No / The longitudinal properties of outward FDI and multinational company (MNC) strategies and activities have been extensively investigated by international business scholars (Buckley et al., 2007; Butler and Domingo, 1998; Liu et al., 2005). There has, however, been less investigation of the role of outward FDI in the debates about regionalism and globalization (Buckley, 2009a; Rugman, 2003; Rugman and Verbeke, 2004). In principle, if significant numbers of MNCs are developing ‘global factory’-type strategies, this should be accompanied by marked changes in outward FDI that lead to step changes in trend FDI flows as firms engage in substantial new off-shoring operations and complex foreign investments to reap the benefits from the increasing opportunities to internationalize their activities (Buckley, 2009b; Buckley and Ghauri, 2004). An alternative view is that internationalization is primarily a regional process, whereby MNCs conduct most of their activities in the major economic regions of the world, and that this has not changed significantly despite growing trade and capital liberalization (Rugman 2003, 2005; Rugman and Hodgetts, 2001). Thus although new areas such as China and India are increasingly part of the global economy and have become major regional areas, this process does not lead to large-scale changes in the underlying determinants of FDI. In this view, outward FDI trends are likely to be stable in the long run in which shocks to the system do not disturb long-run trends.

Yes / The role of inward FDI on economic growth has attracted the attention of researchers for many years as its beneficial impact has been recognised theoretically by scholars and policymakers; however, the empirical evidence remains ambiguous. Hence, the objective of this chapter is to investigate the causal relationship between FDI inflows/outflows and economic growth in developed OECD countries. Investigation of the causal link between FDI inflows and growth has important implications such that if there is a unidirectional causality it would support the FDI-led growth hypothesis. Alternatively, if the causal link runs in the opposite direction, it would imply that economic growth may be a prerequisite for countries to attract FDI. Finally, if the causal process is bi-directional, FDI inflows and growth would have a reinforcing causal relationship. In particular, this chapter contributes to the existing literature by focusing on developed countries as inward/outward FDI has become an increasingly significant factor in influencing the economic activity. In contrast, most previous time-series causality studies focus on developing countries with only a few covering developed countries. However, almost all of the world’s FDI originates from developed countries and the majority of FDI is also located in developed countries. Another feature is that this chapter also tests the causal link between outward FDI and economic growth. Outward FDI might promote the home country’s economic growth as it might yield higher profits, transfer technology and management skills to the home country, expand production abroad, secure raw materials overseas and avoid trade barriers and so on. Following an Introduction, the chapter then reviews FDI trend across OECD countries. Next it discusses the alternative theories and literature exploring the relationship between FDI and economic growth (i.e. the impact of inward FDI on host country’s economic growth, the impact of outward FDI on home country’s economic growth, together with the impact of economic growth on inward/outward FDI). We then describe empirical causality testing methodology, together discussing the empirical results.

The privileges of integration with the global economy have led developing countries to embark on a path of liberalisation and globalisation. This resulted in rapid growth of inward and outward foreign direct investment from developing countries. In the last two decades there is an increasing trend of outward FDI from developing countries to both developed and developing countries. This dissertation focuses on exploring the literature on outward FDI from developing countries, and internationalisation process of developing country multinationals which are considered to be carriers to investment across international borders. The study has examined the two main strands of literature on outward FDI from developing countries – determinants of outward FDI and internationalisation process. Findings of the systematic review show that there is a dearth of studies in this area of research. Except a number of studies on China and countries of East and South East Asia, there is very limited evidence on outward FDI from developing countries. There is a set of studies on Africa that examine South-South investment flows. Studies on other major developing countries are either non-existent or lack in comprehensiveness. Some studies resulted in contradictory findings about the determinants of outward FDI. This raises the question of sensitivity of variables across geographical locations and time periods, which has not been researched before. Studies on outward FDI also do not make a clear distinction between South-South and South-North FDI flows. Other aspects like sovereign wealth funds and commodity price boom have been ignored in the literature. It is important to investigate outward FDI flows from the major developing economies because of its sheer scope to contribute to academic literature, its policy implications, and also because of its potential to bring development to some of the most impoverished parts of the world.

