This thesis presents an account of the properties of Relative Clauses in Modern Greek, with particular focus on the distribution of the resumption and gap relativization strategies. For the most part relative clauses have been regarded in the literature as a type of Long Distance dependencies with unique properties. This thesis looks at the properties of three types of relative clauses in Modern Greek (restrictive, non-restrictive and free relative clauses). Working in the framework of Lexical Functional Grammar, we present an overview of the most important properties of Modern Greek Relative Clauses focusing on the distribution of the gap and resumption strategies in these constructions. We propose an analysis of Relative Clauses that brings forward the similarities of the three types of Relatives while at the same time manages to account for their dissimilarities, and it is shown that such constructions can be accommodated in LFG quite straightforwardly. The thesis also presents a computational implementation of the analysis using XLE (Xerox Linguistics Environment) a platform for testing and writing LFG grammars.

The objectives of this thesis are fourfold: First, I will offer a detailed analysis of rhetorically functional text component moves of the genres of Jordanian written wedding invitation cards and newspaper obituary announcements at the macro-structural level. Second, I will provide a comprehensive analysis of salient linguistic features that characterize the genres at the microlinguistic level. Third, I will find out how socio-cultural and religious beliefs and practices are reflected in the generic formulaic structure of these genres. Fourth, I will show how sociolinguistic variability and dynamics are evident in the genres. In order to explore the discourse of these genres, a move analysis was carried out upon a corpus of 500 wedding invitation cards, and another 500 newspaper obituary announcements. The analysis of macrostructural and micro-linguistic features is influenced by the work of Bhatia (1993) as it profitably illuminates the relationship between social practice and written discourse. The findings of the study are fivefold. First, the study demonstrates that eight and eleven communicative moves exist in wedding invitation cards and obituary announcements respectively. Each move performs a specific communicative function and contributes to the general communicative purpose of the entire genre. Second, the genre analysis indicates that the generic organisational structure of the genres is highly conventionalized and structured in terms of form, content, positioning and functional values, with some variations in frequency and order of moves. Third, the writers of Jordanian wedding invitations and obituary announcements use a number of linguistic resources the way they like to generate some special effects and express private and organisational intentions within the framework of culturally recognised purposes. Fourth, the generic structure of the genres uncovers many socio-cultural and religious messages about Jordanian society. Finally, the findings showed that, besides religion, other sociocultural factors such as family, gender, and socioeconomic status have massively impacted the way these genres are structured and interpreted. It is hoped that the results of this study will be of great help in further understanding the socio-cultural perceptions, attitudes and values that shape these two communicative events as well as aiding in efforts towards intercultural communication.

This thesis explores the textual and ideological effects of linguistic negation in written texts. It argues that when language users process negation, understanding its use in context is as much about the possibility of presence as it is about the actuality of absence. This gives rise to a variety of effects in texts from contributing to the construction of fictional characters to potentially influencing readers’/hearers’ view of the world they inhabit. This thesis brings together research on the theoretical aspects of how negation works to present a new approach to linguistic negation in written discourse. It also demonstrates how this approach can be applied in the analysis of the conceptual practice of negating. The approach presented is made up of three main elements; negation is presuppositional, is realised through a wide variety of linguistic forms beyond the morphosyntactic core forms (not, no, never, none, un-, in-, and so on) and includes semantic and pragmatically implied forms. These two elements combine to give rise to implied meaning in context. Having outlined this approach to negation, it is then applied in the analysis of literary and non-literary texts to explain the textual and ideological effects that arise from its use.

