Dessa forma, foram realizados três experimentos, o primeiro com o objetivo de mostrar a vuln... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The work proposes an application with the use of standard deviation to define limits of maximum and minimum of packets and bytes for detection of anomalies in the communication flows between master and slave using the Distributed Network Protocol v3.0 (DNP3), besides the detection and blocking of attacks originated from intrusive or known machines. Currently several researches have been developed on the use of Smart Grid systems, however, its implementation has some risk factors. These factors are associated with data transmission networks, information acquisition and control technologies and intrinsic vulnerabilities of the union of these technologies. The main motivation of this proposal comes from the need to guarantee security of Smart Grid systems and the potential presented by Software Defined Networking (SDN). Thus, the investigation of these vulnerabilities, as well as, identification of situations of attacks are relevant in order to propose defense solutions. For this, the SDN technology has presented a viable and optimized solution for the protection of Smart Grid systems, allowing the monitoring of masterslave flows and the collection of information for analysis, opening opportunities for security applications in Smart Grid. In this way, three experiments were carried out, the first to show the vulnerability of an insecure Smart Grid, the second to analyze a SDN application in a Smart Grid and the third with two Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack on a Smar... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

While the newly envisioned Smart(er) Grid (SG) will result in a more efficient and reliable power grid, its collection and use of fine-grained meter data has widely raised concerns on consumer privacy. While a number of approaches are available for preserving consumer privacy, these approaches are mostly not very practical to be used due to two reasons: First, since the data is hidden, this reduces the ability of the utility company to use the data for distribution state estimation. Secondly and more importantly, the approaches were not tested under realistic wireless infrastructures that are currently in use. In this thesis, a meter data obfuscation approach to preserve consumer privacy is proposed to implement that has the ability to perform distribution state estimation. Then, its performance on LTE and a large-scale Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) network built upon the new IEEE 802.11s wireless mesh standard are assessed. LTE/EPC(Evolved Packet Core) model is used between the gateway and the utility. EPC's goal is to improve network performance by the separation of control and data planes and through a flattened IP architecture, which reduces the hierarchy between mobile data elements. Using obfuscation values provided via this approach, the meter readings are obfuscated to protect consumer privacy from eavesdroppers and the utility companies while preserving the utility companies' ability to use the data for state estimation.The impact of this approach on data throughput, delay and packet delivery ratio under a variety of conditions are assessed.