Magistro darbe aptarta tiesioginių užsienio investicijų samprata, jas lemiantys veiksniai bei jų įtaka ekonominiam augimui. Antroje darbo dalyje atlikta tiesioginių užsienio investicijų Baltijos šalyse analizė: nagrinėjama, kaip TUI kiekvienoje šalyje pasiskirsto sektoriuose, kokie yra pagrindiniai investuotojai, išanalizuota TUI dinamika, atliktas įtakos BVP, eksportui ir užimtumui vertinimas, bei tiesioginių užsienio investicijų prognozė kitiems 3 metams. Taip pat aptarti veiksniai, įtakojantys TUI srautą į Baltijos valstybes.Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad po nepriklausomybės atgavimo praeitame dešimtmetyje visose trijose Baltijos valstybėse (Lietuvoje, Latvijoje ir Estijoje) tiesioginės užsienio investicijos nuolat augo (išskyrus 1999-2001 m. laikotarpį, kai jų srautus neigiamai paveikė Rusijos krizė). Praeitame dešimtmetyje TUI srautai didėjo daugiausia dėl privatizacijos procesų, vėliau apsisprendimas investuoti Baltijos valstybėse buvo įtakotas dėl sąlyginai mažesnių gamybos kaštų nei labiau išsivysčiusiose valstybėse bei augančio regiono ekonominio potencialo. Darbe patvirtinta hipotezė, kad tiesioginių užsienio investicijų didėjimas tiesiogiai veikia Baltijos šalių ekonominę plėtrą: TUI tiesiogiai įtakoja BVP augimą ir eksporto plėtrą bei mažina nedarbo lygį. / This master’s paper analysis the foreign direct investments (FDI) in Baltic States. In the first part of the work the conception of the FDI, the reasons that influence the flows of FDI and their impact on economical growth. In the second part of the work there was an analysis of FDI dynamics and the FDI distribution in separate branches performed, also it was analysed how the GDP growth, export and employment is affected by the foreign direct investments in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. In the last part of the work it was foreseen the perspectives of the FDI. The hypothesis is formulated and confirmed as follows: „The increase of FDI flows directly impacts the growth of Baltic States economy, it stimulates the growth of GDP and the development of export also decrease of the unemployment level”.

nÃo hà / The purpose of this study is to analyze the survival of companies located in the State of Ceara and beneficiary of tax incentive within the Industrial Development Fund, specifically within the Industrial Development Incentive Program. Such benefit was created in 1979 and is currently the main fundraising tool of the new companies or the expansion tool of the existing companies in the State.The statistical technique of survival analysis of the nonlinear KAPLAN-MEIER nonparametric method was used, comparing the results of the beneficiary companies with the results of the non-beneficiary companies within the Industrial Development Fund/Industrial Development Incentive Program. The study took into consideration the location, the economic activity developed, the percentage of benefit and the turnover of the companies.The results demonstrate that the survival of the beneficiary companies is clearly superior to that of the non-beneficiary companies regardless their location, economic activity or size. The study also points out that segments of activity in which even the beneficiary companies present low survival indicators shall be subject to a scrutinized analysis by policy makers in the development of the State. / O objetivo do presente estudo à analisar a sobrevivÃncia de empresas localizadas no Estado do Cearà e beneficiÃrias de incentivos fiscais no Ãmbito do Fundo de Desenvolvimento Industrial - FDI, especificamente no Programa de Incentivo ao Desenvolvimento Industrial - Provin. Este benefÃcio foi criado em 1979, permanecendo atà hoje como o principal instrumento de captaÃÃo de novas empresas ou ampliaÃÃo das jà existentes no Estado. Foi empregada a tÃcnica estatÃstica de anÃlise de sobrevivÃncia a partir de modelos nÃo-lineares, utilizando-se o estimador nÃo-paramÃtrico de KAPLAN-MEIER, comparando-se, sempre que possÃvel, os resultados das empresas beneficiÃrias com os resultados obtidos para empresas nÃo-beneficiÃrias do FDI/Provin. O estudo levou em conta a localizaÃÃo, a atividade desenvolvida, o percentual do benefÃcio e o nÃvel do faturamento das empresas.Os resultados demonstraram que a sobrevivÃncia das empresas beneficiÃrias à nitidamente superior ao das empresas nÃo-beneficiÃrias, independente de localizaÃÃo, setor de atividade ou tamanho da empresa. Chama atenÃÃo, entretanto, segmentos de atividade nas quais, mesmo as empresas beneficiÃrias, apresentam baixos Ãndices de sobrevivÃncia e que, portanto, devem ser objeto de anÃlise mais acurada por parte dos formuladores das polÃticas de desenvolvimento do Estado.