In this thesis I analyse and compare the linguistic construction of offenders, victims and crimes in the British and German press. I have collected a corpus of British and German newspaper articles reporting on crime and criminal trials and carried out a corpus linguistic analysis of this data using the software package Wordsmith Tools (Scott, 2004). Reports on crime do not construct a neutral representation of offenders. By employing the tools offered by Critical Stylistics (Jeffries, 2010a) and combining them with Corpus Linguistics I identify the linguistic features used to pre convict offenders and to invoke a feeling of insecurity and fear in the public. The negative associations assigned to crime are transferred to the offenders and thus construct them as being evil and label them as deviant (Becker, 1966: 31). The linguistic construction of the victim ultimately impacts on the construction of offenders because the two are placed at opposite ends of a morality scale. It is through language that such ideologically motivated representations of offenders are constructed and reinforced. The image of the evil-perpetrating monster constructed in the media as part of societal discourse on crime is based on ideologies which my research aims to reveal. I argue that the underlying ideologies for the construction of offenders, victims and crimes in the British and German press are comparable and that the linguistic triggers for these in the texts are similar. I found no distinction between the persona of the offender and his or her crime because offenders only gain a celebrity-like status following the crime they have committed. This fascination with crime in the media has roots in the ‘backstage nature of crime’ (Surette, 2009: 240) which satisfies the voyeuristic desire of the audience.

The aim of this thesis is to explore the psychological qualities that set apart L2 teachers who are motivated and committed to the profession, innovative and productive in their practice, and emotionally well-adjusted from those who struggle to survive. To do this I carried out a sequence of four research phases, each building on the design and findings of previous phases. The first of these was a data-driven case study designed to investigate whether teachers who are engaged and motivated, well-adjusted and productive might provide insight into surviving as a teacher. Taking the language teacher as the complex system in which self-organized change occurs, the qualitative interview data suggested that these teachers (N = 4) had developed an emergent outcome in response to the accrued disturbances they encountered in their classroom experience. This emergent outcome—which I termed language teacher immunity—appeared to function as a defense mechanism against the material and emotional demands placed on L2 practitioners. To validate these findings, I adopted a retrodictive qualitative modeling research template for the remaining phases. The second phase used focus-group interview data from L2 professionals (N = 44) to investigate prototypes of language teacher immunity and the salient characteristics (i.e., system components) of each. These initial prototypes fit one of four global categories (i.e., productively immunized, maladaptively immunized, partially immunized, and immunocompromised). Additionally, seven components were found to be essential to the make-up of these outcomes: teaching self-efficacy; attitudes to teaching; coping; classroom affectivity; burnout; resilience; and, openness to change. Phase three triangulated the focus group phase with questionnaire data from a larger sample of L2 practitioners (N = 293). Cluster analysis of this data illustrated a core of six language teacher immunity archetypes distributed across the spectrum of global outcomes. Particular combinations of the seven components at varying levels were exhibited as specific profiles of language teacher immunity. The final phase used in-depth interview data collected from three teachers in each archetype to explore trajectories of development for each outcome, and investigate the manner in which the various archetypes manifested themselves in L2 teachers‘ sense of professional identity and motivated behavior. The data provided substantiating evidence for mapping these dynamic trajectories using a developmental blueprint (i.e., with triggering, linking, realignment, and stabilization stages) which captured the emerging pattern in these teachers‘ individual experiences and their pathways of growth. The combined evidence from this research indicates that language teacher immunity plays a significant role in L2 teachers‘ professional identity and affects how L2 practitioners position themselves in the profession through their accompanying mindsets. Furthermore, language teacher immunity outcomes are displayed in the real-time classroom choices of L2 practitioners, suggesting that language teachers‘ emotions, teaching motivation, and instructional effectiveness may hinge on the outcome of language teacher immunity that is developed.