The reasons that motivate companies to invest abroad (foreign direct investment, or FDI) and also the risks associated with FDI and international business in general are discussed. Current global trends in FDI are covered with emphasis on general, territorial and sectoral trends as well as state policy influences. The impact of the current financial crisis on FDI is also examined. Practical examples are discussed to reinforce individual ideas and theories.

In this dissertation, we use unique data set to examine bilateral Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) data and find determinant factors of bilateral FDI activities. In Chapter 1, we examine the relationships among the bilateral annual non-aggregated national level FDI, all levels of Economic Integration Agreements (EIAs) and political turnovers happened in both FDI exporting countries and FDI importing countries. In Chapter 2, we test the Tariff-Jumping FDI hypothesis and Export-Oriented FDI hypothesis. In Chapter 3, we examine and determine the key determinant factors of Cross-Hauling FDI status.

As China’s economy becomes larger—naturally, the global outflow of China’s foreign direct investment (FDI) has also been increasing at a rapid pace. One of the most popular regions for Chinese investment today is North America. Yet despite China’s great enthusiasm to invest in Canada and the US, Chinese firms have received much antagonism in North America. Often times, Chinese acquisitions are viewed in a negative light, and are even denied on grounds which appear to be erroneous. This study asks an important question: what are the political reasons and conditions behind the acceptance and rejection of recent Chinese FDI in North America? To answer this question, this study analyzed and compared Canada and the US in great detail. By observing the sectorial distribution of Chinese FDI, the institutional constructs, as well as the most controversial cases of Chinese takeovers in both countries, the study has found that hegemonic competition and institutional structure plays a major role in the evaluation of Chinese FDI. Hegemonic competition creates the perception that Chinese FDI is a threat in the US, while the institutional structure in US allows the negative perceptions of China to influence the FDI evaluation process. Derived from the two major factors, secondary factors such as the policy preference of lawmakers, as well as the type of FDI itself are also important determinants of Chinese FDI in North America. As a result, Chinese FDI is more likely to be denied in America. While in Canada, due to the absence of a Sino-Canadian rivalry, Chinese FDI is perceived with more normalcy. Hence, Chinese FDI is less likely to be denied in Canada.

As China’s economy becomes larger—naturally, the global outflow of China’s foreign direct investment (FDI) has also been increasing at a rapid pace. One of the most popular regions for Chinese investment today is North America. Yet despite China’s great enthusiasm to invest in Canada and the US, Chinese firms have received much antagonism in North America. Often times, Chinese acquisitions are viewed in a negative light, and are even denied on grounds which appear to be erroneous. This study asks an important question: what are the political reasons and conditions behind the acceptance and rejection of recent Chinese FDI in North America? To answer this question, this study analyzed and compared Canada and the US in great detail. By observing the sectorial distribution of Chinese FDI, the institutional constructs, as well as the most controversial cases of Chinese takeovers in both countries, the study has found that hegemonic competition and institutional structure plays a major role in the evaluation of Chinese FDI. Hegemonic competition creates the perception that Chinese FDI is a threat in the US, while the institutional structure in US allows the negative perceptions of China to influence the FDI evaluation process. Derived from the two major factors, secondary factors such as the policy preference of lawmakers, as well as the type of FDI itself are also important determinants of Chinese FDI in North America. As a result, Chinese FDI is more likely to be denied in America. While in Canada, due to the absence of a Sino-Canadian rivalry, Chinese FDI is perceived with more normalcy. Hence, Chinese FDI is less likely to be denied in Canada.

The topic of this master thesis are the EU FDI policies and their development specifically in the period 1999 - 2019. The aim of this master thesis is to answer the research question: "Why the European FDI policies have changed during 1999-2019?" In April 2019, a new regulation regarding a framework for screening of foreign direct investment in the European Union has passed. The process of screening should be applied in case a foreign direct investment would pose a threat to security or public order. The EU has been traditionally a promoter of the liberal trade and free movement of capital. Yet, the proposal presents a new tool in the FDI policy that can be seen as restrictive. In this thesis author analyzes what processes led to the introduction of this new framework. Following the theoretical framework regarding security concepts and evolution of new threats, the author elaborates on the first hypothesis that "It is possible to identify strengthening of the concept of security and more restrictive approach in the FDI policies of EU member states during 1999-2019" by analyzing the evolution of EU FDI policy and policies of Germany and France as ones of the biggest recipients of FDI in the EU. Furthermore, the author uses the theoretical framework of realism and international political economy to...