Interest has remained very intense during the last two decades on the heme-containing monooxygenase system, cytochrome P-450. The P-450 hemoproteins are widely distributed in nature and engage in oxygenation of a wide variety of substrates according to the reaction, R-H + 0₂ + 2H⁺+ 2e⁻ → R-OH + H₂0 where R-H represents an unactivated carbon-hydrogen bond. Investigations on binding of small gas molecules such as CO and 0₂ to the P-450 enzymes are important not only in understanding various aspects of monooxygenation but also in developing protein-free model systems that can mimic the catalytic properties of P-450. This thesis describes gas binding studies carried out on cytochrome P-450cam. A procedure is given for growing the bacterium Pseudomonas putida strain 786 from which soluble, camphor hydroxylating P-450 enzyme is isolated and purified. The binding of CO to the stoichiometrically reduced substrate-free enzyme at different temperatures was studied using a standard spectrophotometric procedure. From these experimental data, the thermodynamic parameters ΔH⁰ and ΔS⁰ were calculated for the reaction, (P-450)Fe(II) + CO ⇌ (P-450)Fe(11)-C0 . Attempts to determine such thermodynamic parameters for the binding of dioxygen to the substrate-bound P-450 enzyme were not successful. On comparison of the determined thermodynamic parameters for the substrate-free system with the literature values for substrate-bound enzyme, hemoglobin, myoglobin and P-450 model systems, it is concluded that the substrate molecule was bonded in the immediate vicinity of the active-site thereby lowering the CO affinity to the substrate-bound system. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

The degradation of cytochromes P-450 by fluroxene (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl vinyl ether) has been investigated. Fluroxene is shown to specifically degrade cytochromes P-450 in vivo and in vitro without affecting the levels of the other microsomal enzymes, cytochrome ~S a.nd NADPH-cytochrome~ reductase. Fluroxene appears to degrade the haem moiety of cytochromes P-450 but does not affect the level of the apoprotein. The degradation of cyto-chromes P-450 by fluroxene is accompanied by a loss of E-nitroanisole 0-demethylase and biphenyl 4-hydroxylase activities and a decrease in the extent of aniline binding is observed. By using cytochromes P-450 dependent reactions which are catalysed by specific type P-450 cytochromes,~.~· the hydroxylation of benzpyrene, the N-demethylation of ethyl-morphine and the binding of ethyl isocyanide, it is established that only cytochrome P-450 is degraded by fluroxene in vivo following phenobarbital induction of animals, and both cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome P-448 following methylcholanthrene induction. The same type P-450 cytochromes are shown to be degraded by fluroxene in vitro in phenobarbital and methylcholanthrene induced microsomes. This was established from studies of the kinetics of the fluroxene mediated degradation of cyto-chromes P-450. In addition, the K values for the flurox-m ene mediated degradation of cytochromes P-450 differ with iii the different inducing agents and indicate the involve-ment of two different type P-450 cytochromes in the degradation reaction in methylcholanthrene induced micro-somes. Metabolic activation of cytochromes P-450 by the cyto-chromes P-450 drug metabolising pathway appears to be essential for the fluroxene mediated degradation of cyto-chromes P-450. Since none of the known or proposed metabolites of fluroxene can mimic the degradation of cytochromes P-450 by fluroxene, a reactive species is proposed to be involved. By varying the experimental conditions, and with the use of inhibitors of cytochromes P-450, the likely sequence of events in the fluroxene mediated degradation of cytochromes P-450 is shown to be as follows: fluroxene is metabolised by cytochrome P-450 to a transient reactive intermediate which has the ability to degrade the haem moiety of cytochrome P-450 and cyto-chrome P-448. By comparing the ability of various analogues of fluroxene to degrade cytochromes P-450, it is established that the formation of the proposed reactive intermediate is dependent on the presence of the vinyl moiety of the molecule. Initial studies indicate that the reactive species may take the form of an epoxide.

Yes / Spiking Neural (SN) P systems is a particular class of P systems that abstracts and applies ideas from neurobiology. Various aspects, representations and features have been studied extensively, but the tool support for modelling and analysing such systems is relatively limited. In this paper, we present a methodology that maps some classes of SN P systems to the equivalent kernel P system representations, which allows analysing SN P system dynamics using the kPWORKBENCH tool. We illustrate the applicability of our approach in some case studies, including an example system from synthetic biology.

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